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Pramitasuri TI, Susilawathi NM, Sudewi AAR. Bacterial meningitis-induced demyelination: A logical fallacy or groundbreaking avenue in neuroscience? AIMS Neurosci 2023; 10:172-174. [PMID: 37426778 PMCID: PMC10323260 DOI: 10.3934/neuroscience.2023013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ni Made Susilawathi
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Udayana, Bali, Indonesia 80232
| | - AA Raka Sudewi
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Udayana, Bali, Indonesia 80232
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2
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Piva MM, Schwertz CI, Bianchi RM, Henker LC, Morés MAZ, Rebelatto R, Kemper RT, Goslar MS, Nagae RY, Pavarini SP. Pasteurella multocida polyserositis in growing-finishing pigs. J Comp Pathol 2023; 202:16-22. [PMID: 37023584 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Pasteurella multocida is the main secondary bacterium isolated from cases of swine pneumonia. Although highly pathogenic strains of P. multocida have been associated with primary septic lesions and polyserositis in pigs, studies on this pathological presentation in naturally occurring cases are limited. The aim of this work was to characterize the clinical, pathological and molecular findings in cases of P. multocida polyserositis in growing-finishing pigs in a commercial farm in Brazil. The mean age of 17 investigated pigs was 120 days. Clinically, the disease was acute (11/17), with clinical signs of dyspnoea and apathy. Sudden death occurred in some animals (6/17). The main gross findings included fibrinous serositis affecting the abdominal and thoracic cavities (17/17), fibrinous pericarditis (15/17), marked cranioventral pulmonary consolidation (17/17) and splenic infarcts (3/17). P. multocida was isolated in all cases from systemic sites, including the pericardial sac and abdominal exudate. Molecular typing of genus and species was performed on four isolates, and all were characterized as P. multocida type A. Another five isolates were positive for the pathogenicity marker gene pfhA by polymerase chain reaction. This study reinforces the role of P. multocida as a cause of polyserositis in growing-finishing pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoela M Piva
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Claiton I Schwertz
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo M Bianchi
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Luan C Henker
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | | | - Regina T Kemper
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Mariana S Goslar
- Empresa Seara Alimentos, Laboratório de Sanidade Animal, Seara, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Y Nagae
- Empresa Seara Alimentos, Laboratório de Sanidade Animal, Seara, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Saulo P Pavarini
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Chakritbudsabong W, Sariya L, Jantahiran P, Chaisilp N, Chaiwattanarungruengpaisan S, Rungsiwiwut R, Ferreira JN, Rungarunlert S. Generation of Porcine Induced Neural Stem Cells Using the Sendai Virus. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:806785. [PMID: 35097051 PMCID: PMC8790232 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.806785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The reprogramming of cells into induced neural stem cells (iNSCs), which are faster and safer to generate than induced pluripotent stem cells, holds tremendous promise for fundamental and frontier research, as well as personalized cell-based therapies for neurological diseases. However, reprogramming cells with viral vectors increases the risk of tumor development due to vector and transgene integration in the host cell genome. To circumvent this issue, the Sendai virus (SeV) provides an alternative integration-free reprogramming method that removes the danger of genetic alterations and enhances the prospects of iNSCs from bench to bedside. Since pigs are among the most successful large animal models in biomedical research, porcine iNSCs (piNSCs) may serve as a disease model for both veterinary and human medicine. Here, we report the successful generation of piNSC lines from pig fibroblasts by employing the SeV. These piNSCs can be expanded for up to 40 passages in a monolayer culture and produce neurospheres in a suspension culture. These piNSCs express high levels of NSC markers (PAX6, SOX2, NESTIN, and VIMENTIN) and proliferation markers (KI67) using quantitative immunostaining and western blot analysis. Furthermore, piNSCs are multipotent, as they are capable of producing neurons and glia, as demonstrated by their expressions of TUJ1, MAP2, TH, MBP, and GFAP proteins. During the reprogramming of piNSCs with the SeV, no induced pluripotent stem cells developed, and the established piNSCs did not express OCT4, NANOG, and SSEA1. Hence, the use of the SeV can reprogram porcine somatic cells without first going through an intermediate pluripotent state. Our research produced piNSCs using SeV methods in novel, easily accessible large animal cell culture models for evaluating the efficacy of iNSC-based clinical translation in human medicine. Additionally, our piNSCs are potentially applicable in disease modeling in pigs and regenerative therapies in veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warunya Chakritbudsabong
- Laboratory of Cellular Biomedicine and Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
- Department of Preclinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Ladawan Sariya
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Disease in Wildlife and Exotic Animals (MoZWE), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Phakhin Jantahiran
- Laboratory of Cellular Biomedicine and Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
- Department of Preclinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Nattarun Chaisilp
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Disease in Wildlife and Exotic Animals (MoZWE), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Somjit Chaiwattanarungruengpaisan
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Disease in Wildlife and Exotic Animals (MoZWE), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Ruttachuk Rungsiwiwut
