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Netsrithong R, Garcia-Perez L, Themeli M. Engineered T cells from induced pluripotent stem cells: from research towards clinical implementation. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1325209. [PMID: 38283344 PMCID: PMC10811463 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1325209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived T (iT) cells represent a groundbreaking frontier in adoptive cell therapies with engineered T cells, poised to overcome pivotal limitations associated with conventional manufacturing methods. iPSCs offer an off-the-shelf source of therapeutic T cells with the potential for infinite expansion and straightforward genetic manipulation to ensure hypo-immunogenicity and introduce specific therapeutic functions, such as antigen specificity through a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR). Importantly, genetic engineering of iPSC offers the benefit of generating fully modified clonal lines that are amenable to rigorous safety assessments. Critical to harnessing the potential of iT cells is the development of a robust and clinically compatible production process. Current protocols for genetic engineering as well as differentiation protocols designed to mirror human hematopoiesis and T cell development, vary in efficiency and often contain non-compliant components, thereby rendering them unsuitable for clinical implementation. This comprehensive review centers on the remarkable progress made over the last decade in generating functional engineered T cells from iPSCs. Emphasis is placed on alignment with good manufacturing practice (GMP) standards, scalability, safety measures and quality controls, which constitute the fundamental prerequisites for clinical application. In conclusion, the focus on iPSC as a source promises standardized, scalable, clinically relevant, and potentially safer production of engineered T cells. This groundbreaking approach holds the potential to extend hope to a broader spectrum of patients and diseases, leading in a new era in adoptive T cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratchapong Netsrithong
- Department of Hematology, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Cancer Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Laura Garcia-Perez
- Department of Hematology, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Cancer Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Maria Themeli
- Department of Hematology, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Cancer Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Dias J, Cadiñanos-Garai A, Roddie C. Release Assays and Potency Assays for CAR T-Cell Interventions. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1420:117-137. [PMID: 37258787 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-30040-0_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells are considered "living drugs" and offer a compelling alternative to conventional anticancer therapies. Briefly, T-cells are redirected, using gene engineering technology, toward a specific cancer cell surface target antigen via a synthetic chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) protein. CARs have a modular design comprising four main structures: an antigen-binding domain, a hinge region, a transmembrane domain, and one or more intracellular signaling domains for T-cell activation. A major challenge in the CAR T-cell manufacturing field is balancing product quality with scalability and cost-effectiveness, especially when transitioning from an academic clinical trial into a marketed product, to be implemented across many collection, manufacturing, and treatment sites. Achieving product consistency while circumnavigating the intrinsic variability associated with autologous products is an additional barrier. To overcome these limitations, a robust understanding of the product and its biological actions is crucial to establish a target product profile with a defined list of critical quality attributes to be assessed for each batch prior to product certification. Additional challenges arise as the field progresses, such as new safety considerations associated with the use of allogenic T-cells and genome editing tools. In this chapter, we will discuss the release and potency assays required for CAR T-cell manufacturing, covering their relevance, current challenges, and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Dias
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK.
- Royal Free Hospital London, NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
| | - Amaia Cadiñanos-Garai
- USC/CHLA Cell Therapy Program, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Claire Roddie
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Haematology, UCL Hospital, London, UK
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Mukherjee S, Mukherjee S, Mahto R, Basu D, Javed R, Goel G, Bhattacharya S, Basu S, Chandy M. Importance and results of sterility testing of various products in a microbiology laboratory of eastern India. Indian J Med Microbiol 2021; 40:138-140. [PMID: 34740414 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmmb.2021.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Components of blood products from Blood bank, stem cells products from Haemotapoietic Stem Cell Transplant unit, CSSD (Central Sterile Supply Department) items, and pharrrmaceutical products, were sterility tested by liquid culture. 2.91% of the total 3122 samples sent for sterility testing from various departments were positive (i.e. showing contamination). CSSD products showed no contamination (0/37); products from blood bank and bone marrow transplant unit showed a contamination rate of 2.03% (47/2307) and 4.64% (31/667) respectively. The average cost of sterility test was Rs. 302 (INR). Sterility test requires stringent aseptic precautions which is resource intensive.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rajkumar Mahto
- Department of Microbiology, Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India
| | - Debabrata Basu
- Central Sterile Supply Department, Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India
| | - Rizwan Javed
- Department of Clinical Hematology and Celular Therapy, Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India
| | - Gaurav Goel
- Department of Microbiology, Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Sabita Basu
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India
| | - Mammen Chandy
- Department of Clinical Hematology and Celular Therapy, Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India
