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Prevalence of Vector-Borne Pathogens in Reproductive and Non-Reproductive Tissue Samples from Free-Roaming Domestic Cats in the South Atlantic USA. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10091221. [PMID: 34578253 PMCID: PMC8472639 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Reservoir to multiple species of zoonotic pathogens, free-roaming cats (FRCs) interact with domestic and wild animals, vectors, and humans. To assess the potential for feline vector-borne pathogens to be vertically transmitted, this study surveyed ear tip and reproductive tissues of FRCs from two locations in the South Atlantic United States for Anaplasma, Bartonella, Ehrlichia, hemotropic Mycoplasma, and Rickettsia species. We collected ovary (n = 72), uterus (n = 54), testicle (n = 74), and ear tip (n = 73) tissue from 73 cats, and fetal (n = 20) and placental (n = 19) tissue from 11 queens. Pathogen DNA was amplified utilizing qPCR, confirmed by sequencing. Cats were more frequently Bartonella henselae positive on reproductive tissues (19%, 14/73) than ear tip (5%, 4/73; p = 0.02). B. henselae was amplified from fetus (20%, 4/20) and placenta samples (11%, 2/19). Bartonella spp. infection was more common in cats from North Carolina (76%, 26/34) than Virginia (13%, 5/39; p < 0.0001). Fourteen percent (10/73) of both ear tip and reproductive tissues were positive for hemotropic Mycoplasma spp. Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, and Rickettsia spp. DNA was not amplified from any cat/tissue. These findings suggest that B. henselae preferentially infected cats' reproductive tissue and reinforces the importance of investigating the potential for B. henselae vertical transmission or induction of reproductive failure.
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Lashnits E, Neupane P, Bradley JM, Richardson T, Maggi RG, Breitschwerdt EB. Comparison of Serological and Molecular Assays for Bartonella Species in Dogs with Hemangiosarcoma. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10070794. [PMID: 34201572 PMCID: PMC8308881 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, a gold standard diagnostic test for Bartonella infection in dogs is lacking. This represents a critical limitation for the development and evaluation of new diagnostic tests, as well as for the diagnosis of, and research on, bartonellosis in dogs. This retrospective observational study aims to compare the results of commonly performed and newly-reported Bartonella spp. diagnostic tests in banked clinical specimens from 90 dogs with hemangiosarcoma (HSA) using composite reference standard (CRS) and random effects latent class analysis (RE-LCA) techniques. Samples from each dog were tested using six serological or molecular diagnostic assays, including indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) and Western blot (WB) for the detection of antibodies in serum, and qPCR and droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) in blood and fresh frozen tissue biopsy samples (mainly splenic HSA tumors and histopathologically normal spleen or skin/adipose tissue). Bartonella infection prevalence was estimated to be 78% based on the CRS (parallel testing with all six assays), and 64% based on the RE-LCA model. The assay with the highest diagnostic accuracy was qPCR performed on fresh frozen tissue biopsy samples (sensitivity: 94% by RE-LCA and 80% by CRS; specificity: 100%). When comparing newly-reported to traditional Bartonella diagnostic assays, ddPCR was more sensitive for the detection of Bartonella DNA than qPCR when testing blood samples (36% vs. 0%, p < 0.0001). Dogs that were positive on serological assays alone with negative molecular assays were highly unlikely (<3%) to be classified as infected by the RE-LCA model. These data indicate that Bartonella spp. DNA can be PCR amplified from fresh frozen tissues from a majority of dogs with HSA using both qPCR and ddPCR, supporting the use of these methods for future controlled studies comparing the prevalence of Bartonella spp. DNA in the tissue of dogs with HSA to that of unaffected controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Lashnits
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53713, USA;
- Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA; (P.N.); (J.M.B.); (T.R.); (R.G.M.)
| | - Pradeep Neupane
- Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA; (P.N.); (J.M.B.); (T.R.); (R.G.M.)
| | - Julie M. Bradley
- Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA; (P.N.); (J.M.B.); (T.R.); (R.G.M.)
| | - Toni Richardson
- Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA; (P.N.); (J.M.B.); (T.R.); (R.G.M.)
| | - Ricardo G. Maggi
- Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA; (P.N.); (J.M.B.); (T.R.); (R.G.M.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Edward B. Breitschwerdt
- Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA; (P.N.); (J.M.B.); (T.R.); (R.G.M.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
- Correspondence:
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3
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Nauta IH, Heideman DAM, Brink A, van der Steen B, Bloemena E, Koljenović S, Baatenburg de Jong RJ, Leemans CR, Brakenhoff RH. The unveiled reality of human papillomavirus as risk factor for oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2021; 149:420-430. [PMID: 33634865 PMCID: PMC8251537 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The prognostic impact of human papillomavirus (HPV) in oropharyngeal cancer is generally acknowledged, and HPV-status is assessed routinely in clinical practice. Paradoxically, while the oral cavity seems the predilection site for productive HPV-infections, figures on HPV-attribution in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC) differ widely, and prognostic impact is uncertain. Major obstacles are the lack of reproducible assays to detect HPV in nonoropharyngeal cancers, the relatively small cohorts studied and consequently the shortfall of convincing data. In our study, we used a validated, nucleic acid-based workflow to assess HPV-prevalence in a consecutive cohort of 1016 OCSCCs, and investigated its prognostic impact. In parallel, we analyzed p16-immunohistochemistry (p16-IHC) as surrogate marker for transforming HPV-infection and independent prognosticator. All OCSCC-patients diagnosed between 2008 and 2014 at two Dutch university medical centers were included (N = 1069). Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE)-samples of 1016 OCSCCs could be retrieved. Punch biopsies were taken from the tumor area in the FFPE-blocks and tested for HPV. P16-IHC was performed on 580 OCSCCs, including all HPV-positive tumors. From 940 samples (92.5%), nucleic acids were of sufficient quality for HPV-testing. In total, 21 (2.2%) OCSCCs were HPV DNA-positive. All HPV DNA-positive tumors were E6 mRNA-positive and considered as true HPV-positive. There was no difference in survival between HPV-positive and HPV-negative OCSCCs. In total, 46 of 580 (7.9%) OCSCCs were p16-immunopositive, including all HPV-positive tumors. Survival was comparable in p16-positive and p16-negative OCSCCs. To conclude, HPV-prevalence is very low in OCSCC and neither HPV-status nor p16-status affects outcome. Based on these data, determining HPV-status in OCSCC seems irrelevant for clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene H Nauta
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniëlle A M Heideman
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arjen Brink
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Berdine van der Steen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Bloemena
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Maxillofacial Surgery/Oral Pathology, Academic Medical Centre for Dentistry, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Senada Koljenović
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert J Baatenburg de Jong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C René Leemans
