Genetic Predisposition to Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome in Siblings

A systematic review of sex and age factors in neuroleptic malignant syndrome diagnosis frequency

OBJECTIVE

To examine sex and age distributions in neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) patients based on a systematic literature review.

METHOD

EMBASE and PubMed databases were searched to identify any observation of NMS published from January 1, 1998 through November 1, 2014 that was accessible and interpretable (using language translation software). Redundant and equivocal reports were excluded. Sex ratio and age distributions were examined using standard graphical techniques and measures of association.

RESULTS

Twenty-eight independent sex ratio estimates were included. Males predominated in most (75%) estimates with an overall median sex ratio of 1.47 (95% CI, 1.20-1.80). NMS incidence peaked at age 20-25 years and declined steadily thereafter, with males consistently outnumbering females at all but the oldest age intervals.

CONCLUSION

NMS patients are 50% more likely to be males, and NMS is most likely to occur in young adulthood.

Association Between Selective Serotonin-Reuptake Inhibitors, Second-Generation Antipsychotics, and Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome

Objective

To review the published reports of neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) associated with the use of selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and second-generation antipsychotics.

Data Source:

Information was selected from a MEDLINE search of English-language literature (1950–May 2008). Manual search of all published cases indexed in MEDLINE (English language only) of NMS associated with second-generation antipsychotics was also performed.

Study Selection And Data Extraction:

Pertinent information from all reports obtained was included, with specific emphasis on patient age, sex, second-generation antipsychotic involved, SSRI or other antidepressant involved, time of onset of NMS symptoms in relation to medication changes, treatment administered, and outcome of the reaction.

Data Synthesis:

NMS has been reported with every second-generation antipsychotic agent. It is unclear whether concomitant therapy with other agents may increase the risk of NMS development via pharmacodynamic or pharmacokinetic mechanisms or both, The suggested pharmacodynamic mechanism for increased risk of NMS with concomitant use of SSRIs is the effect of serotonin on dopamine release. Serotonin further inhibits dopamine release and thereby may worsen a hypodopaminergic state induced by antipsychotics. Pharmacokinetic factors may also play a role in some NMS cases involving an SSRI by increasing antipsychotic concentrations. An examination of case reports seems to indícale that at least in some casos, a temporal relationship exists with the addition of an SSRI to existing antipsychotic therapy.

Conclusions:

The use of SSRIs may be associated with an increased risk of NMS development in (hose receiving second-generation antipsychotics. Clinicians should closely monitor patients for the potential development of NMS.