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Tong Y, Sun F, Zhang C, Yang S, Yu Z, Zhao Y. Multifocal/multicentric breast cancer: Does each focus matter? Cancer Med 2023; 12:8815-8824. [PMID: 36734288 PMCID: PMC10134382 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.5626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multifocal (MF) and multicentric (MC) breast cancer cases have been increasingly diagnosed owing to the extensive use of improved preoperative breast imaging. The current tumor-node-metastasis staging system uses the dimension of the largest tumor and recommends reporting the pathological features of the largest tumor in MF/MC breast cancers. AIM This study aimed to explore whether the largest or aggregate dimensions of MF and MC breast cancers can better predict tumor behavior. We also attempted to study the histological and biological heterogeneities of separate foci in MF and MC breast cancers to determine whether it was necessary to examine each lesion. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed 121 patients with MF/MC (103 with MF and 18 with MC) breast cancers and 484 patients with unifocal breast cancer who were treated at the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University. Two methods were used to record the T stage (using the dimensions of the largest lesion and aggregate dimensions of all lesions). The histological grade, immunohistochemical parameters, and molecular subtypes of the largest lesion and other lesions in MF/MC breast cancers were studied to assess intertumoral heterogeneity. RESULTS The use of aggregate dimensions upstaged 63 patients with MF/MC breast cancers to a more advanced stage and removed the independent effect of cancer multiplicity on lymph node positivity compared with the use of the largest dimension. Mismatches were found in the pathological type (9.9%), histological grade (4.1%), and molecular subtype (8.3%) among different foci. CONCLUSION The tendency of MF/MC breast tumors to metastasize may be related to tumor load, which can be better predicted by the aggregate dimensions of all foci. The use of the current staging systems may require further evaluation and modification. Intertumoral heterogeneity indicates the necessity for pathological and immunohistochemical assessments of each lesion in patients with MF/MC breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Tong
- Jiangsu Breast Disease Center, Jiangsu Province Hospital and Nanjing Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Feixiang Sun
- Jiangsu Breast Disease Center, Jiangsu Province Hospital and Nanjing Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Chuanpeng Zhang
- Jiangsu Breast Disease Center, Jiangsu Province Hospital and Nanjing Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Susu Yang
- Jiangsu Breast Disease Center, Jiangsu Province Hospital and Nanjing Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Ziyi Yu
- Jiangsu Breast Disease Center, Jiangsu Province Hospital and Nanjing Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Jiangsu Breast Disease Center, Jiangsu Province Hospital and Nanjing Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing, China
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Mejdahl MK, Wohlfahrt J, Holm M, Knoop AS, Tjønneland A, Melbye M, Kroman N, Balslev E. Synchronous bilateral breast cancer: a nationwide study on histopathology and etiology. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2020; 182:229-238. [PMID: 32441019 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-020-05689-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to describe histopathologic characteristics of synchronous bilateral breast cancer (SBBC), and by comparing SBBC to unilateral breast cancer (UBC), identify possible etiological mechanisms of SBBC. METHODS Patients with primary SBBC (diagnosed within 4 months) and UBC diagnosed in Denmark between 1999 and 2015 were included. Detailed data on histopathology were retrieved from the Danish Breast Cancer Group database and the Danish Pathology Register. Associations between bilateral disease and the different histopathologic characteristics were evaluated by odds ratios and estimated by multinomial regression models. RESULTS 1214 patients with SBBC and 59,221 with UBC were included. Patients with SBBC more often had invasive lobular carcinomas (OR 1.29; 95% CI 1.13-1.47), a clinically distinct subtype of breast cancer, than UBC patients. Further, they were older than UBC patients, more often had multifocal cancer (OR 1.13; 95% CI 1.01-1.26), and a less aggressive subtype than UBC patients. Invasive lobular carcinoma was associated with having multiple tumors in breast tissue-both in the form of bilateral disease and multifocal disease, and this association was independent of laterality. No similar pattern was observed for other tumor characteristics. CONCLUSION We identified two etiological mechanisms that could explain some of the occurrence of SBBC. The high proportion of less aggressive carcinomas and higher age of SBBC compared to UBC patients suggests that many are diagnosed at a subclinical stage as slow-growing tumors have a higher probability of simultaneous diagnosis. The high proportion of invasive lobular carcinoma observed in bilateral and multifocal disease, being independent of laterality, suggests that these patients have an increased propensity to malignant tumor formation in breast tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Kvist Mejdahl