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Querol S, Rubinstein P, Madrigal A. The wider perspective: cord blood banks and their future prospects. Br J Haematol 2021; 195:507-517. [PMID: 33877692 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.17468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Over the past three decades, cord blood transplantation (CBT) has established its role as an alternative allograft stem cell source. But the future of stored CB units should be to extend their use in updated transplant approaches and develop new CB applications. Thus, CBT will require a coordinated, multicentric, review of transplantation methods and an upgrade and realignment of banking resources and operations. Significant improvements have already been proposed to support the clinical perspective including definition of the cellular threshold for engraftment, development of transplantation methods for adult patients, engraftment acceleration with single cell expansion and homing technologies, personalised protocols to improve efficacy, use of adoptive cell therapy to mitigate delayed immune reconstitution, and further enhancement of the graft-versus-leukaemia effect using advanced therapies. The role of CB banks in improving transplantation results are also critical by optimizing the collection, processing, storage and characterization of CB units, and improving reproducibility, efficiency and cost of banking. But future developments beyond transplantation are needed. This implies the extension from transplantation banks to banks that support cell therapy, regenerative medicine and specialized transfusion medicine. This new "CB banking 2.0" concept will require promotion of international scientific and technical collaborations between bank specialists, clinical investigators and transplant physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Querol
- Cell Therapy Services and Cord Blood Bank, Catalan Blood and Tissue Bank, Barcelona, Spain
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Sensitive detection of integrated and free transcripts in chimeric antigen receptor T-cell manufactured cell products using droplet digital polymerase chain reaction. Cytotherapy 2021; 23:452-458. [PMID: 33715950 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2020.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Viral vectors are commonly used to introduce chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) constructs into cell therapy products for the treatment of human disease. They are efficient at gene delivery and integrate into the host genome for subsequent replication but also carry risks if replication-competent lentivirus (RCL) remains in the final product. An optimal CAR T-cell product should contain sufficient integrated viral material and no RCL. Current product testing methods include cell-based assays with slow turnaround times and rapid quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assays that suffer from high result variability. The authors describe the development of a droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) method for detection of the vesicular stomatitis virus G glycoprotein envelope sequence, required for viral assembly, and the replication response element to measure integration of the CAR construct. METHODS Assay validation included precision, linearity, sensitivity, specificity and reproducibility over a range of low to high concentrations. RESULTS The limit of detection was 10 copies/μL, whereas negative samples showed <1.3 copies/μL. Within and between assay imprecision coefficients of variation across the reportable range (10-10 000 copies/μL) were <25%. Accuracy and linearity were verified by comparing known copy numbers with measured copy numbers (R2 >0.9985, slope ~0.9). Finally, serial measurements demonstrated very good long-term reproducibility (>95% of replicate results within the originally established ± two standard deviations). CONCLUSIONS DDPCR has excellent reproducibility, linearity, specificity and sensitivity for detecting RCL and assuring the safety of patient products in a rapid manner. The technique can also likely be adapted for the rapid detection of other targets during cell product manufacturing, including purity, potency and sterility assays.
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Günther SK, Geiss C, Kaiser SJ, Mutters NT, Günther F. Microbiological Control of Cellular Products: The Relevance of the Cellular Matrix, Incubation Temperature, and Atmosphere for the Detection Performance of Automated Culture Systems. Transfus Med Hemother 2019; 47:254-263. [PMID: 32595430 DOI: 10.1159/000503397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The microbiological control of cellular products sometimes causes significant procedural issues for quality control laboratories. According to the European Pharmacopoeia (EP), the microbiological control of cellular products requires a 7- to 14-day incubation period at two different incubation temperatures using aerobic and anaerobic growth media. However, the suitability of these test conditions for efficient quality control can be influenced by many conditions, such as the expected microbial spectrum of contamination or the texture and composition of the cellular product. Because of interference, direct inoculation and membrane filtration as reference methods of pharmacopoeia are largely unsuitable for the microbiological control of cellular products; therefore, alternative and, above all, automated methods are the focus of interest. Objective The aim of our study was to evaluate the method suitability and possible effects of cell matrix, incubation temperature, and oxygen pressure on the detection performance of automated culture systems. Methods The BacT/ALERT® 3D<sup>TM</sup> Dual T system (bioMérieux, Nürtingen, Germany) was used to evaluate the factors influencing automated microbiological control of cellular products. The tests were performed using microbial strains recommended by the EP for microbiological method suitability testing and additional relevant possible contaminants of human-derived stem-cell products under varying culture and cell matrix conditions. Results All contaminants were detected by the system in the required period of 2-5 days. Low incubation temperatures (22°C) had overall negative effects on the detection kinetics of each type of microbial contamination. The adverse effects of the accompanying cell matrix on the detection properties of the system could be compensated in our study by incubation at 32°C in both the aerobic and the anaerobic culture conditions. Conclusion Automated culture techniques represent a sufficient approach for the microbiological control of cellular products. The negative effects of the cell matrix and microbial contamination on the detection performance can be compensated by the application of variable culture conditions in the automated culture system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne-Katharina Günther