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud H Brakenhoff
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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4
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Molecular prevalence of Bartonella, Babesia, and hemotropic Mycoplasma species in dogs with hemangiosarcoma from across the United States. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227234. [PMID: 31923195 PMCID: PMC6953799 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemangiosarcoma (HSA), a locally invasive and highly metastatic endothelial cell neoplasm, accounts for two-thirds of all cardiac and splenic neoplasms in dogs. Bartonella spp. infection has been reported in association with neoplastic and non-neoplastic vasoproliferative lesions in animals and humans. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of Bartonella spp. in conjunction with two other hemotropic pathogens, Babesia spp. and hemotropic Mycoplasma spp., in tissues and blood samples from 110 dogs with histopathologically diagnosed HSA from throughout the United States. This was a retrospective, observational study using clinical specimens from 110 dogs with HSA banked by the biospecimen repository of the Canine Comparative Oncology and Genomics Consortium. Samples provided for this study from each dog included: fresh frozen HSA tumor tissue (available from n = 100 of the 110 dogs), fresh frozen non-tumor tissue (n = 104), and whole blood and serum samples (n = 108 and 107 respectively). Blood and tissues were tested by qPCR for Bartonella, hemotropic Mycoplasma, and Babesia spp. DNA; serum was tested for Bartonella spp. antibodies. Bartonella spp. DNA was amplified and sequenced from 73% of dogs with HSA (80/110). In contrast, hemotropic Mycoplasma spp. DNA was amplified from a significantly smaller proportion (5%, p<0.0001) and Babesia spp. DNA was not amplified from any dog. Of the 100 HSA tumor samples submitted, 34% were Bartonella PCR positive (32% of splenic tumors, 57% of cardiac tumors, and 17% of other tumor locations). Of 104 non-tumor tissues, 63% were Bartonella PCR positive (56% of spleen samples, 93% of cardiac samples, and 63% of skin/subcutaneous samples). Of dogs with Bartonella positive HSA tumor, 76% were also positive in non-tumor tissue. Bartonella spp. DNA was not PCR amplified from whole blood. This study documented a high prevalence of Bartonella spp. DNA in dogs with HSA from geographically diverse regions of the United States. While 73% of all tissue samples from these dogs were PCR positive for Bartonella DNA, none of the blood samples were, indicating that whole blood samples do not reflect tissue presence of this pathogen. Future studies are needed to further investigate the role of Bartonella spp. in the development of HSA.
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Molesan A, Goodman L, Ford J, Lovering SJ, Kelly K. The Causes of Canine Myocarditis and Myocardial Fibrosis Are Elusive by Targeted Molecular Testing: Retrospective Analysis and Literature Review. Vet Pathol 2019; 56:761-777. [PMID: 31106678 PMCID: PMC10957289 DOI: 10.1177/0300985819839241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Myocarditis can cause death or permanent heart damage. As epidemiologic and etiopathologic data for canine myocarditis are lacking, we performed a retrospective study using nucleic acid extracted from archived (2007 to 2015) tissues from myocarditis cases and control dogs without myocardial lesions. Heart tissue from pediatric/juvenile and adult dogs was tested with a comprehensive panel of conventional and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays targeting recognized agents of canine myocarditis based on a literature review and informed by the comparative epidemiology of human myocarditis. The PCR screen, which included canine parvovirus 2 (CPV-2), canine distemper virus, canine herpesvirus, Borrelia spp, West Nile virus, adenovirus, parainfluenza virus, pneumovirus, respiratory coronavirus, influenza virus, Bartonella spp, Rickettsia spp, Mycoplasma spp, and Neospora caninum, did not detect agents in 35 of 66 cases (53%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 41%-65%) and was frequently negative in adults (21/26); by comparison, agents were not detected in 27 of 57 controls (47%; 95% CI, 35%-60%). Canine distemper virus, herpesvirus, adenovirus, coronavirus, parainfluenza virus, Mycoplasma haemocanis, and N. caninum were occasionally detected in both cases and controls; thus, PCR detection was not considered to indicate causation. We previously reported that CPV-2 continues to be associated with myocarditis in young dogs despite widespread vaccination; in adults, CPV-2 was detected in 2 of 26 cases and 4 of 22 controls. As several agents were similarly detected in cases and controls, it is unclear if these are cardiopathogenic, incidental, or latent. West Nile virus was detected at the analytic limit in 1 adult case. We did not detect Borrelia spp, Bartonella spp, Rickettsia spp, or influenza A virus in the myocarditis cases. These data demonstrate the limitations of current targeted diagnostic tests and the need for additional research to identify unknown agents and develop testing strategies for canine myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Molesan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Laura Goodman
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Services, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jordan Ford
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Samantha J. Lovering
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Kathleen Kelly
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Frickmann H, Künne C, Hagen RM, Podbielski A, Normann J, Poppert S, Looso M, Kreikemeyer B. Next-generation sequencing for hypothesis-free genomic detection of invasive tropical infections in poly-microbially contaminated, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples - a proof-of-principle assessment. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:75. [PMID: 30961537 PMCID: PMC6454699 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1448-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The potential of next-generation sequencing (NGS) for hypothesis-free pathogen diagnosis from (poly-)microbially contaminated, formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded tissue samples from patients with invasive fungal infections and amebiasis was investigated. Samples from patients with chromoblastomycosis (n = 3), coccidioidomycosis (n = 2), histoplasmosis (n = 4), histoplasmosis or cryptococcosis with poor histological discriminability (n = 1), mucormycosis (n = 2), mycetoma (n = 3), rhinosporidiosis (n = 2), and invasive Entamoeba histolytica infections (n = 6) were analyzed by NGS (each one Illumina v3 run per sample). To discriminate contamination from putative infections in NGS analysis, mean and standard deviation of the number of specific sequence fragments (paired reads) were determined and compared in all samples examined for the pathogens in question. RESULTS For matches between NGS results and histological diagnoses, a percentage of species-specific reads greater than the 4th standard deviation above the mean value of all 23 assessed sample materials was required. Potentially etiologically relevant pathogens could be identified by NGS in 5 out of 17 samples of patients with invasive mycoses and in 1 out of 6 samples of patients with amebiasis. CONCLUSIONS The use of NGS for hypothesis-free pathogen diagnosis from contamination-prone formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue requires further standardization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagen Frickmann
- Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Bundeswehr Hospital Hamburg, Bernhard-Nocht Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany. .,Institute for Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, Schillingallee 70, 18057, Rostock, Germany.
