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Camilleri G, Calleja-Aguis J, Said E. Trophoblastic disease and choriocarcinoma. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SURGICAL ONCOLOGY 2024:108727. [PMID: 39370364 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2024.108727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 08/29/2024] [Accepted: 09/26/2024] [Indexed: 10/08/2024]
Abstract
Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a group of diseases associated with pregnancies that demonstrate abnormal development of trophoblastic cells. GTD includes hydatidiform moles (HM) that may continue to further develop into gestational trophoblastic neoplasms (GTN), such as choriocarcinoma (CC). Gestational CC is a malignant mass development that may arise from HM, from other (normal) pregnancies or from other gestational events (such as ectopic pregnancies). The aim of this review is to outline current understating of the genetics and epigenetics of GTD and gestational CC and the link between the two diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziella Camilleri
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery University of Malta, Malta; Department of Pathology, Mater Dei Hospital, Malta.
| | - Jean Calleja-Aguis
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery University of Malta, Malta
| | - Edith Said
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery University of Malta, Malta; Department of Pathology, Mater Dei Hospital, Malta
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Usui H, Hoshimoto K, Sato A, Kano M, Fukusato T, Nakatani Y, Shozu M. Evaluation of Combined p57KIP2 Immunohistochemistry and Fluorescent in situ Hybridization Analysis for Hydatidiform Moles Compared with Genotyping Diagnosis. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2024; 43:474-486. [PMID: 38291567 PMCID: PMC11332376 DOI: 10.1097/pgp.0000000000001000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Immunostaining with p57KIP2 is a widely used diagnostic technique to differentiate complete hydatidiform moles (CHMs) from partial hydatidiform moles (PHM) and non-molar hydropic abortion. However, distinguishing between PHMs and non-molar hydropic abortions using histopathology alone is often challenging. This study aimed to evaluate the technical validity and additional benefits of using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in combination with p57KIP2 immunostaining to diagnose molar and non-molar conceptuses. The study involved 80 specimens, which underwent genetic diagnosis using short tandem repeat analysis, including 44 androgenetic CHMs, 20 diandric monogynic PHMs, 14 biparental non-molar hydropic abortions, 1 monoandric digynic triploid abortion, and 1 vaginal specimen of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. Two pathologists independently diagnosed the cases based on morphology and p57KIP2 immunostaining while the clinical information was masked. FISH analysis was performed using 3 probes (CEP17, CEPX, and CEPY), which revealed that all androgenetic CHM and biparental diploid non-molar hydropic abortion specimens were diploid. Among the 20 diandric monogynic PHM cases examined by analyzing short tandem repeat polymorphisms, 18 were triploid, and the remaining 2 were diploid. These two specimens were possibly androgenetic/biparental mosaics based on FISH analysis, where the three-signal ratios counting 50 cells were clearly within the diploid ranges. Eight of the 20 genetic PHMs and 2 of the 14 genetically confirmed non-molar hydropic abortions that were falsely diagnosed based on morphology and immunohistochemistry by at least 1 pathologist were correctly diagnosed as PHM and non-molar hydropic abortion, respectively, by FISH analysis. However, 1 monoandric digynic villus was classified as triploid by FISH analysis, leading to a false PHM diagnosis. In conclusion, the combination of FISH analysis with p57KIP2 immunostaining helps in diagnosing molar and non-molar conceptuses in numerous cases; nevertheless, exceptional cases should be considered.
