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Eidan AJ. Direct immunofluorescence on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded versus fresh frozen human renal biopsies: a comparative study. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2024; 45:292-305. [PMID: 38263688 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2024.2306324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The data referring to the value of direct immunofluorescence on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue (IF-Paraffin) in the diagnosis of renal diseases is controversial. The aim of this study was to investigate whether renal biopsies evaluated by routine immunofluorescence on frozen tissue (IF-Frozen) would yield adequate findings to confirm diagnoses when the IF-Paraffin technique was applied. METHODS To show immunoglobulins, complement components, and light chains, 55 native renal biopsies were subjected to IF-Paraffin and IF-Frozen staining techniques. The intensity of the staining was compared, and the sensitivity and specificity were calculated. RESULTS The IF-Paraffin technique showed a sensitivity of 89%, 81%, 86%, 30%, 71%, 60%, and 77% for IgG, IgM, IgA, C1q, C3, κ, and λ, respectively, whereas specificity was 91%, 100%, 100%, 96%, 94%, 98%, and 100%. It showed diagnostic findings in 87% of cases. Compared to cases that had both IF-Paraffin and IF-Frozen staining techniques, 43 of 55 showed either equal intensity for the diagnostic immunoglobulin/complement or a little difference. CONCLUSIONS Direct immunofluorescence on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections cannot replace immunofluorescence on frozen sections in the assessment of renal biopsies, but may be a "salvage technique" when frozen tissue is insufficient or unavailable and must be interpreted with great caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali J Eidan
- Immunology, Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Nursing, University of Kufa, Al-Najaf, Iraq
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Diagnostic Accuracy of Direct Immunofluorescence Test on Paraffin-Embedded Blocks in Comparison with Frozen Section Blocks in Renal Biopsies. Int J Nephrol 2022; 2022:4974031. [PMID: 36226196 PMCID: PMC9550505 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4974031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In several published research, the evaluation of renal disorders using immunofluorescence on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue sections versus immunofluorescence on frozen sections was compared. Each technique's accuracy varies greatly. This study's objective was to assess IF-P as a potential replacement for IF-F in the diagnosis of renal biopsy specimens. Materials and Methods To show immunoglobulin IgA, IgG, IgM, and C3 immune deposits, proteinase K digestion of paraffin-embedded renal biopsy was standardized and used in 51 renal biopsies. Sensitivity, specificity, false-positive, and false-negative values were calculated. Results IF-P showed a sensitivity of 93.1%, 76.9%, 63.6%, and 33.3%, and a specificity of 100%, 97.3%, 95%, and 100% for IgG, IgA, IgM, and C3, respectively. Compared to cases that had both routine IF and IF-P, 50 of 51 showed either the same amount of staining for the diagnostic immunoglobulin/complement or a small amount of difference. In most of the cases (49 of 51), diagnostic findings were found. Conclusion IF-P is a sensitive and precise approach for assessing immune deposits in renal tissue biopsies. We come to the conclusion that IF-P serves as a beneficial salvage immunohistochemistry method for renal biopsies that do not contain enough cortical tissue for IF-F.
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Abstract
Immunofluorescence is an important immunochemical technique that utilizes fluorescence-labeled antibodies to detect specific target antigens. It is used widely in both scientific research and clinical laboratories. Immunofluorescence allows for excellent sensitivity and amplification of signal in comparison to immunohistochemistry. However, analysis of samples labeled with fluorescence-labeled antibodies has to be performed using a fluorescence microscope or other type of fluorescence imaging. There are two methods available: direct (primary) and indirect (secondary) immunofluorescence. Here, we describe the principle of immunofluorescence methods as well as the preparation of fresh-frozen and formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded tissues for both direct and indirect immunofluorescence labeling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sergio Piña-Oviedo
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
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Ahmed EEA, Salih MM, Babker AM, Elmahi OM, Eltayeb LB, Waggiallah HA. Microwave irradiation exposure enhancing melanin staining quality and act as time reducing factor in the Masson-Fontana method. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/16878507.2021.1873901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Magdi Mansour Salih
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Taif University, Altaif, Saudia Arabia
| | - Asaad Ma. Babker
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, UAE
| | - Osman Mohammed Elmahi
- Department of Histopathology, College of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Karary University, Sudan
| | - Lienda Bashier Eltayeb
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Prince Sattam Bin Abdul Aziz, Alkharj, Saudia Arabia
| | - Hisham Ali Waggiallah
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Prince Sattam Bin Abdul Aziz, Alkharj, Saudia Arabia