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Joao N. Ferreira
- Avatar Biotechnologies for Oral Health and Healthy Longevity Research Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sasitorn Rungarunlert
- Laboratory of Cellular Biomedicine and Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
- Department of Preclinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
- *Correspondence: Sasitorn Rungarunlert
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Neutrophils in Streptococcus suis Infection: From Host Defense to Pathology. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9112392. [PMID: 34835517 PMCID: PMC8624082 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is a swine pathogen and zoonotic agent responsible for economic losses to the porcine industry. Infected animals may develop meningitis, arthritis, endocarditis, sepsis and/or sudden death. The pathogenesis of the infection implies that bacteria breach mucosal host barriers and reach the bloodstream, where they escape immune-surveillance mechanisms and spread throughout the organism. The clinical manifestations are mainly the consequence of an exacerbated inflammation, defined by an exaggerated production of cytokines and recruitment of immune cells. Among them, neutrophils arrive first in contact with the pathogens to combat the infection. Neutrophils initiate and maintain inflammation, by producing cytokines and deploying their arsenal of antimicrobial mechanisms. Furthermore, neutrophilic leukocytosis characterizes S. suis infection, and lesions of infected subjects contain a large number of neutrophils. Therefore, this cell type may play a role in host defense and/or in the exacerbated inflammation. Nevertheless, a limited number of studies addressed the role or functions of neutrophils in the context of S. suis infection. In this review, we will explore the literature about S. suis and neutrophils, from their interaction at a cellular level, to the roles and behaviors of neutrophils in the infected host in vivo.
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Localization of Pasteurella multocida antigens in the brains of pigs naturally infected with Pasteurellosis revealing a newer aspect of pathogenesis. Microb Pathog 2020; 140:103968. [PMID: 31927003 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.103968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Pasteurella multocida is an economically important respiratory pathogen of pigs confronting swine industry worldwide. Despite extensive research over the decades, its pathogenesis is still poorly understood. Recent reports have demonstrated the nervous system affection as a newer aspect of pathogenesis by Pasteurella multocida type B:2 in Haemorrhagic Septicemia, but there are no reports of the involvement of nervous system by P. multocida in pigs. Therefore, the study was aimed to explore the neurovirulence of Pasteurella multocida in naturally infected pigs. A total of 15 brains were collected from the natural cases of pig mortality suggestive of Pasteurellosis. Grossly, the leptomeninges were markedly congested and brains were oedematously swollen. Histologically, there was moderate to severe fibrinohaemorrhagic and mononuclear cells exudates present in the leptomeningeal tissue and cerebrospinal spaces. Similar vascular inflammatory lesions (perivascular and perineuronal) along with gliosis, neuronal degeneration and necrosis were noted in various subanatomical sites of the brain (cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem and spinal cord). The culture and biochemical tests showed the presence of P. multocida within the brain tissue. P. multocida type specific antibody staining in the brain tissues revealed intense distribution of antigens in the inflammatory exudates of meningeal vessels, neurons, glial cells and endothelial cells of the blood vessels contributing its association with neuropathological lesions. Pasteurella multocida specific PCR amplification of capsular polysaccharide gene yielded 460 bp and multiplex PCR showed the involvement of capsular serogroups A &D. All the isolates showed the presence of 10 genes for virulence factors. The disease confirmation of both serotypes was proven by Koch's postulates using Swiss albino mice. Further, histopathological brain lesions along with the immunohistochemical detection of bacterial antigens were corroborated with natural cases of P. multocida as described above. To the best of our knowledge, we first time report the neuroinvasion of P. multocida in naturally infected pigs.
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Besung INK, Suarjana IGK, Agustina KK, Winaya IBO, Soeharsono H, Suwiti NK, Mahardika GN. Isolation and identification of Streptococcus suis from sick pigs in Bali, Indonesia. BMC Res Notes 2019; 12:795. [PMID: 31806042 PMCID: PMC6896353 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4826-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is a causative agent for various syndromes in pigs. It can be transmitted to humans with typical symptoms of meningitis and death. Although human infections have been confirmed at Bali Referral Hospital, Indonesia, since 2014, the bacteria have not been isolated from pigs. Here, we provide confirmation of the presence of the bacteria in sick pigs in the province. Results Streptococcus suis was confirmed in 8 of 30 cases. The final confirmation was made using PCR and sequencing of the glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and recombination/repair protein (recN) gene fragments. Upon PCR serotyping, two were confirmed to be serotype 2 or 1/2. Prominent histopathological lesions of confirmed cases were meningitis, endocarditis, pericarditis, bronchopneumonia, enteritis and glomerulonephritis. The dominant inflammatory cells were neutrophils and macrophages. Further research is needed to understand the risk factors for human infection. Community awareness on the risk of contracting S. suis and vaccine development are needed to prevent human infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Nengah Kerta Besung
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University of Bali, Jl. Sudirman, Denpasar, 80225, Indonesia.