- Department of Breast Surgery, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2730, Herlev, Denmark. .,Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Jan Wohlfahrt
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marianne Holm
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ann Søegaard Knoop
- Department of Oncology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Tjønneland
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Institute of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads Melbye
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Niels Kroman
- Department of Breast Surgery, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2730, Herlev, Denmark.,Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eva Balslev
- Department of Pathology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
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Corso G, Magnoni F, Provenzano E, Girardi A, Iorfida M, De Scalzi AM, Invento A, Colleoni M, Cassano E, Trentin C, Gullo RL, Pravettoni G, Gilardi L, Grana CM, Intra M, Galimberti V, Veronesi P, De Lorenzi F, Leonardi MC. Multicentric breast cancer with heterogeneous histopathology: a multidisciplinary review. Future Oncol 2020; 16:395-412. [PMID: 32026709 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2019-0540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple synchronous (multifocal or multicentric) ipsilateral breast cancers with heterogeneous histopathology are a rare clinical occurrence, however, their incidence is increasing due to the use of MRI for breast cancer screening and staging. Some studies have demonstrated poorer clinical outcomes for this pattern of breast cancer, but there is no evidence to guide clinical practice. In this multidisciplinary review, we reflect on pathology and molecular characteristics, imaging findings, surgical management including conservation and reconstructive options and approach to the axilla, and the role of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Multidisciplinary discussions appear decisive in planning an appropriate surgical choice and defining the correct systemic treatment tailored to each clinical condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Corso
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Division of Breast Surgery, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Magnoni
- Division of Breast Surgery, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Provenzano
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Antonia Girardi
- Division of Breast Surgery, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Iorfida
- Division of Medical Senology, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Alessandra Invento
- Division of Breast Surgery, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Colleoni
- Division of Medical Senology, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Enrico Cassano
- Division of Breast Imaging, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Trentin
- Division of Breast Imaging, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Lo Gullo
- Division of Breast Imaging, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriella Pravettoni
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Applied Research Division for Cognitive & Psychological Science, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Gilardi
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Maria Grana
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Mattia Intra
- Division of Breast Surgery, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Viviana Galimberti
- Division of Breast Surgery, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Veronesi
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Division of Breast Surgery, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca De Lorenzi
- Division of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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Jorns JM. Breast Cancer Biomarkers: Challenges in Routine Estrogen Receptor, Progesterone Receptor, and HER2/neu Evaluation. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2019; 143:1444-1449. [DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2019-0205-ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Context.—
Evaluation of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and HER2/neu (HER2) biomarkers is standard of care for all cases of newly diagnosed invasive, recurrent, and metastatic breast cancer. Repeat analysis is also performed in select cases per College of American Pathologists/American Society of Clinical Oncology guidelines and other clinical indications. However, in specific scenarios, preanalytic and analytic variables may pose distinct challenges to testing.
Objective.—
To provide a review of select challenges in the testing of commonly performed breast cancer biomarkers ER, PR, and HER2 and outline best practices for overcoming these challenges.
Data Sources.—
Review of College of American Pathologists/American Society of Clinical Oncology recommendations, current literature, and personal experience of the author.