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Alwahaibi NY, Alsidiri RM, Alsinawi TA, Almalki WH, Alsinawi SS, Alriyami MA. Immunoperoxidase and Immunofluorescence on Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded Tissue Sections versus Immunofluorescence on Frozen Sections in the Assessment of Renal Biopsies. Indian J Nephrol 2019; 30:8-13. [PMID: 32015593 PMCID: PMC6977388 DOI: 10.4103/ijn.ijn_356_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: There are few published studies comparing immunofluorescence on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue sections (IF-P) and immunoperoxidase on FFPE tissue sections (IP-P) with immunofluorescence on frozen sections (IF-F) for evaluation of renal diseases. Also, the accuracy for each method differs greatly. The aim of this study was to evaluate IF-P and IP-P as an alternative to IF-F (gold standard method) in the diagnosis of renal biopsies specimens. Methods: In all, 101 renal biopsies were subjected to IF-P, IP-P, and IF-F staining to demonstrate immunoglobulin IgA, IgG, and IgM immune deposits. Sensitivity, specificity, false-positive, and false-negative values were calculated. Results: IP-P showed sensitivity of 61.8%, 74.2%, and 64.2%, and specificity of 84.8%, 69.2%, and 66.7% for IgA, IgG, and IgM, respectively. IF-P showed a sensitivity of 45.6%, 69.4% and 52.8%, and specificity of 87.9%, 87.2% and 77.1% for IgA, IgG and IgM, respectively. False-positive cases of IF-P and IP-P were 4, 5, and 11 and 5, 12, and 16 for IgA, IgG, and IgM, respectively. Conclusion: Where IF-F lacks glomeruli or fresh renal biopsies are not available, IP-P is a sensitive method, whereas IF-P is a specific method for the evaluation of immune deposits in the renal tissue biopsies. The presence of false-positive cases in both methods deserves further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasar Yousuf Alwahaibi
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Rajaa Mohammed Alsidiri
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Thuraiya Amer Alsinawi
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Wafa Hamed Almalki
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Shadia Said Alsinawi
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Marwa Abdullah Alriyami
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Sultanate of Oman
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New Dimensions of Antigen Retrieval Technique: 28 Years of Development, Practice, and Expansion. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2019; 27:715-721. [DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Paraffin Immunofluorescence: A Valuable Ancillary Technique in Renal Pathology. Kidney Int Rep 2018; 3:1260-1266. [PMID: 30450452 PMCID: PMC6224795 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunofluorescence on frozen tissue is the gold standard immunohistochemical technique for evaluation of immune deposits in the kidney. When frozen tissue is not available or lacks glomeruli, immunofluorescence can be performed on paraffin tissue after antigen retrieval (paraffin immunofluorescence). Excellent results can be obtained by paraffin immunofluorescence in most immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritides and dysproteinemia-associated kidney lesions, and thus this technique has become a valuable salvage technique in renal pathology. Furthermore, new data have emerged suggesting that paraffin immunofluorescence can be used as an unmasking technique, as it is more sensitive than frozen tissue immunofluorescence in some kidney lesions, such as crystalline light chain proximal tubulopathy and is needed to establish the diagnosis of certain unique lesions, such as membranous-like glomerulopathy with masked IgG kappa deposits and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis with masked monotypic Ig deposits. However, it is important to recognize and be aware of the limitations and pitfalls associated with paraffin immunofluorescence. These include poor sensitivity for detection of C3 deposits and for the diagnosis of primary membranous nephropathy. Here, we summarize the available techniques of paraffin immunofluorescence, review its role and performance as a salvage and unmasking technique in renal pathology, address its limitations and pitfalls, and highlight unusual forms of glomerulopathy that require paraffin immunofluorescence for diagnosis.
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Yabuki A, Sawa M, Kohyama M, Hamamoto T, Yamato O. Paraffin immunofluorescence for detection of immune complexes in renal biopsies: an efficient salvage technique for diagnosis of glomerulonephritis in dogs. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:371. [PMID: 29191199 PMCID: PMC5709965 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1287-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Renal biopsy is an essential tool for the diagnosis of proteinuric kidney diseases in dogs, and evaluation of immune complexes (IC) by immunofluorescence (IF) of frozen sections (IF-F) is required for the diagnosis of IC-mediated glomerulonephritis (ICGN). However, the use of frozen sections from renal biopsies can have limitations. The aim of this study was to develop a reliable IF method using formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) sections to detect ICs in dog ICGN. Methods Renal biopsy specimens were obtained from dogs with protein-losing nephropathies. FFPE sections were prepared, and eight antigen retrieval pretreatment protocols were performed: digestion with trypsin, microwave (MW) heating in citrate buffer (MW-CB; pH 6.0), MW heating in Tris-EDTA buffer (MW-TEB; pH 9.0), as well as combinations of the above, and a non-treated control. Results A combination of trypsin for 30 min (Try-30) and MW-TEB; pH 9.0 was the most effective antigen retrieval pretreatment, with clear positive signals for IgG, IgA, IgM, and C3 detected by IF-FFPE. Granular signals, an important diagnostic indicator of ICGN, were clearly observed by both IF-F and IF-FFPE after combined pretreatment with Try-30 and MW-TEB, and IgG, IgA, IgM, and C3 signals were almost completely matched in all samples by IF-F and IF-FFPE. Conclusion IF-FFPE with Try-30 and MW-TEB pretreatment is a valuable technique for the diagnosis of renal diseases in dogs. This method could be an efficient tool when standard IF-F cannot be used, or does not provide useful results due to lack of glomeruli in the specimens for IF-F.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Yabuki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan.