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Joyce CM, Maher GJ, Dineen S, Suraweera N, McCarthy TV, Coulter J, O'Donoghue K, Seckl MJ, Fitzgerald B. Morphology combined with HER2 D-DISH ploidy analysis to diagnose partial hydatidiform mole: an evaluation audit using molecular genotyping. J Clin Pathol 2024:jcp-2023-209269. [PMID: 38555105 DOI: 10.1136/jcp-2023-209269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
AIMS A hydatidiform mole (HM) is classified as complete (CHM) or partial (PHM) based on its morphology and genomic composition. Ancillary techniques are often required to confirm a morphologically suspected PHM diagnosis. This study sought to evaluate the clinical accuracy of PHM diagnosis using morphological assessment supported by HER2 dual-colour dual-hapten in situ hybridisation (D-DISH) ploidy determination. METHODS Over a 2-year period, our unit examined 1265 products of conception (POCs) from which 103 atypical POCs were diagnosed as PHM or non-molar conceptuses with the assistance of HER2 D-DISH ploidy analysis. We retrospectively audited a sample of 40 of these atypical POCs using short tandem repeat genotyping. DNA extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue was genotyped using 24 polymorphic loci. Parental alleles in placental villi were identified by comparison to those in maternal decidua. To identify triploid PHM cases, we sought three alleles of equal peak height or two alleles with one allele peak twice the height of the other at each locus. RESULTS Thirty-six of the 40 cases (19 PHM and 17 non-molar) were successfully genotyped and demonstrated complete concordance with the original diagnosis. All PHMs were diandric triploid of dispermic origin. In two non-molar diploid cases, we identified suspected trisomies (13 and 18), which potentially explains the pregnancy loss in these cases. CONCLUSIONS This study validates the use of HER2 D-DISH ploidy analysis to support the diagnosis of a morphologically suspected PHM in our practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Joyce
- Pregnancy Loss Research Group, Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- INFANT Research Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Geoffrey J Maher
- Trophoblastic Tumour Screening & Treatment Centre, Imperial College NHS Trust, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK
| | - Susan Dineen
- Pregnancy Loss Research Group, Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Pathology, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Nirosha Suraweera
- Trophoblastic Tumour Screening & Treatment Centre, Imperial College NHS Trust, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK
| | - Tommie V McCarthy
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John Coulter
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Cork University Maternity Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Keelin O'Donoghue
- Pregnancy Loss Research Group, Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- INFANT Research Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Michael J Seckl
- Trophoblastic Tumour Screening & Treatment Centre, Imperial College NHS Trust, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK
| | - Brendan Fitzgerald
- Pregnancy Loss Research Group, Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Pathology, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
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Usui H. Auxiliary and experimental diagnostic techniques for hydatidiform moles. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2022; 48:3077-3086. [PMID: 36098274 DOI: 10.1111/jog.15422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hydatidiform moles are classified into complete hydatidiform moles (CHMs), which are androgenetic and diploid, and partial hydatidiform moles (PHM), which are triploid with two paternal chromosomes and one maternal chromosome. The incidence of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia differs substantially between CHM and PHM. However, they are occasionally difficult to diagnose. In this review, auxiliary and experimental methods based on cytogenetic features and advanced molecular detection techniques applied to the diagnosis and analysis of hydatidiform moles are summarized, including basic principles, characteristics, and clinical implications. Short tandem repeat polymorphism analysis is considered the gold standard for the genetic diagnosis of hydatidiform moles. In clinical settings, immunohistochemical analyses of p57KIP2 , an imprinted gene product, are widely used to differentiate CHMs from other conceptuses, including PHMs. Recently, new molecular genetic techniques, such as single nucleotide polymorphism arrays, have been applied to research on hydatidiform moles. In addition to insights from classical methods, such as chromosome analysis, recently developed approaches have yielded novel findings related to the mechanism underlying the development of androgenetic CHMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Usui
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
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Gestational Trophoblastic Disease Presents as an Ectopic Tubal Pregnancy, a Rare Entity. Case Rep Obstet Gynecol 2019; 2019:7153170. [PMID: 31467747 PMCID: PMC6699278 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7153170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectopic molar pregnancy is an uncommon event in clinical practice. In this paper, we report a case of ectopic complete molar pregnancy in a 39-year-old lady who presented to the emergency department with lower abdominal pain, abdominal distention, and low-grade fever. Based on radiological and laboratory investigations, the differential diagnosis included ruptured ectopic pregnancy versus metastatic diseases. Ectopic hydatidiform molar pregnancies can occur at any extrauterine pelvic sites, yet more frequently affecting fallopian tubes. The histopathological examination remains the gold standard for the diagnosis.
