1
|
Impact of Relative Humidity on Wood Sample: A Climate Chamber Experimental Simulation Monitored by Digital Holographic Speckle Pattern Interferometry. J Imaging 2019; 5:jimaging5070065. [PMID: 34460459 PMCID: PMC8320951 DOI: 10.3390/jimaging5070065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Relative humidity (RH) changes are a natural environmental effect that forces organic materials to a constant cycle of achieving equilibrium. The present work is part of an ongoing research based on the hypothesis that the inevitable deleterious effects of the RH natural cycle may be prevented or minimized if a deformation threshold is assigned to each monitored endangered object prior to exposure to structural damage. In this paper the characterization of the behavior of a softwood sample (1.0 cm thick) submitted to RH abrupt cycles has been performed, in terms of mass and rate of displacement of the surface. The exemplary study is based on the concept of recording the RH impact directly from the material surface, allowing us to identify diversity in reaction with time, which in turn could determine the onset of structural changes prior to irreversible damage. The RH impact is measured as surface deformation from interference fringes, using a custom-made real time holography system with interferometric precision termed digital holographic speckle-pattern interferometry (DHSPI). The main observations presented here are a hysteresis in the dynamic sorption isotherm and a greater rate of displacement during the drying. A long-term experiment was performed to identify signs of ageing of the sample. The evolution of the mass and the rate of displacement stayed similar, an offset with an interesting behavior was observed and highlights ageing of wood. In order to produce a future preventive model for distinct art objects it is necessary to determine a deformation threshold for each material. In this context the study was planned to continue with organic samples bearing variable density and thickness under longer-term RH cycles and monitoring until the samples show visible signs of irreversible damage.
Collapse
|
2
|
Exploiting Plasma Exposed, Natural Surface Nanostructures in Ramie Fibers for Polymer Composite Applications. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12101631. [PMID: 31109037 PMCID: PMC6566196 DOI: 10.3390/ma12101631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nanoscale surface morphology of plant fibers has important implications for the interfacial bonding in fiber-polymer composites. In this study, we investigated and quantified the effect of plasma-surface modification on ramie plant fibers as a potential tool for simple and efficient surface modification. The extensive investigation of the effects of plasma treatment of the fiber surface nano-morphology and its effect on the fiber-polymer interface was performed by Low-Voltages Scanning Electron Microscopy (LV-SEM), infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis, fiber-resin angle measurements and mechanical (tensile) testing. The LV-SEM imaging of uncoated plasma treated fibers reveals nanostructures such as microfibrils and elementary fibrils and their importance for fiber mechanical properties, fiber wettability, and fiber-polymer matrix interlocking which all peak at short plasma treatment times. Thus, such treatment can be an effective in modifying the fiber surface characteristics and fiber-polymer matrix interlocking favorably for composite applications.
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhao Y, Moser C, Lindström ME, Henriksson G, Li J. Cellulose Nanofibers from Softwood, Hardwood, and Tunicate: Preparation-Structure-Film Performance Interrelation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:13508-13519. [PMID: 28350431 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b01738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This work reveals the structural variations of cellulose nanofibers (CNF) prepared from different cellulose sources, including softwood (Picea abies), hardwood (Eucalyptus grandis × E. urophylla), and tunicate (Ciona intestinalis), using different preparation processes and their correlations to the formation and performance of the films prepared from the CNF. Here, the CNF are prepared from wood chemical pulps and tunicate isolated cellulose by an identical homogenization treatment subsequent to either an enzymatic hydrolysis or a 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-1-oxyl (TEMPO)-mediated oxidation. They show a large structural diversity in terms of chemical, morphological, and crystalline structure. Among others, the tunicate CNF consist of purer cellulose and have a degree of polymerization higher than that of wood CNF. Introduction of surface charges via the TEMPO-mediated oxidation is found to have significant impacts on the structure, morphology, optical, mechanical, thermal, and hydrophobic properties of the prepared films. For example, the film density is closely related to the charge density of the used CNF, and the tensile stress of the films is correlated to the crystallinity index of the CNF. In turn, the CNF structure is determined by the cellulose sources and the preparation processes. This study provides useful information and knowledge for understanding the importance of the raw material for the quality of CNF for various types of applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Zhao
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, KTH , Teknikringen 56-58, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carl Moser
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, KTH , Teknikringen 56-58, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
- Valmet AB , 85194 Sundsvall, Sweden
| | - Mikael E Lindström
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, KTH , Teknikringen 56-58, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Henriksson
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, KTH , Teknikringen 56-58, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jiebing Li
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, KTH , Teknikringen 56-58, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
- Research Institute of Sweden, RISE, Bioeconomy/Biorefinery and Energy , Drottning Kristinas väg 61, 11486 Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mao J, Abushammala H, Brown N, Laborie MP. Comparative Assessment of Methods for Producing Cellulose I Nanocrystals from Cellulosic Sources. NANOCELLULOSES: THEIR PREPARATION, PROPERTIES, AND APPLICATIONS 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2017-1251.ch002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Mao
- Chair of Forest Biomaterials, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Werthmannstr. 6, 79085 Freiburg, Germany
- FIT - Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, 202 Forest Resources Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Hatem Abushammala
- Chair of Forest Biomaterials, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Werthmannstr. 6, 79085 Freiburg, Germany
