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Qin P, Luo WT, Su Q, Zhao P, Zhang Y, Wang B, Yang YL, Huang YW. The porcine deltacoronavirus accessory protein NS6 is expressed in vivo and incorporated into virions. Virology 2021; 556:1-8. [PMID: 33515858 PMCID: PMC7825830 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is one of the emerged coronaviruses posing a significant threat to the swine industry. Previous work showed the presence of a viral accessory protein NS6 in PDCoV-infected cells. In this study, we detected the expression of the NS6 protein in small intestinal tissues of PDCoV-infected piglets. In addition, SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis of sucrose gradient-purified virions showed the presence of a 13-kDa NS6 protein. Further evidences of the presence of NS6 in the PDCoV virions were obtained by immunogold staining of purified virions with anti-NS6 antiserum, and by immunoprecipitation of NS6 from purified virions. Finally, the anti-NS6 antibody was not able to neutralize PDCoV in cultured cells. These data establish for the first time that the accessory protein NS6 is expressed during infection in vivo and incorporated into PDCoV virions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Qin
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Science and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wen-Ting Luo
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Science and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Quan Su
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Science and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Pengwei Zhao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Science and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yuqi Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Science and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Science and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yong-Le Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Science and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yao-Wei Huang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Science and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Yang YL, Liang QZ, Xu SY, Mazing E, Xu GH, Peng L, Qin P, Wang B, Huang YW. Characterization of a novel bat-HKU2-like swine enteric alphacoronavirus (SeACoV) infection in cultured cells and development of a SeACoV infectious clone. Virology 2019; 536:110-118. [PMID: 31419711 PMCID: PMC7112019 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Swine enteric alphacoronavirus (SeACoV), also known as swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV), belongs to the species Rhinolophus bat coronavirus HKU2. Herein, we report on the primary characterization of SeACoV in vitro. Four antibodies against the SeACoV spike, membrane, nucleocapsid and nonstructural protein 3 capable of reacting with viral antigens in SeACoV-infected Vero cells were generated. We established a DNA-launched SeACoV infectious clone based on the cell adapted passage-10 virus and rescued the recombinant virus with a unique genetic marker in cultured cells. Six subgenomic mRNAs containing the leader-body junction sites, including a bicistronic mRNA encoding the accessory NS7a and NS7b genes, were experimentally identified in SeACoV-infected cells. Cellular ultrastructural changes induced by SeACoV infection were visualized by electron microscopy. The availability of the SeACoV infectious clone and a panel of antibodies against different viral proteins will facilitate further studies on understanding the molecular mechanisms of SeACoV replication and pathogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Alphacoronavirus/genetics
- Alphacoronavirus/metabolism
- Alphacoronavirus/pathogenicity
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Viral/chemistry
- Antigens, Viral/chemistry
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Base Sequence
- Cell Membrane/ultrastructure
- Cell Membrane/virology
- Chiroptera
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Clone Cells
- Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis
- Coronavirus Infections/veterinary
- Coronavirus Infections/virology
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Microscopy, Electron
- Nucleocapsid/chemistry
- Nucleocapsid/immunology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- RNA, Viral/metabolism
- RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase/chemistry
- RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase/immunology
- Rabbits
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- Swine
- Swine Diseases/diagnosis
- Swine Diseases/virology
- Vero Cells
- Viral Nonstructural Proteins/chemistry
- Viral Nonstructural Proteins/immunology
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Le Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qi-Zhang Liang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shu-Ya Xu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Evgeniia Mazing
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guo-Han Xu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lei Peng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Pan Qin
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yao-Wei Huang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.
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Porcine Deltacoronavirus Engages the Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus Functional Receptor Porcine Aminopeptidase N for Infectious Cellular Entry. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00318-18. [PMID: 29618640 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00318-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of cellular receptors used by coronavirus (CoV) entry into the host cells is critical to an understanding of pathogenesis and to development of intervention strategies. The fourth CoV genus, Deltacoronavirus, evolutionarily related to the Gammacoronavirus, has just been defined recently. In the current study, we demonstrate that porcine aminopeptidase N (pAPN) acts as a cross-genus CoV functional receptor for both enteropathogenic porcine deltacoronovirus (PDCoV) and alphacoronovirus (AlphaCoV) (transmissible gastroenteritis virus [TGEV]) based upon three lines of evidence. First, the soluble S1 protein of PDCoV bound to the surface of target porcine cell lines known to express pAPN as efficiently as TGEV-S1, which could be blocked by soluble pAPN pretreatment. Second, both PDCoV-S1 and TGEV-S1 physically recognized and interacted with pAPN by coimmunoprecipitation in pAPN cDNA-transfected cells and by dot blot hybridization assay. Finally, exogenous expression of pAPN in refractory cells conferred susceptibility to PDCoV-S1 binding and to PDCoV entry and productive infection. PDCoV-S1 appeared to have a lower pAPN-binding affinity and likely consequent lower infection efficiency in pAPN-expressing refractory cells than TGEV-S1, suggesting that there may be differences between these two viruses in the virus-binding regions in pAPN. This study paves the way for dissecting the molecular mechanisms of PDCoV-host interactions and pathogenesis as well as facilitates future vaccine development and intervention strategies against PDCoV infection.IMPORTANCE The emergence of new human and animal coronaviruses is believed to have occurred through interspecies transmission that is mainly mediated by a species-specific receptor of the host. Among the four genera of the Coronavirinae, a couple of functional receptors for the representative members in the genera Alphacoronavirus and Betacoronavirus have been identified, whereas receptors for Gammacoronavirus and Deltacoronavirus, which are believed to originate from birds, are still unknown. Porcine coronaviruses, including the newly discovered porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) associated with diarrhea in newborn piglets, have posed a serious threat to the pork industry in Asia and North America. Here, we report that PDCoV employs the alphacoronavirus TGEV functional receptor porcine aminopeptidase N (pAPN) for cellular entry, demonstrating the usage of pAPN as a cross-genus CoV functional receptor. The identification of the PDCoV receptor provides another example of the expanded host range of CoV and paves the way for further investigation of PDCoV-host interaction and pathogenesis.
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