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Kamau E, Bessaud M, Majumdar M, Martin J, Simmonds P, Harvala H. Estimating prevalence of Enterovirus D111 in human and non-human primate populations using cross-sectional serology. J Gen Virol 2023; 104:001915. [PMID: 37910158 PMCID: PMC10768692 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses primarily affect young children with a varying severity of disease. Recent outbreaks of severe respiratory and neurological disease due to EV-D68 and EV-A71, as well as atypical hand-foot-and-mouth-disease due to CVA6, have brought to light the potency of enteroviruses to emerge as severe human pathogens. Enterovirus D111 (EV-D111) is an enteric pathogen initially detected in Central Africa in human and wildlife samples and was recently detected in environmental samples. The natural history and epidemiology of EV-D111 are poorly studied. Here, the presence of serum neutralizing antibodies to EV-D111 was estimated in human and wildlife samples from five countries. We report high prevalence of neutralizing antibodies measured against EV-D111 in human populations (range, 55-83 %), a proxy for previous infection, which indicates active virus circulation in absence of detection in clinical cases and a high number of undiagnosed infections. Notably, seroprevalence in samples from the UK varied by age and was higher in children and older adults (1-5 and >60 years old), but lower in ages 11-60. EV-D111 seroprevalence in apes and Old World monkeys was 50 % (33-66 %), which also suggests prior exposure and supports existing knowledge of enterovirus circulation in wild and captive apes and Old World monkeys. Generally, reported cases of infection likely underestimate the prevalence of infection particularly when the knowledge of community transmission is limited. Continued serologic surveillance and detection of EV-D111 in clinical and environmental samples will allow for a more robust assessment of EV-D111 epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Everlyn Kamau
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mael Bessaud
- Institut Pasteur-Unité de Biologie des Virus Entériques, Paris, France
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Enteroviruses and Viral Vaccines, Paris, France
| | - Manasi Majumdar
- Science Research and Innovation, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, UK
| | - Javier Martin
- Science Research and Innovation, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, UK
| | - Peter Simmonds
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Heli Harvala
- Microbiology Services, NHS Blood Transfusion, London, UK
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Chetboul V, Concordet D, Tissier R, Vonfeld I, Poissonnier C, Alvarado MP, Passavin P, Gluntz M, Lefort S, Bourgeois A, Duby D, Hano C, Chai N. CardiOvascular examination in awake Orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus): Low-stress Echocardiography including Speckle Tracking imaging (the COOLEST method). PLoS One 2022; 17:e0254306. [PMID: 35073314 PMCID: PMC8786155 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cardiovascular diseases have been identified as a major cause of mortality and morbidity in Borneo orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus). Transthoracic echocardiography is usually performed under anesthesia in great apes, which may be stressful and increase risks of peri-anesthetic complications in case of cardiac alteration. The aim of the present pilot study was hence to develop a quick and non-stressful echocardiographic method (i.e., the COOLEST method) in awake Borneo orangutans (CardiOvascular examination in awake Orangutans: Low-stress Echocardiography including Speckle Tracking imaging) and assess the variability of corresponding variables. Materials and methods Four adult Borneo orangutans trained to present their chest to the trainers were involved. A total of 96 TTE examinations were performed on 4 different days by a trained observer examining each orangutan 6 times per day. Each examination included four two-dimensional views, with offline assessment of 28 variables (i.e., two-dimensional (n = 12), M-mode and anatomic M-mode (n = 6), Doppler (n = 7), and speckle tracking imaging (n = 3)), representing a total of 2,688 measurements. A general linear model was used to determine the within-day and between-day coefficients of variation. Results Mean±SD (minimum-maximum) images acquisition duration was 3.8±1.6 minutes (1.3–6.3). All within-day and between-day coefficients of variation but one (n = 55/56, 98%) were <15%, and most (51/56, 91%) were <10% including those of speckle tracking systolic strain variables (2.7% to 5.4%). Discussion Heart morphology as well as global and regional myocardial function can be assessed in awake orangutans with good to excellent repeatability and reproducibility. Conclusions This non-stressful method may be used for longitudinal cardiac follow-up in awake orangutans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Chetboul