| | - Carsten Künne
- Department of Bioinformatics, Max-Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research Bad Nauheim, Parkstraße 1, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Ralf Matthias Hagen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Bundeswehr Medical Academy, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Podbielski
- Institute for Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, Schillingallee 70, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jana Normann
- Institute for Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, Schillingallee 70, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Sven Poppert
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051, Basel, Switzerland.,Faculty of Medicine, University Basel, Socinstrasse 57, 4051, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mario Looso
- Department of Bioinformatics, Max-Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research Bad Nauheim, Parkstraße 1, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Bernd Kreikemeyer
- Institute for Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, Schillingallee 70, 18057, Rostock, Germany
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Breitschwerdt EB, Maggi RG, Quach C, Bradley JM. Bartonella spp. Bloodstream Infection in a Canadian Family. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2018; 19:234-241. [PMID: 30589638 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2018.2353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, Bartonella spp. have been associated with febrile illness (Oroya fever, trench fever, and cat scratch disease), endocarditis (numerous Bartonella spp.), and vasoproliferative lesions (Bartonella bacilliformis, Bartonella quintana, Bartonella henselae, and Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii), occurring most often but not exclusively in immunocompromised patients. Recently, bloodstream infections with various Bartonella spp. have been documented in nonimmunocompromised individuals in association with a spectrum of cardiovascular, neurologic, and rheumatologic symptoms. As documented in this family, symptoms for which the medical implications remain unclear can occur in multiple family members infected with one or more Bartonella spp. Serial serologic and molecular microbiological findings supported exposure to or infection with Bartonella spp. in all seven family members. Either antibiotics failed to eliminate bacteremic infection, resulted in partial resolution of symptoms, or potentially reinfection occurred during the 19-month study period. There is a substantial need for clinical research to clarify the extent to which Bartonella spp. bacteremia induces nonspecific cardiovascular, neurologic, or rheumatologic symptoms, for ongoing improvement in the sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic testing, and clarification as to if, when, and how to treat patients with documented Bartonella spp. bacteremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward B Breitschwerdt
- 1 Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Ricardo G Maggi
- 1 Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Caroline Quach
- 2 Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada.,3 Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatric Laboratory Medicine, CHU Sainte-Justine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada.,4 Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Julie M Bradley
- 1 Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
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Southern BL, Neupane P, Ericson ME, Dencklau JC, Linder KE, Bradley JM, McKeon GP, Long CT, Breitschwerdt EB. Bartonella henselae in a dog with ear tip vasculitis. Vet Dermatol 2018; 29:537-e180. [PMID: 30318847 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bartonella henselae, a Gram-negative, zoonotic, alpha-proteobacteria has been previously implicated in association with cutaneous vasoproliferative lesions (bacillary angiomatosis), nodular panniculitis and multifocal erythema (erythema multiforme) in dogs. OBJECTIVE Describe clinical, microbiological and histological lesions in a dog with ear margin vasculitis and B. henselae infection. ANIMALS A 12-month-old, specific pathogen-free intact female beagle dog maintained in a vector-free laboratory animal resource facility. METHODS AND MATERIALS Bartonella and Rickettsia serological evaluation, Bartonella and Rickettsia PCR, Bartonella alpha-proteobacteria growth medium (BAPGM) enrichment blood culture/PCR, histopathological investigation and confocal immunohistochemical evaluation. RESULTS Serological investigation (seroreversion) and PCR testing of aural tissue biopsies failed to support Rickettsia rickettsii as a cause of the aural vasculitis; however, B. henselae, genotype San Antonio 2 DNA was amplified and sequenced from both ear tip margins and from normal-appearing abdominal skin. Seroconversion to B. henselae was documented retrospectively by IFA testing. Bartonella henselae organisms were visualized by confocal immunostaining within all three biopsies. Histopathology revealed small vessel necrotizing vasculitis and dermal necrosis. Bartonella henselae seroreversion and complete resolution of skin lesions occurred in conjunction with administration of oral doxycycline and enrofloxacin for six weeks. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Bartonella henselae is an emerging zoonotic pathogen that has been associated with leucocytoclastic vasculitis in humans and may have had a contributing or causative role in the development of the cutaneous aural margin vasculitis in this beagle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany L Southern
- Laboratory Animal Resources, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Pradeep Neupane
- Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1050 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Marna E Ericson
- Dermatology Imaging Center, Department of Dermatology, University of Minnesota, 2-145 Jackson Hall, 321 Church St. S.E, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Jamie C Dencklau
- Dermatology Imaging Center, Department of Dermatology, University of Minnesota, 2-145 Jackson Hall, 321 Church St. S.E, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Keith E Linder
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Julie M Bradley
- Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1050 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Gabriel P McKeon
- Laboratory Animal Resources, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Charles T Long
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1100 Bioinformatics Building, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Edward B Breitschwerdt
- Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1050 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
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Elsmo EJ, Fenton H, Cleveland CA, Shock B, Cunningham M, Howerth EW, Yabsley MJ. Necrotizing interstitial pneumonia and suppurative myocarditis associated with Bartonella henselae infection in three Florida pumas. J Vet Diagn Invest 2018; 30:728-732. [PMID: 30027827 DOI: 10.1177/1040638718789226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Three Florida pumas ( Puma concolor coryi) that had spent time in captivity prior to being released in the wild were found exhibiting respiratory signs and reluctance to move. All 3 pumas died shortly after immobilization, despite supportive veterinary care. Significant autopsy findings included necrotizing interstitial pneumonia, with pulmonary edema and hyaline membranes, and suppurative myocarditis. Organisms morphologically consistent with Bartonella henselae were identified in intravascular histiocytes in the lung of one of the pumas on histopathology and confirmed via transmission electron microscopy. B. henselae was detected in fresh lung tissue and confirmed by PCR and sequence analysis (16S-23S spacer region, pap31, and rpoB genes) from one of the affected pumas. In all affected pumas, B. henselae was detected by PCR in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded lung tissue, and positively staining organisms were identified in sections of lung by immunohistochemistry for B. henselae. In situ hybridization detected B. henselae DNA in lung tissue from 2 of 3 affected pumas. Our case series suggests that B. henselae can be associated with a fatal disease syndrome in Florida pumas. The cause of susceptibility to fatal disease associated with B. henselae infection in these pumas remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Elsmo
