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Malande OO, Munube D, Afaayo RN, Chemweno C, Nzoka M, Kipsang J, Musyoki AM, Meyer JC, Omayo LN, Owino-Okongo L. Adverse events following immunization reporting and impact on immunization services in informal settlements in Nairobi, Kenya: a prospective mixed-methods study. Pan Afr Med J 2021; 40:81. [PMID: 34909070 PMCID: PMC8607951 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2021.40.81.25910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction adverse events following immunization (AEFIs) are thought to contribute to cases of vaccine hesitancy, yet little data exists describing the state of reporting and management of AEFIs. This study investigated the occurrence and influence of AEFIs on vaccine hesitancy in an informal settlement of Nairobi. Methods this was a prospective mixed-methods study involving 7 focus group discussions, 8 key informant interviews and 457 face-to-face interviews with caregivers. Caregivers were recruited at/or before the 6 week clinic visit and assessed for occurrence of AEFIs in their children at the subsequent 10- and 14-week visits and a follow-up two weeks following the 14 weeks visit via phone calls. Results in this study, 12.3% (56/457) of the infants experienced an AEFI. Of these, 19 did not report for the next scheduled vaccine. Fever was the most common AEFI, for which most caregivers (66.7%) used Paracetamol as antipyretic, while 20.8% sought help from a nearby health facility. Three of the 56 AEFIs (convulsions) that occurred in study participants could be classified as severe reactions. Diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus (DPT 3) completion rate was 75.3%. Most (96.4%) caregivers considered immunization an important strategy for child survival. Vaccine hesitancy occurred among 3.6% of participants, 30% of whom attributed their hesitancy to occurrence of AEFIs. The review of health records revealed that no AEFI had been reported from any of the study facilities. Conclusion cases of adverse events following immunization are not reported in Mathare Valley and they do have implications for vaccine hesitancy by some caregivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Ombeva Malande
- East Africa Centre for Vaccines and Immunization, Administration Department Kampala, Kampala, Uganda.,Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Egerton University, Nakuru, Kenya.,Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.,Division of Public Health Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Deogratias Munube
- East Africa Centre for Vaccines and Immunization, Administration Department Kampala, Kampala, Uganda.,Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Rachel Nakatugga Afaayo
- East Africa Centre for Vaccines and Immunization, Administration Department Kampala, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Carolyne Chemweno
- East Africa Centre for Vaccines and Immunization, Administration Department Kampala, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Mutunga Nzoka
- East Africa Centre for Vaccines and Immunization, Administration Department Kampala, Kampala, Uganda
| | - James Kipsang
- East Africa Centre for Vaccines and Immunization, Administration Department Kampala, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Andrew Munyalo Musyoki
- Department of Microbiological Pathology, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Johanna Catharina Meyer
- Division of Public Health Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Leonidah Nyamusi Omayo
- East Africa Centre for Vaccines and Immunization, Administration Department Kampala, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Lawrence Owino-Okongo
- East Africa Centre for Vaccines and Immunization, Administration Department Kampala, Kampala, Uganda.,Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
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Mehran S, Taravati A, Baljani E, Rasmi Y, Gholinejad Z. Fever and breast cancer: A critical review of the literature and possible underlying mechanisms. Breast Dis 2021; 40:117-131. [PMID: 33749632 DOI: 10.3233/bd-201001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Fever is a common feature in various pathological conditions that manifests a series of molecular events in the internal milieu. Much less attention has been paid to the clinical importance and the management of fever in breast cancer patients. However, several studies have reported an association between postoperative fever and poor treatment outcomes in breast cancer patients. The fever is a side effect of chemotherapy and a manifestation of cancer recurrence. The postmenopausal breast cancer patients experience another body temperature disturbance that is known as a hot flashes. Here, we reviewed the literature regarding postoperative fever and the possible underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms. Then the efficacy of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs was discussed as a therapeutic option to control postoperative fever. Finally, we reviewed the chemotherapy-induced neutropenic fever and cancer vaccination-induced fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Mehran
- Department of Biology, Higher Education Institute of Rabe-Rashidi, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Afshin Taravati