- German Red Cross Blood Donor Service, Mannheim, Germany.,Institute for Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Molecular Diagnostics, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Celina Geiss
- Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Department of Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan J Kaiser
- Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Department of Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nico T Mutters
- Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Department of Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Infection Control, Freiburg University Hospital, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Frank Günther
- Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Department of Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Infection Control, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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Kitamura Y, Suzuki M, Tsukioka T, Isobe K, Tsujino T, Watanabe T, Watanabe T, Okudera H, Nakata K, Tanaka T, Kawase T. Spectrophotometric determination of platelet counts in platelet-rich plasma. Int J Implant Dent 2018; 4:29. [PMID: 30276491 PMCID: PMC6167270 DOI: 10.1186/s40729-018-0140-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is widely used in regenerative dentistry and other medical fields. However, its effectiveness has often been questioned. For better evaluation, the quality of individual PRP preparations should be assured prior to use. We proposed a spectrophotometric method for determination of platelet counts and validated its applicability using two types of PRP preparations. METHODS Blood samples were obtained from healthy male volunteers and pure PRP (P-PRP) and leukocytes-rich PRP (L-PRP) were prepared using the double-spin method. In serial dilutions, platelet counts in P-PRP and L-PRP were determined using an automated hematology analyzer and a compact spectrophotometer. For validation, P-PRP and L-PRP independently prepared by three well-trained operators were used for comparison of the calculated and measured platelet counts. RESULTS In the two types of PRP samples evaluated, platelet counts were almost equal and greater amount of both white blood cells (WBCs) and red blood cells (RBCs) were included in L-PRP preparations. The calibration curve obtained from serially diluted P-PRP showed a strong correlation (R2 = 0.995), whereas that of L-PRP was relatively weaker (R2 = 0.975). In validation testing, the scatter plot of the calculated platelet counts versus the measured values showed a strong correlation in P-PRP (R2 = 0.671), whereas that of L-PRP showed a much weaker correlation (R2 = 0.0605). CONCLUSIONS This method can precisely determine platelet counts in PRP preparations when the inclusion of WBCs or RBCs is minimized. Therefore, we recommend that clinicians use this method for quality assurance of individual PRP preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Koh Nakata
- Bioscience Medical Research Center, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takaaki Tanaka
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Kawase
- Division of Oral Bioengineering, Institute of Medicine and Dentistry, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan.
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Sagaradze G, Grigorieva O, Efimenko A, Chaplenko A, Suslina S, Sysoeva V, Kalinina N, Akopyan Z, Tkachuk V. Therapeutic potential of human mesenchymal stromal cells secreted components: a problem with standartization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 61:750-9. [DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20156106750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Regenerative medicine approaches, such as replacement of damaged tissue by ex vivo manufactured constructions or stimulation of endogenous reparative and regenerative processes to treat different diseases, are actively developing. One of the major tools for regenerative medicine are stem and progenitor cells, including multipotent mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC). Because the paracrine action of bioactive factors secreted by MSC is considered as a main mechanism underlying MSC regenerative effects, application of MSC extracellular secreted products could be a promising approach to stimulate tissue regeneration; it also has some advantages compared to the injection of the cells themselves. However, because of the complexity of composition and multiplicity of mechanisms of action distinguished the medicinal products based on bioactive factors secreted by human MSC from the most of pharmaceuticals, it is important to develop the approaches to their standardization and quality control. In the current study, based on the literature data and guidelines as well as on our own experimental results, we provided rationalization for nomenclature and methods of quality control for the complex of extracellular products secreted by human adipose-derived MSC on key indicators, such as “Identification”, “Specific activity” and “Biological safety”. Developed approaches were tested on the samples of conditioned media contained products secreted by MSC isolated from subcutaneous adipose tissue of 30 donors. This strategy for the standardization of innovative medicinal products and biomaterials based on the bioactive extracellular factors secreted by human MSC could be applicable for a wide range of bioactive complex products, produced using the different types of stem and progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- G.D. Sagaradze
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; OOO “Gene and Cell Therapy”, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - A.Yu. Efimenko
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Medical Education and Research Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - S.N. Suslina
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Faculty of Medicine, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - V.Yu. Sysoeva
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - N.I. Kalinina
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Zh.A. Akopyan
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Medical Education and Research Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - V.A. Tkachuk
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Medical Education and Research Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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