- Departments of Population Health (Elsmo, Fenton, Cleveland, Shock, Yabsley), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA.,Veterinary Pathology (Elsmo, Howerth), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA.,Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (Cleveland, Shock, Yabsley).,Department of Biology, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN (Shock).,Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Gainesville, FL (Cunningham)
| | - Heather Fenton
- Departments of Population Health (Elsmo, Fenton, Cleveland, Shock, Yabsley), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA.,Veterinary Pathology (Elsmo, Howerth), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA.,Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (Cleveland, Shock, Yabsley).,Department of Biology, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN (Shock).,Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Gainesville, FL (Cunningham)
| | - Christopher A Cleveland
- Departments of Population Health (Elsmo, Fenton, Cleveland, Shock, Yabsley), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA.,Veterinary Pathology (Elsmo, Howerth), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA.,Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (Cleveland, Shock, Yabsley).,Department of Biology, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN (Shock).,Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Gainesville, FL (Cunningham)
| | - Barbara Shock
- Departments of Population Health (Elsmo, Fenton, Cleveland, Shock, Yabsley), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA.,Veterinary Pathology (Elsmo, Howerth), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA.,Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (Cleveland, Shock, Yabsley).,Department of Biology, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN (Shock).,Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Gainesville, FL (Cunningham)
| | - Mark Cunningham
- Departments of Population Health (Elsmo, Fenton, Cleveland, Shock, Yabsley), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA.,Veterinary Pathology (Elsmo, Howerth), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA.,Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (Cleveland, Shock, Yabsley).,Department of Biology, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN (Shock).,Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Gainesville, FL (Cunningham)
| | - Elizabeth W Howerth
- Departments of Population Health (Elsmo, Fenton, Cleveland, Shock, Yabsley), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA.,Veterinary Pathology (Elsmo, Howerth), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA.,Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (Cleveland, Shock, Yabsley).,Department of Biology, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN (Shock).,Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Gainesville, FL (Cunningham)
| | - Michael J Yabsley
- Departments of Population Health (Elsmo, Fenton, Cleveland, Shock, Yabsley), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA.,Veterinary Pathology (Elsmo, Howerth), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA.,Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (Cleveland, Shock, Yabsley).,Department of Biology, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN (Shock).,Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Gainesville, FL (Cunningham)
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10
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Donovan TA, Balakrishnan N, Carvalho Barbosa I, McCoy T, Breitschwerdt EB, Fox PR. Bartonella spp. as a Possible Cause or Cofactor of Feline Endomyocarditis-Left Ventricular Endocardial Fibrosis Complex. J Comp Pathol 2018; 162:29-42. [PMID: 30060840 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Endomyocarditis is a commonly detected post-mortem finding in domestic cats presenting for sudden onset cardiovascular death, yet the aetiology remains unresolved. Cats are documented reservoir hosts for Bartonella henselae, the infectious cause of cat scratch disease in man. Various Bartonella spp. have been associated with culture-negative endocarditis, myocarditis and sudden death in man and animals. We hypothesized that Bartonella spp. DNA could be amplified more often from the hearts of cats with feline endomyocarditis-left ventricular endocardial fibrosis (FEMC-LVEF) complex compared with cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) or cats with grossly and microscopically unremarkable hearts (designated non-cardiac disease controls). Formalin-fixed and paraffin wax-embedded, cardiac tissues from 60 domestic and purebred cats aged 3 months to 18 years were examined, and histological features were recorded. Cardiac tissue sections were tested for Bartonella DNA using multiple 16-23S intergenic transcribed spacer region polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primer sets, including two Bartonella genera, a Bartonella koehlerae species-specific and a Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii-specific assay, followed by DNA sequence confirmation of the species or genotype. Special precautions were taken to avoid DNA cross-contamination between tissues. Bartonella spp. DNA was amplified by PCR and sequenced from 18 of 36 cats (50%) with FEMC-LVEF and 1/12 (8.3%) cats with HCM. Bartonella spp. DNA was not amplified from any non-cardiac disease control hearts. Based on PCR/DNA sequencing, one Bartonella spp. was amplified from 10 cats, while the remaining eight were coinfected with more than one Bartonella spp. To our knowledge, this study represents the first documentation of B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii genotype I infection in cats (n = 11). Fluorescence in-situ hybridization testing facilitated visualization of Bartonella bacteria within the myocardium of four of seven PCR-positive FEMC-LVEF hearts. Collectively, these findings support the hypothesis that Bartonella spp. may play a primary role or act as a cofactor in the pathogenesis of FEMC-LVEF. Studies involving cats from other geographical regions and definitive demonstration of Bartonella spp. within regions of inflammation are needed to confirm an association between Bartonella spp. and FEMC-LVEF induced morbidity and mortality in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Donovan
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, The Animal Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
| | - N Balakrishnan
- Clinical Microbiology Unit, State Laboratory of Public Health, North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - I Carvalho Barbosa
- Department of Clinical Sciences, and the Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - T McCoy
- Department of Clinical Sciences, and the Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - E B Breitschwerdt
- Department of Clinical Sciences, and the Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - P R Fox
- Department of Cardiology, The Animal Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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11
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Asor E, Stav MY, Simon E, Fahoum I, Sabo E, Ben-Izhak O, Hershkovitz D. Risk for molecular contamination of tissue samples evaluated for targeted anti-cancer therapy. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173760. [PMID: 28288198 PMCID: PMC5348008 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