- Department of Veterinary Science, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
| | - Esfandiar Baljani
- Department of Nursing, Urmia Branch, Islamic Azad University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Yousef Rasmi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran
| | - Zafar Gholinejad
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Urmia Branch, Islamic Azad University, Urmia, Iran
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3
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Bednarek A, Klepacz R. A Review of Recommendations for Routine Immunization Services During COVID-19 Pandemic That are Relevant for Nursing Personnel Involved in the Implementation of Immunoprophylaxis. J Multidiscip Healthc 2020; 13:1099-1105. [PMID: 33116556 PMCID: PMC7548331 DOI: 10.2147/jmdh.s271182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunization programmes are of key importance for maintaining good health and protecting life. Disruption to routine immunization may increase the incidence of diseases that can be prevented by vaccinations. The aim of this review is to present the current recommendations on immunization services during the COVID-19 pandemic that are relevant for the nursing practice. It contains an overview of recommended guidelines published in March and April 2020, and of scientific publications on immunizations for children and adults, taking into account recommendations related to the new epidemiological risk caused by SARS-CoV-2 infections. The ongoing global pandemic of COVID-19 calls for changes in the organization of health care and puts an additional burden on all resources forming the healthcare system. The COVID-19 pandemic poses a particular challenge to public health, as active immunoprophylaxis should make it possible to control other infectious diseases. Protection against the spread of SARS-CoV-2 may hamper routine immunization services, which must be administered with particular regard to epidemiological safety. Nurses have always had an important role to play in the implementation and promotion of vaccinations and in emphasizing their importance for public health. Therefore, it is crucial that they have up-to-date information on vaccinological interventions that reduce the risk of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bednarek
- Chair and Department of Paediatric Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, Poland
| | - Robert Klepacz
- Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Medical University of Lublin, Poland
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4
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Culbreth MJ, Biryukov SS, Shoe JL, Dankmeyer JL, Hunter M, Klimko CP, Rosario-Acevedo R, Fetterer DP, Moreau AM, Welkos SL, Cote CK. The Use of Analgesics during Vaccination with a Live Attenuated Yersinia pestis Vaccine Alters the Resulting Immune Response in Mice. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7040205. [PMID: 31816945 PMCID: PMC6963655 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7040205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The administration of antipyretic analgesics prior to, in conjunction with, or due to sequelae associated with vaccination is a common yet somewhat controversial practice. In the context of human vaccination, it is unclear if even short-term analgesic regimens can significantly alter the resulting immune response, as literature exists to support several scenarios including substantial immune interference. In this report, we used a live attenuated Yersinia pestis vaccine to examine the impact of analgesic administration on the immune response elicited by a single dose of a live bacterial vaccine in mice. Mice were assessed by evaluating natural and provoked behavior, as well as food and water consumption. The resulting immune responses were assessed by determining antibody titers against multiple antigens and assaying cellular responses in stimulated splenocytes collected from vaccinated animals. We observed no substantial benefit to the mice associated with the analgesic administration. Splenocytes from both C57BL/6 and BALB/c vaccinated mice receiving acetaminophen have a significantly reduced interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) recall response. Additionally, there is a significantly lower immunoglobulin (Ig)G2a/IgG1 ratio in vaccinated BALB/c mice treated with either acetaminophen or meloxicam and a significantly lower IgG2c/IgG1 ratio in vaccinated C57BL/6 mice treated with acetaminophen. Taken together, our data indicate that the use of analgesics, while possibly ethically warranted, may hinder the accurate characterization and evaluation of novel vaccine strategies with little to no appreciable benefits to the vaccinated mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilynn J. Culbreth
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Comparative Medicine Division, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA;
| | - Sergei S. Biryukov
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Bacteriology Division, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (S.S.B.); (J.L.S.); (J.L.D.); (M.H.); (C.P.K.); (R.R.-A.); (S.L.W.)
| | - Jennifer L. Shoe
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Bacteriology Division, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (S.S.B.); (J.L.S.); (J.L.D.); (M.H.); (C.P.K.); (R.R.-A.); (S.L.W.)
