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Arnquist IJ, Avignone FT, Barabash AS, Barton CJ, Bhimani KH, Blalock E, Bos B, Busch M, Buuck M, Caldwell TS, Christofferson CD, Chu PH, Clark ML, Cuesta C, Detwiler JA, Efremenko Y, Ejiri H, Elliott SR, Giovanetti GK, Goett J, Green MP, Gruszko J, Guinn IS, Guiseppe VE, Haufe CR, Henning R, Hervas Aguilar D, Hoppe EW, Hostiuc A, Kim I, Kouzes RT, Lannen V TE, Li A, López-Castaño JM, Massarczyk R, Meijer SJ, Meijer W, Oli TK, Paudel LS, Pettus W, Poon AWP, Radford DC, Reine AL, Rielage K, Rouyer A, Ruof NW, Schaper DC, Schleich SJ, Smith-Gandy TA, Tedeschi D, Thompson JD, Varner RL, Vasilyev S, Watkins SL, Wilkerson JF, Wiseman C, Xu W, Yu CH, Alves DSM, Hebenstiel L, Ramani H. Constraints on the Decay of ^{180m}Ta. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:152501. [PMID: 37897780 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.152501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
^{180m}Ta is a rare nuclear isomer whose decay has never been observed. Its remarkably long lifetime surpasses the half-lives of all other known β and electron capture decays due to the large K-spin differences and small energy differences between the isomeric and lower-energy states. Detecting its decay presents a significant experimental challenge but could shed light on neutrino-induced nucleosynthesis mechanisms, the nature of dark matter, and K-spin violation. For this study, we repurposed the Majorana Demonstrator, an experimental search for the neutrinoless double-beta decay of ^{76}Ge using an array of high-purity germanium detectors, to search for the decay of ^{180m}Ta. More than 17 kg, the largest amount of tantalum metal ever used for such a search, was installed within the ultralow-background detector array. In this Letter, we present results from the first year of Ta data taking and provide an updated limit for the ^{180m}Ta half-life on the different decay channels. With new limits up to 1.5×10^{19} yr, we improved existing limits by 1-2 orders of magnitude which are the most sensitive searches for a single β and electron capture decay ever achieved. Over all channels, the decay can be excluded for T_{1/2}<0.29×10^{18} yr.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - D S M Alves
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - L Hebenstiel
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
- IU Center for Exploration of Energy and Matter, and Department of Physics, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - H Ramani
- Stanford Institute for Theoretical Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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Coplen TB, Holden NE, Ding T, Meijer HA, Vogl J, Zhu X. The Table of Standard Atomic Weights-An exercise in consensus. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2022; 36:e8864. [PMID: 32558968 PMCID: PMC9286417 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The present Table of Standard Atomic Weights (TSAW) of the elements is perhaps one of the most familiar data sets in science. Unlike most parameters in physical science whose values and uncertainties are evaluated using the "Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement" (GUM), the majority of standard atomic-weight values and their uncertainties are consensus values, not GUM-evaluated values. The Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) regularly evaluates the literature for new isotopic-abundance measurements that can lead to revised standard atomic-weight values, Ar °(E) for element E. The Commission strives to provide utmost clarity in products it disseminates, namely the TSAW and the Table of Isotopic Compositions of the Elements (TICE). In 2016, the Commission recognized that a guideline recommending the expression of uncertainty listed in parentheses following the standard atomic-weight value, for example, Ar °(Se) = 78.971(8), did not agree with the GUM, which suggests that this parenthetic notation be reserved to express standard uncertainty, not the expanded uncertainty used in the TSAW and TICE. In 2017, to eliminate this noncompliance with the GUM, a new format was adopted in which the uncertainty value is specified by the "±" symbol, for example, Ar °(Se) = 78.971 ± 0.008. To clarify the definition of uncertainty, a new footnote has been added to the TSAW. This footnote emphasizes that an atomic-weight uncertainty is a consensus (decisional) uncertainty. Not only has the Commission shielded users of the TSAW and TICE from unreliable measurements that appear in the literature as a result of unduly small uncertainties, but the aim of IUPAC has been fulfilled by which any scientist, taking any natural sample from commerce or research, can expect the sample atomic weight to lie within Ar °(E) ± its uncertainty almost all of the time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Norman E. Holden
- National Nuclear Data CenterBrookhaven National LaboratoryUptonNew YorkUSA
| | - Tiping Ding
- Institute of Mineral ResourcesChinese Academy of Geological SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Harro A.J. Meijer