With the increasing usage of sensitive PCR technology for pharmacogenetics, cross contamination becomes a significant concern. Researchers employed techniques which basically include replacing laboratory equipment after each sample preparation; however, there are no recommended guidelines. In the present work we wanted to evaluate the risk of cross contamination during tissue processing using the routine precaution measures. Twenty-one surgical samples of lung adenocarcinoma were used, of which 7 contained EGFR exon 19 mutation, 7 contained EGFR exon 21 mutation (p.L858R) and 7 were EGFR wild-type. The samples were ordered by alternating the mutation group to maximize the potential for cross contamination and underwent tissue sectioning and de-paraffinization. The entire process was performed using the same tools. Following DNA extraction all samples underwent PCR amplification and were scrutinized for small fractions of EGFR mutation using deep sequencing with the Ion torrent PGM technology. Twenty samples yielded results. The fraction of mutated copies was 41 ± 23% (range 11–66) for the cases with known exon 19 mutation and 48±24% (range 0–65) for the cases with known exon 21 mutations. No in-frame exon 19 deletion mutations were identified in the wild-type (WT) and exon 21 groups. The fraction of EGFR exon 21 (codon 858) mutations was 0.018±0.014% (range 0–0.05%) in the WT and exon 19 groups, which was not statistically different than the background sequencing artifact noise for the same base-pair alteration (p = 0.21). Our results suggest that standard precautions are sufficient for molecular pathology diagnosis of surgical samples and are not associated with increased risk of cross contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyal Asor
- B. Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Institute of Pathology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Michael Y. Stav
- Institute of Pathology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Einav Simon
- B. Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ibrahim Fahoum
- Institute of Pathology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Edmond Sabo
- B. Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Institute of Pathology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ofer Ben-Izhak
- B. Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Institute of Pathology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Dov Hershkovitz
- Institute of Pathology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- * E-mail:
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12
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Balakrishnan N, Ericson M, Maggi R, Breitschwerdt EB. Vasculitis, cerebral infarction and persistent Bartonella henselae infection in a child. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:254. [PMID: 27161220 PMCID: PMC4862072 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1547-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The genus Bartonella is comprised of a rapidly increasing number of pathogenic species that induce a seemingly diverse spectrum of neurological symptoms. During the 12 year period that followed the initial onset of neurological and gastrointestinal symptoms, an 11 year-old girl experienced a spectrum of neurological complaints including frequent headaches, visual and auditory hallucinations, anxiety, vision loss involving the lower left quadrant of both eyes, episodic bouts of generalized paralysis, facial palsy, chronic insomnia, seizures, dizziness, cognitive dysfunction, and memory loss. PCR assays targeting Bartonella spp. were used to test formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded brain tissue, patient blood specimens and Bartonella alpha Proteobacteria growth medium (BAPGM) enrichment blood cultures. PCR positive amplicons were sequenced directly and compared to GenBank sequences. Bartonella spp. serology was performed by indirect fluorescent antibody testing and confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to visualize B. henselae organisms in resected brain. Results Bartonella henselae DNA was independently PCR amplified and sequenced from the girl’s right parietal lobe, surgically resected in 2000 and from a blood specimen collected in 2012. Although causation cannot be established by a case report, prior diagnostic testing resulted in findings that were either inconclusive or within normal reference ranges and no etiological diagnosis had been obtained to explain the patient’s initial or progressive neurological symptoms. Conclusions As intravascular, intra-erythrocytic and endotheliotropic bacteria, it is possible that B. henselae initially induced a vasculitis, resulting in secondary cerebral infarction, tissue necrosis and surgical resection. Bartonella bacteremia, potentially spanning a 12-year time frame, in conjunction with the therapeutic administration of immunosuppressive drugs may have resulted in a progression and potentiation of the neurological disease that was partially reversible following antibiotic administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandhakumar Balakrishnan
- Department of Clinical Sciences and the Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Marna Ericson
- Cutaneous Imaging Center, Department of Dermatology, University of Minnesota, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ricardo Maggi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and the Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Edward B Breitschwerdt
- Department of Clinical Sciences and the Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
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13
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Friedenberg SG, Balakrishnan N, Guillaumin J, Cooper ES, Lewis K, Russell DS, Breitschwerdt EB. Splenic vasculitis, thrombosis, and infarction in a febrile dog infected withBartonella henselae. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2015; 25:789-94. [DOI: 10.1111/vec.12367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven G. Friedenberg
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus; OH 43210
| | - Nandhakumar Balakrishnan
- the Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University; Raleigh NC 27607
| | - Julien Guillaumin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus; OH 43210
| | - Edward S. Cooper
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus; OH 43210
| | - Kristin Lewis
- the Department of Veterinary Biosciences; College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus; OH 43210
| | - Duncan S. Russell
- the Department of Veterinary Biosciences; College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus; OH 43210
| | - Edward B. Breitschwerdt
- the Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University; Raleigh NC 27607
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14
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Pultorak E, Linder K, Maggi R, Balakrishnan N, Breitschwerdt E. Prevalence of Bartonella spp. in Canine Cutaneous Histiocytoma. J Comp Pathol 2015; 153:14-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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15
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Breitschwerdt EB. Did Bartonella henselae contribute to the deaths of two veterinarians? Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:317. [PMID: 26062543 PMCID: PMC4464698 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0920-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bartonella henselae, a flea-transmitted bacterium, causes chronic, zoonotic, blood stream infections in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients throughout the world. As an intra-erythrocytic and endotheliotropic bacterium, B. henselae causes a spectrum of symptomatology ranging from asymptomatic bacteremia to fever, endocarditis and death. Veterinary workers are at occupational risk for acquiring bartonellosis. As an emerging, and incompletely understood, stealth bacterial pathogen, B. henselae may or may not have been responsible for the deaths of two veterinarians; however, recent evidence indicates that this genus is of much greater medical importance than is currently appreciated by the majority of the biomedical community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward B Breitschwerdt
- Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory and the Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA. .,College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.