| | - Mariko Sawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Moeko Kohyama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hamamoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Osamu Yamato
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
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Microwave-Assisted Tissue Preparation for Rapid Fixation, Decalcification, Antigen Retrieval, Cryosectioning, and Immunostaining. Int J Cell Biol 2016; 2016:7076910. [PMID: 27840640 PMCID: PMC5093272 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7076910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microwave irradiation of tissue during fixation and subsequent histochemical staining procedures significantly reduces the time required for incubation in fixation and staining solutions. Minimizing the incubation time in fixative reduces disruption of tissue morphology, and reducing the incubation time in staining solution or antibody solution decreases nonspecific labeling. Reduction of incubation time in staining solution also decreases the level of background noise. Microwave-assisted tissue preparation is applicable for tissue fixation, decalcification of bone tissues, treatment of adipose tissues, antigen retrieval, and other special staining of tissues. Microwave-assisted tissue fixation and staining are useful tools for histological analyses. This review describes the protocols using microwave irradiation for several essential procedures in histochemical studies, and these techniques are applicable to other protocols for tissue fixation and immunostaining in the field of cell biology.
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A microwave antigen retrieval method using two heating steps for enhanced immunostaining on aldehyde-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections. Histochem Cell Biol 2016; 145:675-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-016-1426-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Nic-Can G, Hernández-Castellano S, Kú-González A, Loyola-Vargas VM, De-la-Peña C. An efficient immunodetection method for histone modifications in plants. PLANT METHODS 2013; 9:47. [PMID: 24341414 PMCID: PMC3868413 DOI: 10.1186/1746-4811-9-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epigenetic mechanisms can be highly dynamic, but the cross-talk among them and with the genome is still poorly understood. Many of these mechanisms work at different places in the cell and at different times of organism development. Covalent histone modifications are one of the most complex and studied epigenetic mechanisms involved in cellular reprogramming and development in plants. Therefore, the knowledge of the spatial distribution of histone methylation in different tissues is important to understand their behavior on specific cells. RESULTS Based on the importance of epigenetic marks for biology, we present a simplified, inexpensive and efficient protocol for in situ immunolocalization on different tissues such as flowers, buds, callus, somatic embryo and meristematic tissue from several plants of agronomical and biological importance. Here, we fully describe all the steps to perform the localization of histone modifications. Using this method, we were able to visualize the distribution of H3K4me3 and H3K9me2 without loss of histological integrity of tissues from several plants, including Agave tequilana, Capsicum chinense, Coffea canephora and Cedrela odorata, as well as Arabidopsis thaliana. CONCLUSIONS There are many protocols to study chromatin modifications; however, most of them are expensive, difficult and require sophisticated equipment. Here, we provide an efficient protocol for in situ localization of histone methylation that dispenses with the use of expensive and sensitive enzymes. The present method can be used to investigate the cellular distribution and localization of a wide array of proteins, which could help to clarify the biological role that they play at specific times and places in different tissues of various plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geovanny Nic-Can
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 No. 130, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida CP 97200, Yucatán, México
| | - Sara Hernández-Castellano
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 No. 130, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida CP 97200, Yucatán, México
| | - Angela Kú-González
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 No. 130, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida CP 97200, Yucatán, México
| | - Víctor M Loyola-Vargas
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 No. 130, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida CP 97200, Yucatán, México
| | - Clelia De-la-Peña
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 No. 130, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida CP 97200, Yucatán, México
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Ramos-Vara JA, Miller MA. When tissue antigens and antibodies get along: revisiting the technical aspects of immunohistochemistry--the red, brown, and blue technique. Vet Pathol 2013; 51:42-87. [PMID: 24129895 DOI: 10.1177/0300985813505879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Once focused mainly on the characterization of neoplasms, immunohistochemistry (IHC) today is used in the investigation of a broad range of disease processes with applications in diagnosis, prognostication, therapeutic decisions to tailor treatment to an individual patient, and investigations into the pathogenesis of disease. This review addresses the technical aspects of immunohistochemistry (and, to a lesser extent, immunocytochemistry) with attention to the antigen-antibody reaction, optimal fixation techniques, tissue processing considerations, antigen retrieval methods, detection systems, selection and use of an autostainer, standardization and validation of IHC tests, preparation of proper tissue and reagent controls, tissue microarrays and other high-throughput systems, quality assurance/quality control measures, interpretation of the IHC reaction, and reporting of results. It is now more important than ever, with these sophisticated applications, to standardize the entire IHC process from tissue collection through interpretation and reporting to minimize variability among laboratories and to facilitate quantification and interlaboratory comparison of IHC results.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Ramos-Vara
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, 406 South University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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