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Chen D, Nie B, Dong B, Yang D, Wu S, He J, Gu W, Wang D. Insights into near-surface distribution characteristics of multi-form tritium with consideration of atmospheric buoyancy and gravitational deposition. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 312:137231. [PMID: 36375611 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Tritium contributes majority to the total airborne radioactive effluents from the nuclear facility because of its considerable production and difficulty in separation. Tritium inventory in the fusion reactor would reach an unprecedented magnitude which brings new safety concern. After being released into the atmosphere, inconsistent atmospheric dispersion behaviors might appear regarding different physicochemical forms such as gaseous state HT, gaseous-aerosol-droplet state HTO. In this study, atmospheric dispersion characteristics of multi-form tritium were investigated based on the computational fluid dynamics method validated by multi-fan type wind tunnel experiments. Species transport model and discrete phase model were used to describe atmospheric dispersion of gaseous and aerosol-droplet state tritium, respectively. Deposition velocity was predicted for gaseous and aerosol-droplet state tritium with different particle sizes. Conditions for describing the changes of particle diameter and its influencing on near-surface tritium distribution due to condensation were provided. The results show that buoyancy effect would strengthen along with the increasing gaseous tritium mass fraction in the airborne effluents. We also indicated that obvious gravitational deposition would appear once gaseous HTO was transformed into droplet state HTO with the particle diameter larger than 20 μm. Both the atmospheric buoyancy and deposition phenomenon would result in a quite different near-surface tritium distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyi Chen
- School of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Baojie Nie
- School of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Bing Dong
- School of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Derui Yang
- School of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Siyuan Wu
- School of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jinpeng He
- School of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Weiguo Gu
- School of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Dezhong Wang
- School of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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Viner BJ, Goodlove S. Using a coupled dispersion model to estimate depletion of a tritium oxide plume by a forest. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2020; 220-221:106316. [PMID: 32560893 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2020.106316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tritium processing facilities may release tritium oxide (HTO) to the atmosphere which poses potential health risks to exposed co-located workers and to offsite individuals. Most radiological consequence analyses determine HTO dose by applying Gaussian plume models to simulate the transport of HTO. Within these models, deposition velocity is used to assess the sum of all deposition processes acting on the plume. While this may account for vegetative and soil uptake or respiration processes, it may currently lack inclusion of the complex interactions within heterogeneous forested environments. In this complex morphology, dispersion patterns are significantly altered by changing flow regimes above and below the forest canopy and by the transfer of plume material across the canopy boundary. To determine the effects of a heterogeneous forest canopy on an airborne HTO plume, a Gaussian plume model coupled with an advection-diffusion plume model was applied to estimate transport in the free atmosphere above the forest and within the forest canopy and understory. During 2012, wind speed and wind direction measurements taken at 5 heights, ranging from 2-m to 28-m, on an instrumented meteorological tower located in a loblolly pine forest at the Department of Energy (DOE) Savannah River Site (SRS), near Aiken, SC. From these measurements, model predictions were made over a full spectrum of meteorological conditions. Deposition and resuspension velocities were calculated based on the model-predicted flux of plume material across the top of the forest canopy. Additionally, net deposition velocity of the plume material was calculated as the difference between the deposition and resuspension velocities. The 1st and 5th percentile net deposition velocities were estimated to be 0.7 cm s-1 and 1.2 cm s-1, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Viner
- Savannah River National Laboratory, 203 Laurens St SW, Aiken, 29802, SC, USA.