- École nationale vétérinaire d’Alfort, CHUVA, Unité de Cardiologie d’Alfort (UCA), Maisons-Alfort, France
- Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, Créteil, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Didier Concordet
- Intheres, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | | | - Irène Vonfeld
- École nationale vétérinaire d’Alfort, CHUVA, Unité de Cardiologie d’Alfort (UCA), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Camille Poissonnier
- École nationale vétérinaire d’Alfort, CHUVA, Unité de Cardiologie d’Alfort (UCA), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Maria Paz Alvarado
- École nationale vétérinaire d’Alfort, CHUVA, Unité de Cardiologie d’Alfort (UCA), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Peggy Passavin
- École nationale vétérinaire d’Alfort, CHUVA, Unité de Cardiologie d’Alfort (UCA), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Mathilde Gluntz
- École nationale vétérinaire d’Alfort, CHUVA, Unité de Cardiologie d’Alfort (UCA), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Solène Lefort
- École nationale vétérinaire d’Alfort, CHUVA, Unité de Cardiologie d’Alfort (UCA), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Aude Bourgeois
- Ménagerie, le Zoo du Jardin des Plantes, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Dylan Duby
- Ménagerie, le Zoo du Jardin des Plantes, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Christelle Hano
- Ménagerie, le Zoo du Jardin des Plantes, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Norin Chai
- Ménagerie, le Zoo du Jardin des Plantes, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
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Zack F, Warnke P, Manhart J, Angeli A, Nizze H, Rudnick JO, Steinhagen I, Kolbe V, Hammer M, Büttner A. Enterokolitis als Ursache eines akuten unerwarteten Todes eines Orang-Utans in Zoohaltung. Rechtsmedizin (Berl) 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00194-020-00448-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
ZusammenfassungEs wird von einem 13 Jahre alt gewordenen weiblichen Orang-Utan berichtet, der 4 Tage vor dem Tod an einer akuten Enterokolitis erkrankte. Die tierärztliche Ultraschalluntersuchung einen Tag vor dem Tod erbrachte den Nachweis von vermehrter Flüssigkeit im Zäkum und einer abschnittsweise verdickten Kolonwand. Nach dem für die Veterinärmediziner und die Zoomitarbeiter unerwarteten Todeseintritt erfolgte eine Obduktion durch Rechtsmediziner der Universitätsmedizin Rostock mit Unterstützung von Ärzten weiterer Fachrichtungen. Dabei wurde als Todesursache eine akute Escherichia-coli-Enterokolitis mit massiver Blutung in den Darm festgestellt. Begünstigend oder ursächlich für die letale Enterokolitis dürften wahrscheinlich zahlreiche rezidivierende Durchfallerkrankungen in der Anamnese des Orang-Utans als Folge eines Verweigerns des Stillens durch die Mutter nach der Geburt gewesen sein.
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RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF ADULT-ONSET CARDIAC DISEASE IN FRANÇOIS' LANGURS (TRACHYPITHECUS FRANCOISI) HOUSED IN U.S. ZOOS. J Zoo Wildl Med 2017; 47:717-730. [PMID: 27691958 DOI: 10.1638/2015-0119.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac disease is a common condition in captive primates, and multiple cases in François' langurs ( Trachypithecus francoisi ) were noted on review of the Species Survival Plan studbook. To determine the prevalence of cardiac disease in this species, surveys were distributed to current and previous holding institutions (n = 23) for the U.S. studbook population (n = 216). After exclusion of stillbirths (n = 48), animals less than 1 yr of age (n = 8), and animals housed internationally (n = 2), a study group (n = 158) was identified for this analysis. Robust data was received for 98.7% (n = 156) of the study group and antemortem and postmortem cardiac abnormalities were reported for 25.3% (n = 40) of these animals. Eight animals were reported as medically managed for clinical cardiac disease, and three of these were alive at the time of survey. Six of 11 animals with radiographic cardiac silhouette enlargement antemortem were noted with cardiomegaly on postmortem examination. Of 102 deceased animals in the study group, four were identified with dilated cardiomyopathy, and varying degrees of myocardial fibrosis was observed in 18 animals. Langurs with cardiac fibrosis were found to be significantly older than langurs without cardiac fibrosis (P = 0.003) and more commonly were male (P = 0.036). Screening tests for cardiac disease, such as thoracic radiographs and echocardiography, are recommended to diagnose affected animals earlier, to monitor progression of disease, and to guide treatment, although they should be interpreted with caution because of apparent insensitivity when compared with pathologic results.