- Centre for Isotope Research (CIO)University of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Jochen Vogl
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und ‐prüfung (BAM)BerlinGermany
| | - Xiangkun Zhu
- Institute of GeologyChinese Academy of Geological SciencesBeijingChina
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Wang LY, Lee MS. A review on the aqueous chemistry of Zr(IV) and Hf(IV) and their separation by solvent extraction. J IND ENG CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Coplen TB, Holden NE. Review of footnotes and annotations to the 1949–2013 tables of standard atomic weights and tables of isotopic compositions of the elements (IUPAC Technical Report). PURE APPL CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2016-0203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights uses annotations given in footnotes that are an integral part of the Tables of Standard Atomic Weights to alert users to the possibilities of quite extraordinary occurrences, as well as sources with abnormal atomic-weight values outside an otherwise acceptable range. The basic need for footnotes to the Standard Atomic Weights Table and equivalent annotations to the Table of Isotopic Compositions of the Elements arises from the necessity to provide users with information that is relevant to one or more elements, but that cannot be provided using numerical data in columns. Any desire to increase additional information conveyed by annotations to these Tables is tempered by the need to preserve a compact format and a style that can alert users, who would not be inclined to consult either the last full element-by-element review or the full text of a current Standard Atomic Weights of the Elements report. Since 1989, the footnotes of the Tables of Standard Atomic Weights and the annotations in column 5 of the Table of Isotopic Compositions of the Elements have been harmonized by use of three lowercase footnotes, “g”, “m”, and “r”, that signify geologically exceptionally specimens (“g”), modified isotopic compositions in material subjected to undisclosed or inadvertent isotopic fractionation (“m”), and the range in isotopic composition of normal terrestrial material prevents more precise atomic-weight value being given (“r”). As some elements are assigned intervals for their standard atomic-weight values (applies to 12 elements since 2009), footnotes “g” and “r” are no longer needed for these elements.
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Meija J, Coplen TB, Berglund M, Brand WA, De Bièvre P, Gröning M, Holden NE, Irrgeher J, Loss RD, Walczyk T, Prohaska T. Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report). PURE APPL CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2015-0305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 418] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe biennial review of atomic-weight determinations and other cognate data has resulted in changes for the standard atomic weights of 19 elements. The standard atomic weights of four elements have been revised based on recent determinations of isotopic abundances in natural terrestrial materials:
cadmium to 112.414(4) from 112.411(8),molybdenum to 95.95(1) from 95.96(2),selenium to 78.971(8) from 78.96(3), andthorium to 232.0377(4) from 232.038 06(2).The Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (ciaaw.org) also revised the standard atomic weights of fifteen elements based on the 2012 Atomic Mass Evaluation:
aluminium (aluminum) to 26.981 5385(7) from 26.981 5386(8),arsenic to 74.921 595(6) from 74.921 60(2),beryllium to 9.012 1831(5) from 9.012 182(3),caesium (cesium) to 132.905 451 96(6) from 132.905 4519(2),cobalt to 58.933 194(4) from 58.933 195(5),fluorine to 18.998 403 163(6) from 18.998 4032(5),gold to 196.966 569(5) from 196.966 569(4),holmium to 164.930 33(2) from 164.930 32(2),manganese to 54.938 044(3) from 54.938 045(5),niobium to 92.906 37(2) from 92.906 38(2),phosphorus to 30.973 761 998(5) from 30.973 762(2),praseodymium to 140.907 66(2) from 140.907 65(2),scandium to 44.955 908(5) from 44.955 912(6),thulium to 168.934 22(2) from 168.934 21(2), andyttrium to 88.905 84(2) from 88.905 85(2).The Commission also recommends the standard value for the natural terrestrial uranium isotope ratio, N(238U)/N(235U)=137.8(1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Juris Meija
- 1National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - Michael Berglund
- 3Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, Geel, Belgium
| | - Willi A. Brand
- 4Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Paul De Bièvre
- 5Independent Consultant on Metrology in Chemistry, Belgium
| | | | | | - Johanna Irrgeher
- 8Helmholtz-Centre for Materials and Coastal Research Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Robert D. Loss
- 9Department of Applied Physics, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Australia
| | - Thomas Walczyk
- 10Department of Chemistry (Science) and Department of Biochemistry (Medicine), National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore
| | - Thomas Prohaska