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16
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Walsh K, Wallace WA. Molecular pathology in lung cancer: a guide to the techniques used in clinical practice. Histopathology 2014; 65:731-41. [PMID: 25130601 DOI: 10.1111/his.12505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Five year survival rates for lung cancer patients are poor; however the development of new therapeutic options, which benefit subsets of the population, offer hope of improvement. These novel therapies frequently rely upon the analysis of biomarkers in pathology samples; in lung cancer patients, testing is now routinely carried out to identify small mutations and chromosomal rearrangements in order to predict response to treatment. The recent increase in biomarker analyses in pathology samples has lead to the development of a new specialty, molecular pathology. The use of molecular pathology assays in clinical samples is largely under the control of the histopathologist; who is likely to be asked, as a minimum, to select tissue sections for molecular analysis and mark areas of H&E stained slides for macro or microdissection. Many histopathologists will also be involved in the sourcing and implementation of new assays. This review aims to provide a guide to some of the most commonly used molecular pathology methods - their advantages and their limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Walsh
- Pathology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK
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17
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Rossi MA, Balakrishnan N, Linder KE, Messa JB, Breitschwerdt EB. Concurrent Bartonella henselae infection in a dog with panniculitis and owner with ulcerated nodular skin lesions. Vet Dermatol 2014; 26:60-3, e21-2. [PMID: 25292107 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bartonella henselae, a Gram-negative, zoonotic Alphaproteobacteria that infects erythrocytes, endothelial cells and dendritic cells, has previously been implicated as a cause of panniculitis in dogs and a human. ANIMAL AND OWNER An 8-year-old, spayed female Labrador retriever and its 78-year-old male owner living in the same household. METHODS AND RESULTS When preliminary and advanced testing failed to identify the cause of near-simultaneous-onset dermatological lesions, Bartonella serology, Bartonella Alphaproteobacteria growth medium (BAPGM) enrichment blood culture/PCR and immunohistochemistry were used to test specimens from the dog and owner. Bartonella henselae, genotype San Antonio 2 DNA was amplified and sequenced from the man's BAPGM enrichment blood culture and the dog's panniculitis lesion. The bacterium was visualized by immunohistochemistry in the dog's panniculitis lesion; however, neither the dog nor the owner was B. henselae seroreactive. Antibiotic therapy elicited dermatological improvement in both dog and owner. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Bartonella henselae is an emerging zoonotic pathogen that induces granulomatous inflammatory lesions in various tissues of animals, including humans. We conclude that this bacterium had a contributory or causative role in the development of the dermatological lesions in the dog and owner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Rossi
- Dermatology/Allergy, Veterinary Referral Center of Colorado, Englewood, CO, 80110, USA
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18
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Breitschwerdt EB, Goldkamp C, Castleman WL, Cullen JM, Mascarelli PE, Thalhem L, Schaer M. Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia syndrome in 2 dogs with bartonellosis. J Vet Intern Med 2014; 28:1331-5. [PMID: 24934703 PMCID: PMC4857932 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- E B Breitschwerdt
- Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
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19
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Cai HY, Caswell JL, Prescott JF. Nonculture Molecular Techniques for Diagnosis of Bacterial Disease in Animals. Vet Pathol 2014; 51:341-50. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985813511132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The past decade has seen remarkable technical advances in infectious disease diagnosis, and the pace of innovation is likely to continue. Many of these techniques are well suited to pathogen identification directly from pathologic or clinical samples, which is the focus of this review. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and gene sequencing are now routinely performed on frozen or fixed tissues for diagnosis of bacterial infections of animals. These assays are most useful for pathogens that are difficult to culture or identify phenotypically, when propagation poses a biosafety hazard, or when suitable fresh tissue is not available. Multiplex PCR assays, DNA microarrays, in situ hybridization, massive parallel DNA sequencing, microbiome profiling, molecular typing of pathogens, identification of antimicrobial resistance genes, and mass spectrometry are additional emerging technologies for the diagnosis of bacterial infections from pathologic and clinical samples in animals. These technical advances come, however, with 2 caveats. First, in the age of molecular diagnosis, quality control has become more important than ever to identify and control for the presence of inhibitors, cross-contamination, inadequate templates from diagnostic specimens, and other causes of erroneous microbial identifications. Second, the attraction of these technologic advances can obscure the reality that medical diagnoses cannot be made on the basis of molecular testing alone but instead through integrated consideration of clinical, pathologic, and laboratory findings. Proper validation of the method is required. It is critical that veterinary diagnosticians understand not only the value but also the limitations of these technical advances for routine diagnosis of infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Y. Cai
- Animal Health Laboratory, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - J. L. Caswell
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - J. F. Prescott
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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20
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Balakrishnan N, Jawanda JS, Miller MB, Breitschwerdt EB. Bartonella henselae infection in a man with hypergammaglobulinaemia, splenomegaly and polyclonal plasmacytosis. J Med Microbiol 2012; 62:338-341. [PMID: 23118473 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.052134-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bartonella henselae is an infrequently reported cause of polyclonal plasmacytosis and hypergammaglobulinaemia. We herein document B. henselae infection in a 66-year-old patient who presented with hypergammaglobulinaemia, splenomegaly with polyclonal plasmacytosis, stroke, and suspected prosthetic aortic arch infection. Clinicians should remain cognizant of the heterogeneous clinical presentations associated with bartonellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandhakumar Balakrishnan
- Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Jaspaul S Jawanda
- First Health Infectious Diseases, Moore Regional Hospital, 155 Memorial Drive, PO Box 3000, Pinehurst, NC, USA
| | - Melissa B Miller
- Clinical Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Edward B Breitschwerdt
- Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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21