| | - Jennifer L. Dankmeyer
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Bacteriology Division, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (S.S.B.); (J.L.S.); (J.L.D.); (M.H.); (C.P.K.); (R.R.-A.); (S.L.W.)
| | - Melissa Hunter
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Bacteriology Division, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (S.S.B.); (J.L.S.); (J.L.D.); (M.H.); (C.P.K.); (R.R.-A.); (S.L.W.)
| | - Christopher P. Klimko
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Bacteriology Division, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (S.S.B.); (J.L.S.); (J.L.D.); (M.H.); (C.P.K.); (R.R.-A.); (S.L.W.)
| | - Raysa Rosario-Acevedo
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Bacteriology Division, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (S.S.B.); (J.L.S.); (J.L.D.); (M.H.); (C.P.K.); (R.R.-A.); (S.L.W.)
| | - David P. Fetterer
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Biostatistics Medicine Division, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA;
| | - Alicia M. Moreau
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Pathology Division, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA;
| | - Susan L. Welkos
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Bacteriology Division, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (S.S.B.); (J.L.S.); (J.L.D.); (M.H.); (C.P.K.); (R.R.-A.); (S.L.W.)
| | - Christopher K. Cote
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Bacteriology Division, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (S.S.B.); (J.L.S.); (J.L.D.); (M.H.); (C.P.K.); (R.R.-A.); (S.L.W.)
- Correspondence:
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5
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Yamoah P, Bangalee V, Oosthuizen F. Knowledge and Perceptions of Adverse Events Following Immunization among Healthcare Professionals in Africa: A Case Study from Ghana. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7010028. [PMID: 30857257 PMCID: PMC6466096 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The spontaneous reporting of suspected adverse events following immunization (AEFI) by healthcare professionals (HCPs) is vital in monitoring post-licensure vaccine safety. The main objective of this study was to assess the knowledge and perceptions of AEFIs among healthcare professionals (HCPs) in Africa, using the situation in Ghana as a case study. The study was of a cross-sectional quantitative design, and was carried out from 1 July 2017 to 31 December 2017 with doctors, pharmacists, and nurses as the study participants. A 28-item paper-based questionnaire, delivered by hand to study participants, was the data collection tool in the study. The study was conducted in 4 hospitals after ethical approval was granted. The desired sample size was 686; however, 453 consented to partake in the study. Data were analyzed using SPSS (software version 22, IBM, Armonk, NY, USA), and chi-square and binary logistic regression tests were used for tests of association between HCPs’ characteristics and their knowledge and perceptions. Detailed knowledge of AEFIs was ascertained with a set of 9 questions, with 8 or 9 correctly answered questions signifying high knowledge, 5 to 7 correctly answered questions signifying moderate knowledge, and below 5 correctly answered questions signifying low knowledge. A set of 10 questions also ascertained HCPs’ positive and negative perceptions of AEFI. Results revealed that knowledge of AEFIs was high in 49 (10.8%) participants, moderate in 213 (47.0%) participants, and low in 191 (42.2%) participants. There was no statistically significant correlation between AEFI knowledge and professions. The highest negative perception was the lack of desire to learn more about how to diagnose, report, investigate, and manage AEFI, whereas the lowest was the lack of belief that surveillance improves public trust in immunization programs. There was a general awareness of AEFIs among HCPs in this study. However, negative perceptions and the lack of highly knowledgeable HCPs regarding AEFIs were possible setbacks to AEFI diagnosis, management, prevention, and reporting. More training and sensitization of HCPs on AEFIs and vaccine safety will be beneficial in improving the situation. Future research should focus on assessing the training materials and methodology used in informing HCPs about AEFIs and vaccine safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Yamoah
- Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Okomfo Anokye Road, Kumasi 00233, Ghana.
- College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa.
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Accra Rd, Kumasi 00233, Ghana.
| | - Varsha Bangalee
- College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa.
| | - Frasia Oosthuizen
- College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa.