- 11Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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Abstract
The biennial review of atomic-weight determinations and other cognate data has resulted in changes for the standard atomic weights of 11 elements. Many atomic weights are not constants of nature, but depend upon the physical, chemical, and nuclear history of the material. The standard atomic weights of 10 elements having two or more stable isotopes have been changed to reflect this variability of atomic-weight values in natural terrestrial materials. To emphasize the fact that these standard atomic weights are not constants of nature, each atomic-weight value is expressed as an interval. The interval is used together with the symbol [a; b] to denote the set of atomic-weight values, Ar(E), of element E in normal materials for which a ≤ Ar(E) ≤ b. The symbols a and b denote the bounds of the interval [a; b]. The revised atomic weight of hydrogen, Ar(H), is [1.007 84; 1.008 11] from 1.007 94(7); lithium, Ar(Li), is [6.938; 6.997] from 6.941(2); boron, Ar(B), is [10.806; 10.821] from 10.811(7); carbon, Ar(C), is [12.0096; 12.0116] from 12.0107(8); nitrogen, Ar(N), is [14.006 43; 14.007 28] from 14.0067(2); oxygen, Ar(O), is [15.999 03; 15.999 77] from 15.9994(3); silicon, Ar(Si), is [28.084; 28.086] from 28.0855(3); sulfur, Ar(S), is [32.059; 32.076] from 32.065(2); chlorine, Ar(Cl), is [35.446; 35.457] from 35.453(2); and thallium, Ar(Tl), is [204.382; 204.385] from 204.3833(2). This fundamental change in the presentation of the atomic weights represents an important advance in our knowledge of the natural world and underscores the significance and contributions of chemistry to the well-being of humankind in the International Year of Chemistry 2011. The standard atomic weight of germanium, Ar(Ge), was also changed to 72.63(1) from 72.64(1).
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Abboud JLM, Jiménez P, Roux MV, Turrión C, Lopez-Mardomingo C, Podosenin A, Rogers DW, Liebman JF. Interrelations Of the energetics of amides and alkenes: Enthalpies of formation ofN,N-dimethyl derivatives of pivalamide, 1-adamantylcarboxamide and benzamide, and of styrene and its α-,trans-β- and β,β-methylated derivatives. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.610080105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Simonits A, De Corte F, De Wispelaere A. The 174Yb(n,γ)175Yb reaction: a convincing new argument for k0-standardization in absolute neutron activation analysis. Appl Radiat Isot 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0969-8043(95)00332-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Wisshak K, Voss F, Käppeler F, Reffo G. Measurements of keV neutron capture cross sections with a 4 pi barium fluoride detector: Examples of 93Nb, 103Rh, and 181Ta. PHYSICAL REVIEW. C, NUCLEAR PHYSICS 1990; 42:1731-1750. [PMID: 9966905 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.42.1731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Shaw RW, Young JP, Smith DH, Bonanno AS, Dale JM. Hyperfine structure of lanthanum at sub-Doppler resolution by diode-laser-initiated resonance-ionization mass spectroscopy. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1990; 41:2566-2573. [PMID: 9903388 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.41.2566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Critical evaluation and experimental determination of the nuclear activation and decay parameters for the reactions:6 4Zn(n, γ)6 5Zn,1 1 2Sn(n, γ)1 1 3 (m)Sn (E. C.)1 1 3mIn,1 7 4Yb(n, γ)1 7 5(m)Yb. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 1985. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02065402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Critical evaluation and experimental determination of the nuclear activation and decay parameters for the reactions:50Cr(n, ψ)51Cr,58Fe(n, ψ)59Fe,109Ag(n, ψ)110mAg. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02135390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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The reaction117Sn (n, n′)117mSn as a primary interference in (n, γ) neutron activation analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02518937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Metzger RM, Arafat ES. Enthalpies of formation of naphthalene TCNQ, anthracene TCNQ, TMPD, and TMPD TCNQ, and experimental crystal binding energies of mixed simple regular lattices. J Chem Phys 1983. [DOI: 10.1063/1.445029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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17
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Donohue D, Young J, Smith D. Determination of rare-earth isotope ratios by resonance ionization mass spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-7381(82)80016-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Heumann KG, Trettenbach J. Spurenbestimmung von La, Ce und Nd in anorganischen Matrices durch massenspektrometrische Isotopenverdünnungsanalyse. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00481952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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