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Hutchins RG, Breitschwerdt EB, Cullen JM, Bissett SA, Gookin JL. Limited yield of diagnoses of intrahepatic infectious causes of canine granulomatous hepatitis from archival liver tissue. J Vet Diagn Invest 2012; 24:888-94. [PMID: 22855374 DOI: 10.1177/1040638712453583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine granulomatous hepatitis is an uncommon morphologic diagnosis that has been associated with a variety of diseases, including a number of systemic infectious etiologies. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues are typically the only source of liver tissue remaining for additional testing for the presence of infectious disease within granulomas. It is unclear if the more common infectious culprits of granulomatous hepatitis can be identified from such specimens. The aim of the current study was to retrospectively investigate archival FFPE liver tissue from dogs with granulomatous hepatitis for the presence of infectious agents. Semiquantitative analysis of copper accumulation in liver specimens was also performed. Medical records were examined for recorded evidence of systemic infectious disease diagnosis. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded liver was prospectively evaluated for infectious agents via differential staining techniques (n = 13), eubacterial fluorescent in situ hybridization (n = 11), and Bartonella polymerase chain reaction assays (n = 15). An infectious cause of granulomatous hepatitis was not identified within liver tissue from any dog using these diagnostic methodologies. Six out of 25 (24%) dogs were diagnosed with concurrent systemic or localized bacterial infections at the time of presentation. Nine out of 17 (53%) dogs had excessive hepatic copper accumulation when evaluated by a semiquantitative histologic grading scheme or quantitative copper analysis. As definitive infectious causes of granulomatous hepatitis were not identified within archival liver biopsy samples, it was concluded that investigation of infectious etiologies within FFPE liver specimens using these diagnostic approaches may be of low yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rae G Hutchins
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
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22
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Beerlage C, Varanat M, Linder K, Maggi RG, Cooley J, Kempf VAJ, Breitschwerdt EB. Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii and Bartonella henselae as potential causes of proliferative vascular diseases in animals. Med Microbiol Immunol 2012; 201:319-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s00430-012-0234-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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23
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Van Kruiningen HJ. Where are the weapons of mass destruction − the Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in Crohn's disease? J Crohns Colitis 2011; 5:638-44. [PMID: 22115388 DOI: 10.1016/j.crohns.2011.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Herbert J Van Kruiningen
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, 61 North Eagleville Road, U3089, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3089,United States.
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24
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Varanat M, Maggi RG, Linder KE, Breitschwerdt EB. Molecular prevalence of Bartonella, Babesia, and hemotropic Mycoplasma sp. in dogs with splenic disease. J Vet Intern Med 2011; 25:1284-91. [PMID: 22092618 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.00811.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among diseases that cause splenomegaly in dogs, lymphoid nodular hyperplasia (LNH), splenic hemangiosarcoma (HSA), and fibrohistiocytic nodules (FHN) are common diagnoses. The spleen plays an important role in the immunologic control or elimination of vector-transmitted, blood-borne pathogens, including Bartonella sp., Babesia sp., and hemotropic Mycoplasma sp. OBJECTIVE To compare the prevalence of Bartonella sp., Babesia sp., and hemotropic Mycoplasma sp. DNA in spleens from dogs with LNH, HSA, and FHN. MATERIALS AND METHODS Paraffin-embedded, surgically obtained biopsy tissues from LNH (N = 50), HSA (N = 50), and FHN (N = 37) were collected from the anatomic pathology archives. Spleens from specific pathogen-free (SPF) dogs (N = 8) were used as controls. Bartonella sp., Babesia sp., and Mycoplasma sp. DNA was amplified by PCR, followed by DNA sequencing. RESULTS Bartonella sp. DNA was more prevalent in FHN (29.7%) and HSA (26%) as compared to LNH (10%) (P = .019, .0373, respectively) or control spleens (0.0%). The prevalence of Babesia sp. and hemotropic Mycoplasma sp. DNA was significantly lower than Bartonella sp. DNA in HSA (P = .0005, .006, respectively) and FHN (P = .003, .0004, respectively). There was no statistically significant difference in DNA prevalence among the 3 genera in the LNH group. CONCLUSIONS The higher prevalence of Bartonella sp. in FHN and HSA warrants future investigations to determine if this bacterium plays a role in the development of these splenic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Varanat
- Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
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25
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Fenimore A, Varanat M, Maggi R, Schultheiss P, Breitschwerdt E, Lappin MR. Bartonella spp. DNA in cardiac tissues from dogs in Colorado and Wyoming. J Vet Intern Med 2011; 25:613-6. [PMID: 21539606 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.0722.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several Bartonella species (spp.) have been identified in dogs diagnosed with infectious endocarditis (IE) or myocarditis. OBJECTIVE To interrogate cardiac tissues of dogs with suspected IE for the presence of Bartonella spp. DNA of dogs in the Rocky Mountain states. ANIMALS Nine dogs with a clinical diagnosis of endocarditis from January 1990 to June 2008 were included. METHODS In this retrospective study, medical records at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital were searched. Animals were excluded if there was no diagnosis of IE in the original necropsy report. Paraffin embedded tissue blocks and medical records were available from 9 dogs. Total DNA was extracted from the cardiac tissues and assessed for Bartonella spp. DNA by 3 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. For positive samples, the Bartonella spp. were determined by genetic sequencing or fluorogenic real-time PCR. RESULTS Bartonella henselae DNA was amplified from the tissues of 7 dogs; Bartonella vinsonii subsp berkhoffii DNA was amplified concurrently from 3 dogs. Six dogs were from Colorado and 1 was from Wyoming. Flea or tick infestations were reported in 2 dogs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Bartonella spp. should be on the differential list for dogs in the Rocky Mountain states. The results emphasize the need for routine use of external parasite control products even in regions perceived to have low risk for flea and tick infestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fenimore