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6
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Theisen E, McDougal CE, Nakanishi M, Stevenson DM, Amador-Noguez D, Rosenberg DW, Knoll LJ, Sauer JD. Cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 Play Contrasting Roles in Listeria-Stimulated Immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:3729-3738. [PMID: 29678951 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX) activity and are commonly used for pain relief and fever reduction. NSAIDs are used following childhood vaccinations and cancer immunotherapies; however, how NSAIDs influence the development of immunity following these therapies is unknown. We hypothesized that NSAIDs would modulate the development of an immune response to Listeria monocytogenes-based immunotherapy. Treatment of mice with the nonspecific COX inhibitor indomethacin impaired the generation of cell-mediated immunity. This phenotype was due to inhibition of the inducible COX-2 enzyme, as treatment with the COX-2-selective inhibitor celecoxib similarly inhibited the development of immunity. In contrast, loss of COX-1 activity improved immunity to L. monocytogenes Impairments in immunity were independent of bacterial burden, dendritic cell costimulation, or innate immune cell infiltrate. Instead, we observed that PGE2 production following L. monocytogenes is critical for the formation of an Ag-specific CD8+ T cell response. Use of the alternative analgesic acetaminophen did not impair immunity. Taken together, our results suggest that COX-2 is necessary for optimal CD8+ T cell responses to L. monocytogenes, whereas COX-1 is detrimental. Use of pharmacotherapies that spare COX-2 activity and the production of PGE2 like acetaminophen will be critical for the generation of optimal antitumor responses using L. monocytogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Theisen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Courtney E McDougal
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Masako Nakanishi
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030; and
| | - David M Stevenson
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | | | - Daniel W Rosenberg
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030; and
| | - Laura J Knoll
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - John-Demian Sauer
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706;
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7
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Wysocki J, Center KJ, Brzostek J, Majda-Stanislawska E, Szymanski H, Szenborn L, Czajka H, Hasiec B, Dziduch J, Jackowska T, Witor A, Kopińska E, Konior R, Giardina PC, Sundaraiyer V, Patterson S, Gruber WC, Scott DA, Gurtman A. A randomized study of fever prophylaxis and the immunogenicity of routine pediatric vaccinations. Vaccine 2017; 35:1926-1935. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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8
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Falup-Pecurariu O, Man SC, Neamtu ML, Chicin G, Baciu G, Pitic C, Cara AC, Neculau AE, Burlea M, Brinza IL, Schnell CN, Sas V, Lupu VV, François N, Swinnen K, Borys D. Effects of prophylactic ibuprofen and paracetamol administration on the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of the 10-valent pneumococcal non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae protein D conjugated vaccine (PHiD-CV) co-administered with DTPa-combined vaccines in children: An open-label, randomized, controlled, non-inferiority trial. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 13:649-660. [PMID: 27541270 PMCID: PMC5360152 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2016.1223001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Prophylactic paracetamol administration impacts vaccine immune response; this study ( www.clinicaltrials.gov : NCT01235949) is the first to assess PHiD-CV immunogenicity following prophylactic ibuprofen administration. In this phase IV, multicenter, open-label, randomized, controlled, non-inferiority study in Romania (November 2010-December 2012), healthy infants were randomized 3:3:3:1:1:1 to prophylactically receive immediate, delayed or no ibuprofen (IIBU, DIBU, NIBU) or paracetamol (IPARA, DPARA, NPARA) after each of 3 primary doses (PHiD-CV at age 3/4/5 months co-administered with DTPa-HBV-IPV/Hib at 3/5 and DTPa-IPV/Hib at 4 months) or booster dose (PHiD-CV and DTPa-HBV-IPV/Hib; 12-15 months). Non-inferiority of immune response one month post-primary vaccination in terms of percentage of infants with anti-pneumococcal antibody concentrations ≥0.2 µg/mL (primary objective) was demonstrated if the upper limit (UL) of the 98.25% confidence interval of difference between groups (NIBU vs IIBU, NIBU vs DIBU) was <10% for ≥7/10 serotypes. Immunogenicity and reactogenicity/safety were evaluated, including confirmatory analysis of difference in fever incidences post-primary vaccination in IBU or DIBU group compared to NIBU. Of 850 infants randomized, 812 were included in the total vaccinated cohort. Non-inferiority was demonstrated for both comparisons (UL was <10% for 9/10 vaccine serotypes; exceptions: 6B [NIBU], 23F [IIBU]). However, fever incidence post-primary vaccination in the IIBU and DIBU groups did not indicate a statistically significant reduction. Prophylactic administration (immediate or delayed) of paracetamol decreased fever incidence but seemed to reduce immune response to PHiD-CV, except when given only at booster. Twenty-seven serious adverse events were reported for 15 children; all resolved and were not vaccination-related.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oana Falup-Pecurariu