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Samadder A, Kar R. Utility of p57 immunohistochemistry in differentiating between complete mole, partial mole & non-molar or hydropic abortus. Indian J Med Res 2018; 145:133-137. [PMID: 28574027 PMCID: PMC5460560 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_982_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives: There is considerable inter-observer variability in the diagnosis of molar pregnancies by histomorphological examination of products of conception (POC). The p57KIP2 gene is paternally imprinted and expressed from the maternal allele. On immunohistochemistry (IHC) with p57, complete mole (CM) shows absent staining whereas hydropic abortus (HA) and partial mole (PM) show positive staining. This study was undertaken to evaluate the role of p57 IHC along with histomorphology in differentiating between CM, PM and non-molar or HA. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study over a period of three and a half years on archival material. Detailed histomorphological review along with p57 IHC was carried out in 28 diagnosed cases (23 CM, 4 PM and 1 molar pregnancy not categorized) and 25 controls of four normal placentas and 21 POC (8 non-hydropic and 13 HA). Results: In 14.8 per cent (4/27) cases, there was discordance in accurate subtyping of molar pregnancy. One case of CM showed inconsistent IHC pattern. In 15.4 per cent (2/13) HA, molar pregnancy was final diagnosis. After final review, there were 25 CM, five PM, 22 non-molar controls including 10 HA and one not assigned (PM/HA). IHC with p57 was negative in 96 per cent CM and positive in 100 and 95 per cent PM and non-molar controls, respectively. Interpretation & conclusions: This study showed that negative p57KIP2 immunostaining reliably identified CM and could be used in association with the histological findings to distinguish CM from its mimics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhimanyu Samadder
- Department of Pathology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Rakhee Kar
- Department of Pathology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research, Puducherry, India
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Vazač J, Füssy Z, Hladová I, Killi S, Oborník M. Ploidy and Number of Chromosomes in the Alveolate Alga Chromera velia. Protist 2017; 169:53-63. [PMID: 29367153 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chromera velia is an alveolate alga which represents the closest known phototrophic relative to apicomplexan parasites. Although the nuclear, mitochondrial, and plastid genomes of this alga have been sequenced, the number of chromosomes and ploidy of C. velia are unknown. We explored ploidy in the vegetative cell, the predominant stage in cultures of Chromera, using the tyramide signal amplification-fluorescence in situ hybridization (TSA-FISH) in isolated nuclei of C. velia. Probes were derived from three single copy genes coding for 4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol (CDP-ME) kinase, 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate (MEcPP) synthase and Topoisomerase II. Our results indicate that the vegetative cell of C. velia is haploid, as each probe produced a single fluorescent signal, although the possibility of diploidy with somatic pairing of homologous chromosomes cannot be completely excluded. Restriction analysis and hybridization with the telomere probe produced eight bands suggesting the presence of four chromosomes in haploid vegetative cells of C. velia. However, when the chromerid-specific telomere probe (TTTAGGG)4 was used for TSA-FISH, we consistently obtained a double signal. This may indicate that the four chromosomes are organized in clusters in interphase nuclei of C. velia, which is a chromosome organization similar to that of their apicomplexan relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Vazač
- University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Zoltán Füssy
- Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Irena Hladová
- University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Sireesha Killi
- University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Oborník
- University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Algatech, Novohradská 237, Opatovický mlýn, 37901 Třeboň, Czech Republic.
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Kubelka-Sabit KB, Prodanova I, Jasar D, Bozinovski G, Filipovski V, Drakulevski S, Plaseska-Karanfilska D. Molecular and Immunohistochemical Characteristics of Complete Hydatidiform Moles. Balkan J Med Genet 2017; 20:27-34. [PMID: 28924538 PMCID: PMC5596819 DOI: 10.1515/bjmg-2017-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Molar pregnancy is a gestational trophoblastic disease that belongs to the category of precancerous lesions. On the other end of the spectrum are gestational trophoblastic neoplasms such as invasive mole, choriocarcinoma, placental site trophoblastic tumor and epithelioid trophoblastic tumor, which are considered malignant tumors. Based on defined histopathological criteria, molar pregnancy is divided into partial and complete hydatidiform mole. Especially in the case of early complete mole, the diagnosis can be quite challenging and often necessitates additional molecular or immunohistochemical methods. The aim of this study was to assess