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A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE RELATING TO CAPTIVE GREAT APE MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY. J Zoo Wildl Med 2017; 47:697-710. [PMID: 27691977 DOI: 10.1638/2015-0240.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild bonobos (Pan paniscus), chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), Western gorillas (Gorilla gorilla), and orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus, Pongo abelii) are threatened with extinction. In order to help maintain a self-sustaining zoo population, clinicians require a sound understanding of the diseases with which they might be presented. To provide an up-to-date perspective on great ape morbidity and mortality, a systematic review of the zoological and veterinary literature of great apes from 1990 to 2014 was conducted. This is the first review of the great ape literature published since 1990 and the first-ever systematic literature review of great ape morbidity and mortality. The following databases were searched for relevant articles: CAB Abstracts, Web of Science Core Collection, BIOSIS Citation Index, BIOSIS Previews, Current Contents Connect, Data Citation Index, Derwent Innovations Index, MEDLINE, SciELO Citation Index, and Zoological Record. A total of 189 articles reporting on the causes of morbidity and mortality among captive great apes were selected and divided into comparative morbidity-mortality studies and case reports-series or single-disease prevalence studies. The content and main findings of the morbidity-mortality studies were reviewed and the main limitations identified. The case reports-case series and single-disease prevalence studies were categorized and coded according to taxa, etiology, and body system. Subsequent analysis allowed the amount of literature coverage afforded to each category to be calculated and the main diseases and disorders reported within the literature to be identified. This review concludes that reports of idiopathic and infectious diseases along with disorders of the cardiovascular, respiratory, and gastrointestinal body systems were particularly prominent within the great ape literature during 1990-2014. However, recent and accurate prevalence figures are lacking and there are flaws in those reviews that do exist. There is therefore a critical need for a robust, widespread, and more up-to-date review of mortality among captive great apes.
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Yeo DSY, Lian JE, Fernandez CJ, Lin YN, Liaw JCW, Soh ML, Lim EAS, Chan KP, Ng ML, Tan HC, Oh S, Ooi EE, Tan BH. A highly divergent Encephalomyocarditis virus isolated from nonhuman primates in Singapore. Virol J 2013; 10:248. [PMID: 23914943 PMCID: PMC3750836 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In 2001 and 2002, fatal myocarditis resulted in the sudden deaths of four, two adult and two juvenile, orang utans out of a cohort of 26 in the Singapore Zoological Gardens. Methods Of the four orang utans that underwent post-mortem examination, virus isolation was performed from the tissue homogenates of the heart and lung obtained from the two juvenile orang utans in Vero cell cultures. The tissue culture fluid was examined using electron microscopy. Reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction with Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV)-specific primers targeting the gene regions of VP3/VP1 and 3D polymerase (3Dpol) confirmed the virus genus and species. The two EMCV isolates were sequenced and phylogenetic analyses of the virus genes performed. Serological testing on other animal species in the Singapore Zoological Gardens was also conducted. Results Electron microscopy of the two EMCV isolates, designated Sing-M100-02 and Sing-M105-02, revealed spherical viral particles of about 20 to 30 nm, consistent with the size and morphology of members belonging to the family Picornaviridae. In addition, infected-Vero cells showed positive immunoflorescence staining with antiserum to EMCV. Sequencing of the viral genome showed that the two EMCV isolates were 99.9% identical at the nucleotide level, indicating a similar source of origin. When compared with existing EMCV sequences in the VP1 and 3Dpol gene regions, the nucleotide divergence were at a maximum of 38.8% and 23.6% respectively, while the amino acid divergence were at a maximum of 33.9% and 11.3% respectively. Phylogenetic analyses of VP1 and 3Dpol genes further grouped the Sing-M100-02 and Sing-M105-02 isolates to themselves, away from existing EMCV lineages. This strongly suggested that Sing-M100-02 and Sing-M105-02 isolates are highly divergent variants of EMCV. Apart from the two deceased orang utans, a serological survey conducted among other zoo animals showed that a number of other animal species had neutralizing antibodies to Sing-M105-02 isolate, indicating that the EMCV variant has a relatively wide host range. Conclusions The etiological agent responsible for the fatal myocarditis cases among two of the four orang utans in the Singapore Zoological Gardens was a highly divergent variant of EMCV. This is the first report of an EMCV infection in Singapore and South East Asia.
