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Snyder ME, Chewning B, Kreling D, Perkins SM, Knox LM, Adeoye-Olatunde OA, Jaynes HA, Schommer JC, Murawski MM, Sangasubana N, Hillman LA, Curran GM. An evaluation of the spread and scale of PatientToc™ from primary care to community pharmacy practice for the collection of patient-reported outcomes: A study protocol. Res Social Adm Pharm 2021; 17:466-474. [PMID: 33129685 PMCID: PMC7656051 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medication non-adherence is a problem of critical importance, affecting approximately 50% of all persons taking at least one regularly scheduled prescription medication and costing the United States more than $100 billion annually. Traditional data sources for identifying and resolving medication non-adherence in community pharmacies include prescription fill histories. However, medication possession does not necessarily mean patients are taking their medications as prescribed. Patient-reported outcomes (PROs), measuring adherence challenges pertaining to both remembering and intention to take medication, offer a rich data source for pharmacists and prescribers to use to resolve medication non-adherence. PatientToc™ is a PROs collection software developed to facilitate collection of PROs data from low-literacy and non-English speaking patients in Los Angeles. OBJECTIVES This study will evaluate the spread and scale of PatientToc™ from primary care to community pharmacies for the collection and use of PROs data pertaining to medication adherence. METHODS The following implementation and evaluation steps will be conducted: 1) a pre-implementation developmental formative evaluation to determine community pharmacy workflow and current practices for identifying and resolving medication non-adherence, potential barriers and facilitators to PatientToc™ implementation, and to create a draft implementation toolkit, 2) two plan-do-study-act cycles to refine an implementation toolkit for spreading and scaling implementation of PatientToc™ in community pharmacies, and 3) a comprehensive, theory-driven evaluation of the quality of care, implementation, and patient health outcomes of spreading and scaling PatientToc™ to community pharmacies. EXPECTED IMPACT This research will inform long-term collection and use of PROs data pertaining to medication adherence in community pharmacies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margie E Snyder
- Purdue University College of Pharmacy, Fifth Third Bank Building, 640 Eskenazi Avenue, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Betty Chewning
- University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Pharmacy, 2523 Rennebohm Hall, 777 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705-2222, USA.
| | - David Kreling
- University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Pharmacy, 2523 Rennebohm Hall, 777 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705-2222, USA.
| | - Susan M Perkins
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, 410 West 10th Street, Suite 3000, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Lyndee M Knox
- L.A. Net Community Health Resources Network, 800 East Ocean Blvd, Suite 104, Long Beach, CA, 90802(562), USA.
| | - Omolola A Adeoye-Olatunde
- Purdue University College of Pharmacy, Fifth Third Bank Building, 640 Eskenazi Avenue, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Heather A Jaynes
- Purdue University College of Pharmacy, Fifth Third Bank Building, 640 Eskenazi Avenue, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Jon C Schommer
- University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy 7-159 Weaver-Densford Hall 308 Harvard St. SE Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Matthew M Murawski
- Purdue University College of Pharmacy, Fifth Third Bank Building, 640 Eskenazi Avenue, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Nisaratana Sangasubana
- Sonderegger Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
| | - Lisa A Hillman
- University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy 7-159 Weaver-Densford Hall 308 Harvard St. SE Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Geoffrey M Curran
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, 4301 W. Markham St., #522-4, Little Rock, AR, 72205-7199, USA.
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Gernant SA, Adeoye-Olatunde OA, Murawski MM, Jaynes H, Chewning B, Knox LM, Martinez III M, Schommer JC, Snyder ME. Experiences Applying Technology to Overcome Common Challenges in Pharmacy Practice-Based Research in the United States. PHARMACY 2020; 8:E93. [PMID: 32486241 PMCID: PMC7356027 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy8020093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the importance of pharmacy practice-based research in generating knowledge that results in better outcomes for patients, health systems and society alike, common challenges to PPBR persist. Herein, we authors describe PPBR challenges our research teams have encountered, and our experiences using technology-driven solutions to overcome such challenges. Notably, limited financial resources reduce the time available for clinicians and researchers to participate in study activities; therefore, resource allocation must be optimized. We authors have also encountered primary data collection challenges due to unique data needs and data access/ownership issues. Moreover, we have experienced a wide geographic dispersion of study practices and collaborating researchers; a lack of trained, on-site research personnel; and the identification and enrollment of participants meeting study eligibility criteria. To address these PPBR challenges, we authors have begun to turn to technology-driven solutions, as described here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Gernant
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Connecticut School of Pharmacy, 69 North Eagleville Rd., Storrs, CT 06226, USA
| | - Omolola A. Adeoye-Olatunde
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Purdue University College of Pharmacy, 640 Eskenazi Avenue, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (O.A.A.-O.); (H.J.); (M.E.S.)
| | - Matthew M. Murawski
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Purdue University College of Pharmacy, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (M.M.M.); (M.M.III)
| | - Heather Jaynes
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Purdue University College of Pharmacy, 640 Eskenazi Avenue, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (O.A.A.-O.); (H.J.); (M.E.S.)
| | - Betty Chewning
- Social and Administrative Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, USA;
| | - Lyndee M. Knox
- LA Net Community Health Resource Network Collaboratory, 800 East Ocean Blvd, Suite 104, Long Beach, CA 90802, USA;
| | - Moises Martinez III
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Purdue University College of Pharmacy, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (M.M.M.); (M.M.III)
| | - Jon C. Schommer
- College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Margie E. Snyder
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Purdue University College of Pharmacy, 640 Eskenazi Avenue, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (O.A.A.-O.); (H.J.); (M.E.S.)
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Roy R, Ma J. Impact of a Policy Change on Pharmacists' Reporting of Adverse Drug Reactions. Can J Hosp Pharm 2018; 71:227-233. [PMID: 30185996 PMCID: PMC6118825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spontaneous reports of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) form an essential component of both drug safety monitoring and patient safety initiatives. Pharmacists are well positioned to report ADRs, but many barriers exist to their doing so. Over the past decade, substantial changes have occurred with regard to drug regulations and medication safety initiatives, and it is possible that knowledge-based interventions may be needed to enhance ADR reporting by pharmacists. OBJECTIVE To determine whether ADR reporting behaviours of pharmacists improved after release of a revised policy on the reporting of medication incidents. METHODS A telephone survey was administered to pharmacists practising in the Canadian Forces Health Services Group. Self-reported behaviours and perceived barriers related to ADR reporting were compared before and 3 months after the updated policy was released. Accuracy in participants' self-assessed ADR reporting was evaluated using independently derived workload statistics. RESULTS During the second survey phase (after release of the revised policy), a greater proportion of respondents reported awareness of institutional policies on ADR reporting and declared that they were able to complete all necessary ADR reports during their assigned work hours. However, the number of ADR reports submitted did not increase. Participants' recall of their ADR reporting behaviour was corroborated by workload data. During the second survey phase, there was a noticeable reduction in the number of free-form comments mentioning lack of staff as a barrier to ADR reporting. CONCLUSIONS Release of a more comprehensive policy was not associated with an increase in the number of ADR reports generated by pharmacists in the study setting. Interventions to strengthen the organization's work processes for detection of ADRs and submission of individual ADR reports should be strongly considered, to reinforce and enhance existing ADR reporting behaviours among pharmacists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renaud Roy
- , PharmD, MSc, is a Pharmacist with the Hôpital général juif Sir Mortimer B. Davis, Montréal, Quebec
| | - Janice Ma
- , BScPharm, PharmD, is a Drug Use Evaluation Pharmacist with Canadian Forces Health Services Group Headquarters, Ottawa, Ontario
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