the importance of additional molecular and immunohistochemical methods to accurately diagnose complete hydatidiform mole and to stress the importance of correct diagnosis and close follow-up of these patients. A total of 367 consecutive cases of spontaneous abortion were analyzed in a 3-year period. Eight cases with histopathological diagnosis of complete molar pregnancy were selected for further analysis. Apart from standard microscopic analysis, additional molecular and immunohistochemical analyses were performed in all eight cases. Most of the histopathological characteristics of complete molar pregnancy were present in all cases, together with complete absence of positivity for the p57 immunohistochemical marker in the cytotrophoblasts and villous stromal cells. The molecular analysis revealed androgenetic diploidy in seven cases and biparental diploidy in one case with more than three consecutive complete molar pregnancies. Additional immunohistochemical and molecular methods can considerably aid in the correct diagnosis of molar pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- KB Kubelka-Sabit
- Department of Histopathology and Cytology, Clinical Hospital “Acibadem-Sistina”, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
- Dr. Katerina B. Kubelka-Sabit, Clinical Hospital Acibadem Sistina, Skupi 5a, 1000 Skopje, Republic of Macedonia. Tel: +389-70-365-338. Fax: +389-23-099-599. E-mail:
| | - I Prodanova
- Diagnostic Laboratory “Histolab”, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - D Jasar
- Department of Histopathology and Cytology, Clinical Hospital “Acibadem-Sistina”, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - G Bozinovski
- Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Research Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology “Georgi D. Efremov”, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - V Filipovski
- Department of Histopathology and Cytology, Clinical Hospital “Acibadem-Sistina”, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - S Drakulevski
- Department of Histopathology and Cytology, Clinical Hospital “Acibadem-Sistina”, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - D Plaseska-Karanfilska
- Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Research Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology “Georgi D. Efremov”, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
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Kunesh JP, Kunesh JG, Jorgensen RJ, Corral CD, Blakey JD. Utilization of Chromogenic In Situ Hybridization to Assess Ploidy in the Diagnosis of Hydatidiform Mole. Am J Clin Pathol 2016; 146:125-31. [PMID: 27402609 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqw095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Ploidy assessment is often required for the diagnosis of partial molar pregnancy. While fluorescence in situ hybridization has been shown to be effective, it is not available in many laboratories. We validated chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH) for this purpose. METHODS CISH using probes to chromosomes 17 and 10 was performed on 20 POC cases with known cytogenetics to establish a reference percentage. This was then used to classify a randomized set of abnormal and normal cases. RESULTS An abnormal CISH cutoff of greater than 7% was established. All abnormal cases (six triploid and three tetraploid), 11 "normal" (46, XX or XY or undetectable abnormalities), and one trisomy 10 were all correctly classified by the assay. CONCLUSIONS CISH is a useful ancillary technique for the diagnosis of molar pregnancy. Its greater accessibility and ability to score even rare placental tissue in a background of maternal tissue offer advantages over other methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Kunesh
- From the Department of Pathology, Torrance Memorial Medical Center, Torrance, CA
| | - Jacqueline G Kunesh
- From the Department of Pathology, Torrance Memorial Medical Center, Torrance, CA
| | | | - Catrina D Corral
- From the Department of Pathology, Torrance Memorial Medical Center, Torrance, CA
| | - John D Blakey
- From the Department of Pathology, Torrance Memorial Medical Center, Torrance, CA
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Xie Y, Pei X, Dong Y, Wu H, Wu J, Shi H, Zhuang X, Sun X, He J. Single nucleotide polymorphism-based microarray analysis for the diagnosis of hydatidiform moles. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:137-44. [PMID: 27151252 PMCID: PMC4918610 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In clinical diagnostics, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based microarray analysis enables the detection of copy number variations (CNVs), as well as copy number neutral regions, that are absent of heterozygosity throughout the genome. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness and sensitivity of SNP‑based microarray analysis in the diagnosis of hydatidiform mole (HM). By using whole‑genome SNP microarray analysis, villous genotypes were detected, and the ploidy of villous tissue was determined to identify HMs. A total of 66 villous tissues and two twin tissues were assessed in the present study. Among these samples, 11 were triploid, one was tetraploid, 23 were abnormal aneuploidy, three were complete genome homozygosity, and the remaining ones were normal ploidy. The most noteworthy finding of the present study was the identification of six partial HMs and three complete HMs from those samples that were not identified as being HMs on the basis of the initial diagnosis of experienced obstetricians. This study has demonstrated that the application of an SNP‑based microarray analysis was able to increase the sensitivity of diagnosis for HMs with partial and complete HMs, which makes the identification of these diseases at an early gestational age possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjun Xie