Conclusions.—
Attention must be given to specimen handling to ensure accurate ER, PR, and HER2 biomarker assessment and appropriate management of breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M. Jorns
- From the Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
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Navale P, Bleiweiss IJ, Jaffer S, Nayak A. Evaluation of Biomarkers in Multiple Ipsilateral Synchronous Invasive Breast Carcinomas. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2018; 143:190-196. [PMID: 30192170 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2017-0494-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT.— The College of American Pathologists guidelines recommend testing additional tumor foci in multifocal invasive breast carcinomas for the biomarkers estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor, and HER2 only if the carcinomas show different morphologies or grades. OBJECTIVE.— To assess clinical significance of testing for biomarkers in additional tumor foci in multifocal invasive breast tumors. DESIGN.— Retrospective analysis of 118 patients diagnosed with ipsilateral synchronous multifocal breast carcinomas from January 2015 through March 2016 at Mount Sinai Hospital (New York, New York). RESULTS.— Eighty-six cases were tested for at least 1 of the 3 biomarkers in additional tumor foci. Fifteen cases (17%) showed discordant staining between the 2 foci for at least one biomarker. Of the 7 of 67 ER-discordant cases (10%), 4 (57%) showed major variation from negative to positive expression, including 3 cases in which a smaller tumor focus was strongly positive for ER whereas the index tumor was negative. Similarly, within the 7 of 67 progesterone receptor-discordant cases (10%), 4 (57%) showed major variation from negative to positive, and in 3 cases with major discordance, the index tumor was negative for progesterone receptor, whereas a smaller focus was positive. A difference in HER2 expression was noted in 5 of 86 cases (6%). In only 5 of the 15 patients (33%) with discordant results, biomarker testing on additional foci would have been offered per the College of American Pathologists recommendations because of differences in histology or grading. Of the remaining 10 patients, 7 (70%) with positive results on smaller foci would have been deprived of appropriate adjuvant systemic treatment if the smaller focus had not been tested. CONCLUSIONS.— We propose that negative values expressed in the primary tumor be repeated routinely on additional ipsilateral synchronous tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Navale
- From the Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai Hospital and Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York. Drs Bleiweiss and Nayak are now with the the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine & Hospital, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Ira J Bleiweiss
- From the Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai Hospital and Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York. Drs Bleiweiss and Nayak are now with the the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine & Hospital, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Shabnam Jaffer
- From the Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai Hospital and Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York. Drs Bleiweiss and Nayak are now with the the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine & Hospital, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Anupma Nayak
- From the Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai Hospital and Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York. Drs Bleiweiss and Nayak are now with the the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine & Hospital, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
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Comparison of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and HER2 results in concurrent ipsilateral samples with invasive breast carcinoma: a retrospective study of 246 biopsies from 119 patients. Hum Pathol 2017; 65:123-132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2017.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Aalders KC, Kuijer A, Straver ME, Slaets L, Litiere S, Viale G, Van't Veer LJ, Glas AM, Delorenzi M, van Dalen T, Tryfonidis K, Piccart MJ, Cardoso F, Rutgers EJ. Characterisation of multifocal breast cancer using the 70-gene signature in clinical low-risk patients enrolled in the EORTC 10041/BIG 03-04 MINDACT trial. Eur J Cancer 2017; 79:98-105. [PMID: 28477490 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2017.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In multifocal breast cancer, guidelines recommend basing adjuvant systemic treatment decisions on characteristics of the largest lesion, disregarding multifocality as an independent prognosticator. We assessed the association between multifocal disease and both the 70-gene signature (70-GS), and distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) in clinical low-risk breast cancer patients enrolled in the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer 10041/BIG 03-04 Microarray In Node-negative and 1 to 3 positive lymph node Disease may Avoid ChemoTherapy (MINDACT) trial. PATIENTS AND METHODS The analysed population consisted of enrolled patients in the MINDACT trial with clinical low-risk disease, defined by a modified Adjuvant! Online cut-off for the 10-year risk of recurrent disease or death. Eligibility criteria of MINDACT dictate that patients with multifocal disease could be included if the different lesions had similar pathological characteristics. The presence of multifocal disease was deducted from the case report form (CRF)-question for sum of diameter for all invasive tumour