| | - Sydney Goodlove
- Savannah River National Laboratory, 203 Laurens St SW, Aiken, 29802, SC, USA
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Nie B, Ni M, Liu J, Zhu Z, Zhu Z, Li F. Insights into potential consequences of fusion hypothetical accident, lessons learnt from the former fission accidents. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 245:921-931. [PMID: 30513506 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.11.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
From previous catastrophic fission nuclear accidents, such as the Chernobyl and Fukushima accidents, researchers learnt the lessons that external hazard beyond design basis or human errors could result in severe accidents and multi-failure of the confinements although they were considered as very-low-probability events and not requested to be paid much attention to according to the current nuclear safety regulations. Fusion energy is always regarded as a safe and clean energy. However, massive quantity of radioactivity still exists in the fusion reactor and is possible to be released into the environment. The environmental pollution and potential public consequences due to severe accidents of fusion reactor remain largely unexplored. In this contribution, we intended to investigate the hypothetical accident to envelop the worst but probable consequences of fusion reactor, and compare with historic Chernobyl and Fukushima accidents under assumed environmental conditions. It was demonstrated that, the radiation consequences of a hypothetical fusion accident would be much less severe than fission accidents, e.g. an INES 7 accident could not appear in a fusion reactor, as in the Chernobyl and Fukushima nuclear accidents. However, it would still be disastrous and the publics close to site might be exposed to "potentially lethal" radiation dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baojie Nie
- Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519082, China
| | - Muyi Ni
- Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519082, China; Institute of Nuclear Energy Safety Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, China.
| | - Jinchao Liu
- Nuclear Power Technology Research Institute, China General Nuclear Power Group, Shenzhen, 518031, China
| | - Zhilin Zhu
- ITER Organization, Route de Vinon sur Verdon, F-13115, St Paul lez, Durance, France
| | - Zuolong Zhu
- Nuclear Engineering Program, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Fengchen Li
- Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519082, China.
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Chambers SD, Galeriu D, Williams AG, Melintescu A, Griffiths AD, Crawford J, Dyer L, Duma M, Zorila B. Atmospheric stability effects on potential radiological releases at a nuclear research facility in Romania: Characterising the atmospheric mixing state. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2016; 154:68-82. [PMID: 26854556 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A radon-based nocturnal stability classification scheme is developed for a flat inland site near Bucharest, Romania, characterised by significant local surface roughness heterogeneity, and compared with traditional meteorologically-based techniques. Eight months of hourly meteorological and atmospheric radon observations from a 60 m tower at the IFIN-HH nuclear research facility are analysed. Heterogeneous surface roughness conditions in the 1 km radius exclusion zone around the site hinder accurate characterisation of nocturnal atmospheric mixing conditions using conventional meteorological techniques, so a radon-based scheme is trialled. When the nocturnal boundary layer is very stable, the Pasquill-Gifford "radiation" scheme overestimates the atmosphere's capacity to dilute pollutants with near-surface sources (such as tritiated water vapour) by 20% compared to the radon-based scheme. Under these conditions, near-surface wind speeds drop well below 1 m s(-1) and nocturnal mixing depths vary from ∼ 25 m to less than 10 m above ground level (a.g.l.). Combining nocturnal radon with daytime ceilometer data, we were able to reconstruct the full diurnal cycle of mixing depths. Average daytime mixing depths at this flat inland site range from 1200 to 1800 m a.g.l. in summer, and 500-900 m a.g.l. in winter. Using tower observations to constrain the nocturnal radon-derived effective mixing depth, we were able to estimate the seasonal range in the Bucharest regional radon flux as: 12 mBq m(-2) s(-1) in winter to 14 mBq m(-2) s(-1) in summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Chambers
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW 2232, Australia.
| | - Dan Galeriu
- "Horia Hulubei" National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, 30 Reactorului St., POB MG-6, 077125 Bucharest, Magurele, Romania
| | - Alastair G Williams
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW 2232, Australia
| | - Anca Melintescu
- "Horia Hulubei" National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, 30 Reactorului St., POB MG-6, 077125 Bucharest, Magurele, Romania
| | - Alan D Griffiths
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW 2232, Australia
| | - Jagoda Crawford
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW 2232, Australia
| | - Leisa Dyer
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW 2232, Australia
| | - Marin Duma
- "Horia Hulubei" National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, 30 Reactorului St., POB MG-6, 077125 Bucharest, Magurele, Romania
| | - Bogdan Zorila
- "Horia Hulubei" National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, 30 Reactorului St., POB MG-6, 077125 Bucharest, Magurele, Romania; Department of Electricity, Solid Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, Magurele, Romania
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