- Fetal Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojuan Pei
- Department of Pathology, The Huizhou Municipal Center People Hospital, Huizhou, Guangdong 516001, P.R. China
| | - Yu Dong
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Huiqun Wu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Jianzhu Wu
- Fetal Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, P.R. China
| | - Huijuan Shi
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Xuying Zhuang
- Tianjin Public Security Traffic Management Bureau, Tianjin 300241, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofang Sun
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, P.R. China
| | - Jialing He
- Experimental Animal Center, Research Institute for National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
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Chen KH, Hsu SC, Chen HY, Ng KF, Chen TC. Utility of fluorescence in situ hybridization for ploidy and p57 immunostaining in discriminating hydatidiform moles. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 446:555-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Development of a silver in situ hybridisation based assay for the determination of ploidy status in molar pregnancy diagnosis. Pathology 2013; 46:15-20. [PMID: 24300715 DOI: 10.1097/pat.0000000000000025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to establish a scoring method for ploidy analysis using silver in situ hybridisation (SISH) with a chromosome 17 centromere probe. SISH was performed using the Ventana chromosome 17 centromere probe on sections from formalin fixed, paraffin embedded archival cases of complete hydatidiform moles, partial hydatidiform moles and hydropic products of conception with previously established ploidy status (determined by flow cytometry or karyotyping). In order to determine ploidy status, a scoring method was developed based on both the average number of signals per nucleus (ASN) and the percentage of nuclei with three signals (N3S), enumerated in 50 villous cytotrophoblastic and/or stromal cells. The results of four independent observers were compared individually and collectively with previously established ploidy status. There was a highly statistically significant difference between diploid and triploid gestations for ASN (1.86 ± 0.13 and 2.70 ± 0.16 respectively, Student t-test, p < 0.0001) and for N3S (1.14 ± 1.65 and 71.59 ± 14.25 respectively, Student t-test, p < 0.0001). The sensitivity and specificity of the SISH-based assay was 99.1% and 100% respectively for ASN, and 100% and 100% respectively for N3S. A chromosome 17 centromere probe SISH-based assay can reliably distinguish between diploid and triploid gestations. This test has diagnostic utility in distinguishing partial hydatidiform moles from histological mimics.
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Furtado LV, Paxton CN, Jama MA, Tripp SR, Wilson AR, Lyon E, Jarboe EA, Thaker HM, Geiersbach KB. Diagnostic utility of microsatellite genotyping for molar pregnancy testing. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2013; 137:55-63. [PMID: 23276175 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2012-0047-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Molecular genotyping by analysis of DNA microsatellites, also known as short tandem repeats (STRs), is an established method for diagnosing and classifying hydatidiform mole. Distinction of both complete hydatidiform mole and partial hydatidiform mole from nonmolar specimens is relevant for clinical management owing to differences in risk for persistent gestational trophoblastic disease. OBJECTIVE To determine the technical performance of microsatellite genotyping by using a commercially available multiplex assay, and to describe the application of additional methods to confirm other genetic abnormalities detected by the genotyping assay. DESIGN Microsatellite genotyping data on 102 cases referred for molar pregnancy testing are presented. A separate panel of mini STR markers, flow cytometry, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and p57 immunohistochemistry were used to characterize cases with other incidental genetic abnormalities. RESULTS Forty-eight cases were classified as hydatidiform mole (31, complete hydatidiform mole; 17, partial hydatidiform mole). Genotyping also revealed 11 cases of suspected trisomy and 1 case of androgenetic/biparental mosaicism. Trisomy for selected chromosomes (13, 16, 18, and 21) was confirmed in all cases by using a panel of mini STR markers. CONCLUSIONS This series illustrates the utility of microsatellite genotyping as a stand-alone method for accurate classification of hydatidiform mole. Other genetic abnormalities may be detected by genotyping; confirmation of the suspected abnormality requires additional testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa V Furtado