foci. Clinicopathological characteristics and gene expression of patients with unifocal and multifocal (largest lesion) disease were compared. Subsequently, the association between multifocal disease and the 70-GS was evaluated as well as the association between multifocality and 5-year DMFS. RESULTS The study included 3090 clinical low-risk patients with unifocal and 238 patients with multifocal disease. Apart from a higher prevalence of lobular tumours (21.8% versus 10.8%, by local pathology), we did not observe differences in baseline characteristics between multifocal and unifocal tumours. Patients with multifocal tumours were more likely to be at high genomic risk as compared to patients with unifocal tumours (22.7% versus 17.3%, odds ratio [OR] 1.45, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02-2.07, P = 0.038). We did not find a significant association between tumour focality and DMFS (97.1% for unifocal versus 96.9% for multifocal, hazard ratio [HR] = 1.55, 95% CI 0.68-3.46, P = 0.172), nor a signal for a potential interaction between the prognostic effect of the 70-GS and focality of the tumour regarding DMFS. CONCLUSION In the group of clinical low-risk MINDACT patients, multifocal tumours were more likely to have a high-risk 70-GS profile compared to unifocal tumours. We did not observe a significant interaction between multifocality and the 70-GS with respect to survival without distant metastasis in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Aalders
- Medical Department, European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer, Brussels, Belgium
| | - A Kuijer
- Department of Surgery, Diakonessenhuis Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Radiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M E Straver
- Department of Surgery, Haaglanden Medical Centre, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - L Slaets
- Department of Statistics, European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer, Brussels, Belgium
| | - S Litiere
- Department of Statistics, European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer, Brussels, Belgium
| | - G Viale
- Department of Pathology, European Institute of Oncology and University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - L J Van't Veer
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - A M Glas
- Department of Product Development and Support, Agendia, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Delorenzi
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland; Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland; Department of Oncology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - T van Dalen
- Department of Surgery, Diakonessenhuis Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - K Tryfonidis
- Medical Department, European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer, Brussels, Belgium
| | - M J Piccart
- Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - F Cardoso
- Breast Unit, Champalimaud Clinical Center, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - E J Rutgers
- Department of Surgery, Netherlands Cancer Institute/Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Mo T, Yue S, Tian H, Lin H, Zhang G, Zhang Z. Effect of Fu-Zheng-Xiao-Liu Granules on Expression of Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER-2) and Proliferation and Apoptosis of Breast Cancer Cell Line SKBR-3. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22:5068-5073. [PMID: 28008166 PMCID: PMC5207018 DOI: 10.12659/msm.898685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Previous research showed that granulized Fu-Zheng-Xiao-Liu has a significant effect on breast cancer. However, it remains unclear whether HER-2 plays a role in this anti-cancer effect. Material/Methods Serum of male SD rats administered Fu-Zheng-Xiao-Liu granules (SF) was prepared and used to treat HER-2 positive breast cancer cell line SKBR-3. PBS and herceptin were used as negative and positive controls, respectively. MTT was used to detect the proliferation of SKBR-3 cells. Flow cytometry was used to measure the apoptosis of SKBR-3 cells. Western blot and immunofluorescence were used to measure the expression change of HER-2. Results Serum of male SD rats administered Fu-Zheng-Xiao-Liu granules had significantly reduced HER-2 expression at both mRNA level and protein level, significantly inhibited proliferation of SKBR-3 cells, and significantly increased apoptosis of SKBR-3 cells, compared to that of the blank control group or serum control group. Conclusions Fu-Zheng-Xiao-Liu granules affect proliferation and apoptosis through inhibition of HER-2 transcription and translation, providing an experimental basis for further study of the mechanism by which Fu-Zheng-Xiao-Liu granules affect breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Mo
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen University First Affiliated Hospital), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Shuangbing Yue
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen University First Affiliated Hospital), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Huan Tian
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen University First Affiliated Hospital), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Hong Lin
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen University First Affiliated Hospital), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Guanglu Zhang
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen University First Affiliated Hospital), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Zili Zhang
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen University First Affiliated Hospital), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China (mainland)
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