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Clinic Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University, Brasov, Romania
| | - Sorin C. Man
- Mother and Child Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Hatieganu,” Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mihai L. Neamtu
- Pediatric Clinic, Pediatric Clinic Hospital Sibiu, Sibiu, Romania
- Medical Department, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Sibiu, Romania
| | - Gratiana Chicin
- Preventive Medicine Department, Prophylaxis Center, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Ginel Baciu
- Department of Pediatrics, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Galati, Romania
- Saint Andrew Children Hospital Galati, Galati, Romania
| | - Carmen Pitic
- General Practitioner, Private Practice, Galati, Romania
| | | | - Andrea E. Neculau
- Fundamental and Prophylactic Sciences Department, Transilvania University, Brasov, Romania
| | - Marin Burlea
- Department of Pediatrics, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
| | | | - Cristina N. Schnell
- Third Pediatric Clinic, Emergency Clinical Hospital for Children, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Valentina Sas
- Third Pediatric Clinic, Emergency Clinical Hospital for Children, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Valeriu V. Lupu
- Department of Pediatrics, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
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Saleh E, Moody MA, Walter EB. Effect of antipyretic analgesics on immune responses to vaccination. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:2391-402. [PMID: 27246296 PMCID: PMC5027726 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2016.1183077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
While antipyretic analgesics are widely used to ameliorate vaccine adverse reactions, their use has been associated with blunted vaccine immune responses. Our objective was to review literature evaluating the effect of antipyretic analgesics on vaccine immune responses and to highlight potential underlying mechanisms. Observational studies reporting on antipyretic use around the time of immunization concluded that their use did not affect antibody responses. Only few randomized clinical trials demonstrated blunted antibody response of unknown clinical significance. This effect has only been noted following primary vaccination with novel antigens and disappears following booster immunization. The mechanism by which antipyretic analgesics reduce antibody response remains unclear and not fully explained by COX enzyme inhibition. Recent work has focused on the involvement of nuclear and subcellular signaling pathways. More detailed immunological investigations and a systems biology approach are needed to precisely define the impact and mechanism of antipyretic effects on vaccine immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezzeldin Saleh
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Duke Clinical Vaccine Unit, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - M. Anthony Moody
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Emmanuel B. Walter
- Duke Clinical Vaccine Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Primary Care and Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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Das RR, Panigrahi I, Naik SS. The effect of prophylactic antipyretic administration on post-vaccination adverse reactions and antibody response in children: a systematic review. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106629. [PMID: 25180516 PMCID: PMC4152293 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prophylactic antipyretic administration decreases the post-vaccination adverse reactions. Recent study finds that they may also decrease the antibody responses to several vaccine antigens. This systematic review aimed to assess the evidence for a relationship between prophylactic antipyretic administration, post-vaccination adverse events, and antibody response in children. Methods A systematic search of major databases including MEDLINE and EMBASE was carried out till March 2014. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing prophylactic antipyretic treatment versus placebo post-vaccination in children ≤6 years of age were included. Two reviewers independently applied eligibility criteria, assessed the studies for methodological quality, and extracted data [PROSPERO registration: CRD42014009717]. Results Of 2579 citations retrieved, a total of 13 RCTs including 5077 children were included in the review. Prophylactic antipyretic administration significantly reduced the febrile reactions (≥38.0°C) after primary and booster vaccinations. Though there were statistically significant differences in the antibody responses between the two groups, the prophylactic PCM group had what would be considered protective levels of antibodies to all of the antigens given after the primary and booster vaccinations. No significant difference in the nasopharyngeal carriage rates (short-term and long-term) of H. influenzae or S. pneumoniae serotypes was found between the prophylactic and no prophylactic PCM group. There was a significant reduction in the local and systemic symptoms after primary, but not booster vaccinations. Conclusions Though prophylactic antipyretic administration leads to relief of the local and systemic symptoms after primary vaccinations, there is a reduction in antibody responses to some vaccine antigens without any effect on the nasopharyngeal carriage rates of S. pneumoniae & H. influenza serotypes. Future trials and surveillance programs should also aim at assessing the effectiveness of programs where prophylactic administration of PCM is given. The timing of administration of antipyretics should be discussed with the parents after explaining the benefits & risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Ranjan Das
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Inusha Panigrahi
- Department of Pediatrics, Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sushree Samiksha Naik
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, SCB Medical College and Hospital, Cuttack, India
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Effects of prophylactic and therapeutic paracetamol treatment during vaccination on hepatitis B antibody levels in adults: two open-label, randomized controlled trials. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98175. [PMID: 24897504 PMCID: PMC4045752 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, paracetamol is administered as a remedy for complaints that occur after vaccination. Recently published results indicate that paracetamol inhibits the vaccination response in infants when given prior to vaccination. The goal of this study was to establish whether paracetamol exerts similar effects in young adults. In addition, the effect of timing of paracetamol intake was investigated. In two randomized, controlled, open-label studies 496 healthy young adults were randomly assigned to three groups. The study groups received paracetamol for 24 hours starting at the time of (prophylactic use) - or 6 hours after (therapeutic use) the primary (0 month) and first booster (1 month) hepatitis B vaccination. The control group received no paracetamol. None of the participants used paracetamol around the second booster (6 months) vaccination. Anti-HBs levels were measured prior to and one month after the second booster vaccination on ADVIA Centaur XP. One month after the second booster vaccination, the anti-HBs level in the prophylactic paracetamol group was significantly lower (p = 0.048) than the level in the control group (4257 mIU/mL vs. 5768 mIU/mL). The anti-HBs level in the therapeutic paracetamol group (4958 mIU/mL) was not different (p = 0.34) from the level in the control group. Only prophylactic paracetamol treatment, and not therapeutic treatment, during vaccination has a negative influence on the antibody concentration after hepatitis B vaccination in adults. These findings prompt to consider therapeutic instead of prophylactic treatment to ensure maximal vaccination efficacy and retain the possibility to treat pain and fever after vaccination. Trial Registration Controlled-Trials.com ISRCTN03576945
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Dhingra B, Mishra D. Immediateversusas-needed acetaminophen for post-immunisation pyrexia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 31:339-44. [DOI: 10.1179/1465328111y.0000000039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Pedulla MN. Prophylactic use of antipyretic agents with childhood immunizations and antibody response: reason for concern? J Pediatr Health Care 2012; 26:200-3. [PMID: 22526000 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedhc.2010.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2010] [Revised: 11/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the pediatric primary care setting, well-child visits constitute over 50% of all encounters, treating over 24 million children annually. Anticipatory guidance topics vary based on different ages, but immunizations are a focal point of all well-child visits. This article addresses the prophylactic use of antipyretic agents with the administration of immunizations as a potential reason of concern. METHODS A literature review of the use of antipyretic agents in conjunction with immunizations and the effectiveness of treatment was performed. RESULTS Based on several studies, the standard recommendation of administering antipyretic agents with immunization administration was a routine. Twenty years later, the scientific evidence was questioned. A pivotal study questioned these standards, noting no benefit and potential decreased immune response. DISCUSSION Although the prophylactic use of antipyretics has been a standard in pediatrics, the lack of scientific support in the reduction of adverse effects of the vaccinations and the possibility of decreased immune response warrants further research.