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City 84108, USA
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Diagnostic reproducibility of hydatidiform moles: ancillary techniques (p57 immunohistochemistry and molecular genotyping) improve morphologic diagnosis for both recently trained and experienced gynecologic pathologists. Am J Surg Pathol 2013; 36:1747-60. [PMID: 22992698 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0b013e31825ea736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Distinction of hydatidiform moles from nonmolar specimens (NMs) and subclassification of hydatidiform moles as complete hydatidiform mole (CHM) and partial hydatidiform mole (PHM) are important for clinical practice and investigational studies; however, diagnosis based solely on morphology is affected by interobserver variability. Molecular genotyping can distinguish these entities by discerning androgenetic diploidy, diandric triploidy, and biparental diploidy to diagnose CHMs, PHMs, and NMs, respectively. Eighty genotyped cases (27 CHMs, 27 PHMs, 26 NMs) were selected from a series of 200 potentially molar specimens previously diagnosed using p57 immunohistochemistry and genotyping. Cases were classified by 6 pathologists (3 faculty level gynecologic pathologists and 3 fellows) on the basis of morphology, masked to p57 immunostaining and genotyping results, into 1 of 3 categories (CHM, PHM, or NM) during 2 diagnostic rounds; a third round incorporating p57 immunostaining results was also conducted. Consensus diagnoses (those rendered by 2 of 3 pathologists in each group) were also determined. Performance of experienced gynecologic pathologists versus fellow pathologists was compared, using genotyping results as the gold standard. Correct classification of CHMs ranged from 59% to 100%; there were no statistically significant differences in performance of faculty versus fellows in any round (P-values of 0.13, 0.67, and 0.54 for rounds 1 to 3, respectively). Correct classification of PHMs ranged from 26% to 93%, with statistically significantly better performance of faculty versus fellows in each round (P-values of 0.04, <0.01, and <0.01 for rounds 1 to 3, respectively). Correct classification of NMs ranged from 31% to 92%, with statistically significantly better performance of faculty only in round 2 (P-values of 1.0, <0.01, and 0.61 for rounds 1 to 3, respectively). Correct classification of all cases combined ranged from 51% to 75% by morphology and 70% to 80% with p57, with statistically significantly better performance of faculty only in round 2 (P-values of 0.69, <0.01, and 0.15 for rounds 1 to 3, respectively). p57 immunostaining significantly improved recognition of CHMs (P<0.01) and had high reproducibility (κ=0.93 to 0.96) but had no impact on distinction of PHMs and NMs. Genotyping provides a definitive diagnosis for the ∼25% to 50% of cases that are misclassified by morphology, especially those that are also unresolved by p57 immunostaining.
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The role of morphology in combination with ploidy analysis in characterizing early gestational abortion. Virchows Arch 2012; 462:175-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s00428-012-1350-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Rumer KK, Post MD, Larivee RS, Zink M, Uyenishi J, Kramer A, Teoh D, Bogart K, Winn VD. Siglec-6 is expressed in gestational trophoblastic disease and affects proliferation, apoptosis and invasion. Endocr Relat Cancer 2012; 19:827-40. [PMID: 23089140 PMCID: PMC3500471 DOI: 10.1530/erc-11-0379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Sialic acid immunoglobulin-like lectin (Siglec)-6 is a transmembrane receptor that binds leptin. Leptin is an obesity-associated peptide hormone overexpressed in gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD). GTD encompasses several placental abnormalities that range from benign to malignant. Among GTD, molar placentas are characterized by excess proliferation, whereas gestational trophoblastic neoplasias (GTN) have characteristically aggressive invasion. We hypothesized that in GTD, Siglec-6 expression would increase with disease severity and that Siglec-6 and leptin would promote proliferation, inhibit apoptosis and/or promote invasion. Siglec-6 expression patterns were evaluated with particular attention to the diagnostic utility of Siglec-6 in GTD (controls: normal placentas (n=32), hydropic abortus placentas (n=7), non-GTD reproductive tract cancers (n=2); GTD: partial moles (PM; n=11), complete moles (n=24), GTN (n=6)). In normal placentas, Siglec-6 expression dramatically decreased after 8 weeks gestation. Complete molar placentas had significantly higher Siglec-6 expression than controls, but expression was not significantly different from PM. In GTN, Siglec-6 expression was low. These data suggest that Siglec-6 may have diagnostic utility for distinguishing complete moles from normal and hydropic abortus placentas. Functional studies in choriocarcinoma-derived BeWO cells demonstrated a complex interplay between Siglec-6 expression and leptin exposure. In cells lacking Siglec-6, leptin treatment promoted invasion, likely through interaction with LepR leptin receptor, without affecting proliferation or apoptosis. Siglec-6 expression promoted proliferation in a leptin-dependent manner, but protected cells from apoptosis and promoted invasion in a leptin-independent manner. We propose that Siglec-6 and leptin play a role in the aberrant properties characteristic of GTD, namely excess proliferation and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen K Rumer