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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Cherry NA, Maggi RG, Rossmeisl JH, Hegarty BC, Breitschwerdt EB. Ecological diversity of Bartonella species infection among dogs and their owner in Virginia. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2011; 11:1425-32. [PMID: 21736485 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2010.0201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bartonella species comprise a genus of gram-negative, fastidious, intracellular bacteria that have been implicated in association with an increasing spectrum of disease manifestations in dogs and human patients. In this study, chronic canine and human disease, for which causation was not diagnostically defined, were reported by the breeder of a kennel of Doberman pinschers. In addition to other diagnostic tests, serology, polymerase chain reaction, and enrichment blood culture were used to assess the prevalence of Bartonella sp. infection in the dogs and their owner. From five dogs, Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii genotype I, multiple Bartonella henselae strains, and a species most similar to Candidatus B. volans, a rodent-associated Bartonella sp., were amplified and sequenced from biopsy tissues, cerebrospinal fluid, or blood enrichment cultures. The owner was bacteremic with B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii genotype I, the same subsp. and genotype detected in one of her dogs. These results further emphasize the ecological complexity of Bartonella sp. transmission in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A Cherry
- Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory and the Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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Pérez C, Maggi R, Diniz P, Breitschwerdt E. Molecular and Serological Diagnosis of Bartonella Infection in 61 Dogs from the United States. J Vet Intern Med 2011; 25:805-10. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.0736.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Varanat M, Broadhurst J, Linder KE, Maggi RG, Breitschwerdt EB. Identification of Bartonella henselae in 2 cats with pyogranulomatous myocarditis and diaphragmatic myositis. Vet Pathol 2011; 49:608-11. [PMID: 21490304 DOI: 10.1177/0300985811404709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Most cats infected with Bartonella henselae remain outwardly healthy carriers for years; however, self-limiting fever, transient anemia, neurologic dysfunction, lymphadenopathy, reproductive disorders, aortic valvular endocarditis, and neutrophilic myocarditis have been described in experimentally or naturally infected cats. Two cats in a North Carolina shelter died with pyogranulomatous myocarditis and diaphragmatic myositis. Bacteria were visualized in the lesions by Warthin-Starry silver impregnation and by B. henselae immunohistochemistry. B. henselae DNA was amplified and sequenced from the heart of 1 cat and from multiple tissue samples, including heart and diaphragm, from the second cat. This study supports a potential association between B. henselae and what has been historically described as "transmissible myocarditis and diaphragmitis" of undetermined cause in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Varanat
- Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
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Oliveira AM, Maggi RG, Woods CW, Breitschwerdt EB. Suspected needle stick transmission of Bartonella vinsonii subspecies berkhoffii to a veterinarian. J Vet Intern Med 2010; 24:1229-32. [PMID: 20695992 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0563.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A M Oliveira
- Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Barber RM, Li Q, Diniz PPVP, Porter BF, Breitschwerdt EB, Claiborne MK, Birkenheuer AJ, Levine JM, Levine GJ, Chandler K, Kenny P, Nghiem P, Wei S, Greene CE, Kent M, Platt SR, Greer K, Schatzberg SJ. Evaluation of brain tissue or cerebrospinal fluid with broadly reactive polymerase chain reaction for Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, spotted fever group Rickettsia, Bartonella, and Borrelia species in canine neurological diseases (109 cases). J Vet Intern Med 2010; 24:372-8. [PMID: 20102497 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0466.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vector-transmitted microorganisms in the genera Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, Rickettsia, Bartonella, and Borrelia are commonly suspected in dogs with meningoencephalomyelitis (MEM), but the prevalence of these pathogens in brain tissue and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of dogs with MEM is unknown. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To determine if DNA from these genera is present in brain tissue and CSF of dogs with MEM, including those with meningoencephalitis of unknown etiology (MUE) and histopathologically confirmed cases of granulomatous (GME) and necrotizing meningoencephalomyelitis (NME). ANIMALS Hundred and nine dogs examined for neurological signs at 3 university referral hospitals. METHODS Brain tissue and CSF were collected prospectively from dogs with neurological disease and evaluated by broadly reactive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, Spotted Fever Group Rickettsia, Bartonella, and Borrelia species. Medical records were evaluated retrospectively to identify MEM and control cases. RESULTS Seventy-five cases of MUE, GME, or NME, including brain tissue from 31 and CSF from 44 cases, were evaluated. Brain tissue from 4 cases and inflammatory CSF from 30 cases with infectious, neoplastic, compressive, vascular, or malformative disease were evaluated as controls. Pathogen nucleic acids were detected in 1 of 109 cases evaluated. Specifically, Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii DNA was amplified from 1/6 dogs with histopathologically confirmed GME. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The results of this investigation suggest that microorganisms in the genera Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, Rickettsia, and Borrelia are unlikely to be directly associated with canine MEM in the geographic regions evaluated. The role of Bartonella in the pathogenesis of GME warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Barber
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Molecular evidence of perinatal transmission of Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii and Bartonella henselae to a child. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 48:2289-93. [PMID: 20392912 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00326-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii, Bartonella henselae, or DNA of both organisms was amplified and sequenced from blood, enrichment blood cultures, or autopsy tissues from four family members. Historical and microbiological results support perinatal transmission of Bartonella species in this family. It is of clinical relevance that Bartonella spp. may adversely influence human reproductive performance.
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Breitschwerdt EB, Maggi RG, Chomel BB, Lappin MR. Bartonellosis: an emerging infectious disease of zoonotic importance to animals and human beings. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2010; 20:8-30. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2009.00496.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Varanat M, Travis A, Lee W, Maggi R, Bissett S, Linder K, Breitschwerdt E. Recurrent Osteomyelitis in a Cat due to Infection withBartonella vinsoniisubsp.berkhoffiiGenotype II. J Vet Intern Med 2009; 23:1273-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0372.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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