- FIT - Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, 202 Forest Resources Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Nicole Brown
- Chair of Forest Biomaterials, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Werthmannstr. 6, 79085 Freiburg, Germany
- FIT - Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, 202 Forest Resources Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Marie-Pierre Laborie
- Chair of Forest Biomaterials, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Werthmannstr. 6, 79085 Freiburg, Germany
- FIT - Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, 202 Forest Resources Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fang Z, Zhu H, Preston C, Hu L. Development, application and commercialization of transparent paper. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1088/2053-1613/1/1/015004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
6
|
Gharehkhani S, Sadeghinezhad E, Kazi SN, Yarmand H, Badarudin A, Safaei MR, Zubir MNM. Basic effects of pulp refining on fiber properties--a review. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 115:785-803. [PMID: 25439962 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The requirement for high quality pulps which are widely used in paper industries has increased the demand for pulp refining (beating) process. Pulp refining is a promising approach to improve the pulp quality by changing the fiber characteristics. The diversity of research on the effect of refining on fiber properties which is due to the different pulp sources, pulp consistency and refining equipment has interested us to provide a review on the studies over the last decade. In this article, the influence of pulp refining on structural properties i.e., fibrillations, fine formation, fiber length, fiber curl, crystallinity and distribution of surface chemical compositions is reviewed. The effect of pulp refining on electrokinetic properties of fiber e.g., surface and total charges of pulps is discussed. In addition, an overview of different refining theories, refiners as well as some tests for assessing the pulp refining is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samira Gharehkhani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Emad Sadeghinezhad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Salim Newaz Kazi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Hooman Yarmand
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Badarudin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
|
8
|
Chinga-Carrasco G, Yu Y, Diserud O. Quantitative electron microscopy of cellulose nanofibril structures from Eucalyptus and Pinus radiata kraft pulp fibers. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2011; 17:563-571. [PMID: 21740618 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927611000444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This work comprises the structural characterization of Eucalyptus and Pinus radiata pulp fibers and their corresponding fibrillated materials, based on quantitative electron microscopy techniques. Compared to hardwood fibers, the softwood fibers have a relatively open structure of the fiber wall outer layers. The fibrillation of the fibers was performed mechanically and chemi-mechanically. In the chemi-mechanical process, the pulp fibers were subjected to a TEMPO-mediated oxidation to facilitate the homogenization. Films were made of the fibrillated materials to evaluate some structural properties. The thicknesses and roughnesses of the films were evaluated with standardized methods and with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), in backscattered electron imaging mode. Field-emission SEM (FE-SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were performed to quantify the nanofibril morphology. In this study, we give additional and significant evidences about the suitability of electron microscopy techniques for quantification of nanofibril structures. In addition, we conclude that standard methods are not suitable for estimating the thickness of films having relatively rough surfaces. The results revealed significant differences with respect to the morphology of the fibrillated material. The differences are due to the starting raw material and to the procedure applied for the fibrillation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gary Chinga-Carrasco
- Paper and Fiber Research Institute (PFI AS), Høgskoleringen 6b, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
El-Sheikh AH, Alzawahreh AM, Sweileh JA. Preparation of an efficient sorbent by washing then pyrolysis of olive wood for simultaneous solid phase extraction of chloro-phenols and nitro-phenols from water. Talanta 2011; 85:1034-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Revised: 04/17/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
10
|
Chinga-Carrasco G. Cellulose fibres, nanofibrils and microfibrils: The morphological sequence of MFC components from a plant physiology and fibre technology point of view. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2011; 6:417. [PMID: 21711944 PMCID: PMC3211513 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-6-417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
During the last decade, major efforts have been made to develop adequate and commercially viable processes for disintegrating cellulose fibres into their structural components. Homogenisation of cellulose fibres has been one of the principal applied procedures. Homogenisation has produced materials which may be inhomogeneous, containing fibres, fibres fragments, fibrillar fines and nanofibrils. The material has been denominated microfibrillated cellulose (MFC). In addition, terms relating to the nano-scale have been given to the MFC material. Several modern and high-tech nano-applications have been envisaged for MFC. However, is MFC a nano-structure? It is concluded that MFC materials may be composed of (1) nanofibrils, (2) fibrillar fines, (3) fibre fragments and (4) fibres. This implies that MFC is not necessarily synonymous with nanofibrils, microfibrils or any other cellulose nano-structure. However, properly produced MFC materials contain nano-structures as a main component, i.e. nanofibrils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gary Chinga-Carrasco
- Paper and Fibre Research Institute (PFI AS), Høgskolerringen 6b, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sjöholm E, Gustafsson K, Pettersson B, Colmsjö A. Characterization of the cellulosic residues from lithium chloride/N,N-dimethylacetamide dissolution of softwood kraft pulp. Carbohydr Polym 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0144-8617(96)00129-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
12
|
Budd J, Herrington TM. The adsorption of aluminium from aqueous solution by cellulose fibres. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0166-6622(89)80066-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
13
|
|
14
|
|