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineMS8613, P15-3009, 12700 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, Colorado, 80045USA
| | - Miriam D Post
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineMS8613, P15-3009, 12700 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, Colorado, 80045USA
| | - Rhea S Larivee
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineMS8613, P15-3009, 12700 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, Colorado, 80045USA
| | - Martina Zink
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineMS8613, P15-3009, 12700 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, Colorado, 80045USA
| | - Jill Uyenishi
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineMS8613, P15-3009, 12700 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, Colorado, 80045USA
| | - Anita Kramer
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineMS8613, P15-3009, 12700 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, Colorado, 80045USA
| | - Deanna Teoh
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive SciencesUniversity of California San FranciscoSan Francisco, California, 94112USA
| | - Kevin Bogart
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineMS8613, P15-3009, 12700 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, Colorado, 80045USA
| | - Virginia D Winn
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineMS8613, P15-3009, 12700 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, Colorado, 80045USA
- (Correspondence should be addressed to V D Winn; )
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Diagnostic reproducibility of hydatidiform moles: ancillary techniques (p57 immunohistochemistry and molecular genotyping) improve morphologic diagnosis. Am J Surg Pathol 2012; 36:443-53. [PMID: 22245958 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0b013e31823b13fe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Distinction of hydatidiform moles (HMs) from nonmolar specimens (NMs) and subclassification of HMs as complete hydatidiform moles (CHMs) and partial hydatidiform moles (PHMs) are important for clinical practice and investigational studies; yet, diagnosis based solely on morphology is affected by interobserver variability. Molecular genotyping can distinguish these entities by discerning androgenetic diploidy, diandric triploidy, and biparental diploidy to diagnose CHMs, PHMs, and NMs, respectively. Eighty genotyped cases (27 CHMs, 27 PHMs, and 26 NMs) were selected from a series of 200 potentially molar specimens previously diagnosed using p57 immunostaining and genotyping. Cases were classified by 3 gynecologic pathologists on the basis of H&E slides (masked to p57 immunostaining and genotyping results) into 1 of 3 categories (CHM, PHM, or NM) during 2 diagnostic rounds; a third round incorporating p57 immunostaining results was also conducted. Consensus diagnoses (those rendered by 2 of 3 pathologists) were determined. Genotyping results were used as the gold standard for assessing diagnostic performance. Sensitivity of a diagnosis of CHM ranged from 59% to 100% for individual pathologists and from 70% to 81% by consensus; specificity ranged from 91% to 96% for individuals and from 94% to 98% by consensus. Sensitivity of a diagnosis of PHM ranged from 56% to 93% for individual pathologists and from 70% to 78% by consensus; specificity ranged from 58% to 92% for individuals and from 74% to 85% by consensus. The percentage of correct classification of all cases by morphology ranged from 55% to 75% for individual pathologists and from 70% to 75% by consensus. The κ values for interobserver agreement ranged from 0.59 to 0.73 (moderate to good) for a diagnosis of CHM, from 0.15 to 0.43 (poor to moderate) for PHM, and from 0.13 to 0.42 (poor to moderate) for NM. The κ values for intraobserver agreement ranged from 0.44 to 0.67 (moderate to good). Addition of the p57 immunostain improved sensitivity of a diagnosis of CHM to a range of 93% to 96% for individual pathologists and 96% by consensus; specificity was improved from a range of 96% to 98% for individual pathologists and 96% by consensus; there was no substantial impact on diagnosis of PHMs and NMs. Interobserver agreement for interpretation of the p57 immunostain was 0.96 (almost perfect). Even with morphologic assessment by gynecologic pathologists and p57 immunohistochemistry, 20% to 30% of cases will be misclassified, and, in particular, distinction of PHMs and NMs will remain problematic.
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Golfier F, Clerc J, Hajri T, Massardier J, Frappart L, Duvillard P, Rabreau M, Patrier S, Devisme L, Carles D, Pelluard F, Gasser B, Tarranger-Charpin C, Schott AM, Raudrant D. Contribution of referent pathologists to the quality of trophoblastic diseases diagnosis. Hum Reprod 2011; 26:2651-7. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/der265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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