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Franck L, Gay CL, Lynch M, Lee KA. Infant sleep after immunization: randomized controlled trial of prophylactic acetaminophen. Pediatrics 2011; 128:1100-8. [PMID: 22123869 PMCID: PMC3387894 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2011-1712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of acetaminophen and axillary temperature responses on infant sleep duration after immunization. METHODS We conducted a prospective, randomized controlled trial to compare the sleep of 70 infants monitored by using ankle actigraphy for 24 hours before and after their first immunization series at ∼2 months of age. Mothers of infants in the control group received standard care instructions from their infants' health care provider, and mothers of infants in the intervention group were provided with predosed acetaminophen and instructed to administer a dose 30 minutes before the scheduled immunization and every 4 hours thereafter, for a total of 5 doses. Infant age and birth weight and immunization factors, such as acetaminophen use and timing of administration, were evaluated for changes in infant sleep times after immunization. RESULTS Sleep duration in the first 24 hours after immunization was increased, particularly for infants who received their immunizations after 1:30 pm and for those who experienced elevated temperatures in response to the vaccines. Infants who received acetaminophen at or after immunization had smaller increases in sleep duration than did infants who did not. However, acetaminophen use was not a significant predictor of sleep duration when other factors were controlled. CONCLUSIONS If further research confirms the relationship between time of day of vaccine administration, increased sleep duration after immunization, and antibody responses, then our findings suggest that afternoon immunizations should be recommended to facilitate increased sleep in the 24 hours after immunization, regardless of acetaminophen administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Franck
- Department of Family Health Care Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0606, USA.
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Abstract
With few exceptions, it is currently recommended that all premature infants should receive routine childhood vaccines at the same chronologic age as term infants. Thus, neonatal nurses need to stay current on the recommendations for immunizations commonly used in the NICU setting. It is important for nurses to provide information that is reliable and verifiable with scientific evidence to the parents.
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Chiappini E, Principi N, Longhi R, Tovo PA, Becherucci P, Bonsignori F, Esposito S, Festini F, Galli L, Lucchesi B, Mugelli A, de Martino M. Management of fever in children: summary of the Italian Pediatric Society guidelines. Clin Ther 2009; 31:1826-43. [PMID: 19808142 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2009.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This article summarizes the Italian Pediatric Society guideline on the management of the signs and symptoms of fever in children, prepared as part of the National Guideline Program (NGLP). METHODS Relevant publications in English and Italian were identified through searches of MEDLINE and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews from their inception through December 31, 2007. Based on the consensus of a multidisciplinary expert panel, the strength of the recommendations was categorized into 5 grades (A-E) according to NGLP methodology. SUMMARY In the health care setting, axillary measurement of body temperature using a digital thermometer is recommended in children aged <4 weeks; for children aged > or =4 weeks, axillary measurement using a digital thermometer or tympanic measurement using an infrared thermometer is recommended. When body temperature is measured at home by parents or care-givers, axillary measurement using a digital thermometer is recommended for all children. Children who are afebrile when seen by the clinician but are reported to have had fever by their caregivers should be considered febrile. In special circumstances, high fever may be a predictive factor for severe bacterial infection. Use of physical methods of reducing fever is discouraged, except in the case of hyperthermia. Use of antipyretics-paracetamol (acetaminophen) or ibuprofen-is recommended only when fever is associated with discomfort. Combined or alternating use of antipyretics is discouraged. The dose of antipyretic should be based on the child's weight rather than age. Whenever possible, oral administration of paracetamol is preferable to rectal administration. Use of ibuprofen is not recommended in febrile children with chickenpox or dehydration. Use of ibuprofen or paracetamol is not contraindicated in febrile children with asthma. There is insufficient evidence to form any recommendations concerning fever in children with other chronic conditions, but caution is advised in cases of severe hepatic/renal failure or severe malnutrition. Newborns with fever should always be hospitalized because of the elevated risk of severe disease; paracetamol may be used, with the dose adjusted to gestational age. Use of paracetamol or ibuprofen is not effective in preventing febrile convulsion or the adverse effects of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Chiappini
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florence, I-50139 Florence, Italy
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Diamantouros A. Acetaminophen Post-Vaccination: To Give or Not to Give? Can Pharm J (Ott) 2009. [DOI: 10.3821/1913-701x-142.6.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Artemis Diamantouros
- Artemis Diamantouros is a pharmacist with the Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario
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Current awareness: Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/pds.1483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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