| | - I Gusti Ketut Suarjana
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University of Bali, Jl. Sudirman, Denpasar, 80225, Indonesia
| | - Kadek Karang Agustina
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University of Bali, Jl. Sudirman, Denpasar, 80225, Indonesia
| | - Ida Bagus Oka Winaya
- Laboratory of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University of Bali, Jl. Sudirman, Denpasar, 80225, Indonesia
| | - Hamong Soeharsono
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University of Bali, Jl. Sudirman, Denpasar, 80225, Indonesia
| | - Ni Ketut Suwiti
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University of Bali, Jl. Sudirman, Denpasar, 80225, Indonesia
| | - Gusti Ngurah Mahardika
- The Animal Biomedical and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Udayana University of Bali, Jl. Sesetan-Markisa #6, Denpasar, 80226, Indonesia
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Seele J, Tauber SC, Bunkowski S, Baums CG, Valentin-Weigand P, de Buhr N, Beineke A, Iliev AI, Brück W, Nau R. The inflammatory response and neuronal injury in Streptococcus suis meningitis. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:297. [PMID: 29970011 PMCID: PMC6029386 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3206-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many of the currently used models of bacterial meningitis have limitations due to direct inoculation of pathogens into the cerebrospinal fluid or brain and a relatively insensitive assessment of long-term sequelae. The present study evaluates the utility of a Streptococcus (S.) suis intranasal infection model for the investigation of experimental therapies in meningitis. METHODS We examined the brains of 10 piglets with S. suis meningitis as well as 14 control piglets by histology, immunohistochemistry and in-situ tailing for morphological alterations in the hippocampal dentate gyrus and microglial activation in the neocortex. RESULTS In piglets with meningitis, the density of apoptotic neurons was significantly higher than in control piglets. Moreover, scoring of microglial morphology revealed a significant activation of these cells during meningitis. The slight increase in the density of dividing cells, young neurons and microglia observed in piglets suffering from meningitis was not statistically significant, probably because of the short time frame between onset of clinical signs and organ sampling. CONCLUSIONS The morphological changes found during S. suis meningitis are in accordance with abnormalities in other animal models and human autopsy cases. Therefore, the pig should be considered as a model for evaluating effects of experimental therapeutic approaches on neurological function in bacterial meningitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Seele
- Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany. .,Department of Geriatrics, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Göttingen-Weende, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Simone C Tauber
- Department of Neurology, RWTH University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stephanie Bunkowski
- Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christoph G Baums
- Institute for Bacteriology and Mycology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Valentin-Weigand
- Institute for Microbiology, Center for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nicole de Buhr
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Beineke
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Brück
- Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Roland Nau
- Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Geriatrics, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Göttingen-Weende, Göttingen, Germany
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Abstract
Swine are used in biomedical research as models for biomedical research and for teaching. This chapter covers normative biology and behavior along with common and emerging swine diseases. Xenotransplantation is discussed along with similarities and differences of swine immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi L. Helke
- Departments of Comparative Medicine and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | | | - Raimon Duran-Struuck
- Columbia Center of Translational Immunology, Department of Surgery; Institute of Comparative Medicine; Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - M. Michael Swindle
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Comparative Medicine and Department of Surgery, Charleston, SC, USA
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Abstract
Respiratory disease in pigs is common in modern pork production worldwide and is often referred to as porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC). PRDC is polymicrobial in nature, and results from infection with various combinations of primary and secondary respiratory pathogens. As a true multifactorial disease, environmental conditions, population size, management strategies and pig-specific factors such as age and genetics also play critical roles in the outcome of PRDC. While non-infectious factors are important in the initiation and outcome of cases of PRDC, the focus of this review is on infectious factors only. There are a variety of viral and bacterial pathogens commonly associated with PRDC including porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), swine influenza virus (SIV), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (MHYO) and Pasteurella multocida (PMULT). The pathogenesis of viral respiratory disease is typically associated with destruction of the mucocilliary apparatus and with interference and decrease of the function of pulmonary alveolar and intravascular macrophages. Bacterial pathogens often contribute to PRDC by activation of inflammation via enhanced cytokine responses. With recent advancements in pathogen detection methods, the importance of polymicrobial disease has become more evident, and identification of interactions of pathogens and their mechanisms of disease potentiation has become a topic of great interest. For example, combined infection of pigs with typically low pathogenic organisms like PCV2 and MHYO results in severe respiratory disease. Although the body of knowledge has advanced substantially in the last 15 years, much more needs to be learned about the pathogenesis and best practices for control of swine respiratory disease outbreaks caused by concurrent infection of two or more pathogens. This review discusses the latest findings on polymicrobial respiratory disease in pigs.
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