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Characterizing the picornavirus landscape among synanthropic nonhuman primates in Bangladesh, 2007 to 2008. J Virol 2012; 87:558-71. [PMID: 23097448 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00837-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The term synanthropic describes organisms that thrive in human-altered habitats. Where synanthropic nonhuman primates (NHP) share an ecological niche with humans, cross-species transmission of infectious agents can occur. In Bangladesh, synanthropic NHP are found in villages, densely populated cities, religious sites, and protected forest areas. NHP are also kept as performing monkeys and pets. To investigate possible transmission of enteric picornaviruses between humans and NHP, we collected fecal specimens from five NHP taxa at16 locations in Bangladesh during five field sessions, from January 2007 to June 2008. Specimens were screened using real-time PCR assays for the genera Enterovirus, Parechovirus, and Sapelovirus; PCR-positive samples were typed by VP1 sequencing. To compare picornavirus diversity between humans and NHP, the same assays were applied to 211 human stool specimens collected in Bangladesh in 2007 to 2008 for acute flaccid paralysis surveillance. Picornaviruses were detected in 78 of 677 (11.5%) NHP fecal samples. Twenty distinct human enterovirus (EV) serotypes, two bovine EV types, six human parechovirus serotypes, and one virus related to Ljungan virus were identified. Twenty-five additional enteroviruses and eight parechoviruses could not be typed. Comparison of the picornavirus serotypes detected in NHP specimens with those detected in human specimens revealed considerable overlap. Strikingly, no known simian enteroviruses were detected among these NHP populations. In conclusion, enteroviruses and parechoviruses may be transmitted between humans and synanthropic NHP in Bangladesh, but the directionality of transmission is unknown. These findings may have important implications for the health of both human and NHP populations.
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Nielsen SCA, Mourier T, Baandrup U, Søland TM, Bertelsen MF, Gilbert MTP, Nielsen LP. Probable transmission of coxsackie B3 virus from human to chimpanzee, Denmark. Emerg Infect Dis 2012; 18:1163-5. [PMID: 22709557 PMCID: PMC3376799 DOI: 10.3201/eid1807.111689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2010, a chimpanzee died at Copenhagen Zoo following an outbreak of respiratory disease among chimpanzees in the zoo. Identification of coxsackie B3 virus, a common human pathogen, as the causative agent, and its severe manifestation, raise questions about pathogenicity and transmissibility among humans and other primates.
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Han T, Zhao K, Wu C, Lu H, Song D, He W, Gao F. Viral kinetics are associated with changes in cytokines and chemokines in serum and target organs of SSM-CVB3-infected macaques. Exp Mol Pathol 2012; 94:174-81. [PMID: 22771307 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2012.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the relationship between viral kinetics and the expression patterns for different cytokines and chemokines in the serum and organs of coxsackievirus B3 (SSM-CVB3)-infected macaques over the course of infection. METHODS SSM-CVB3 levels in serum and organs were measured using the Spearman-Karber 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID(50)) method. Cytokine and chemokine levels in the serum and organs were measured by indirect-ELISA. RESULTS Low viral titers were detected in the serum samples on the first day post-inoculation (p.i.) and peaked at 6 to 10 days p.i. in the serum samples from five macaques. Serum levels of IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-12p40, IL-17α, IFN-γ, TNF-α, MCP-1 and MIP-1β were detected each day and, similar to the viral titers, peaked at 6 to 10 days. IL-10 was only detected on days 10 to 14 p.i. Additionally, higher viral titers and relative viral mRNA levels were associated with higher cytokine and chemokine levels in selected tissues from infected macaques including heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney and brain. CONCLUSION The results indicate that patterns of cytokine and chemokine response are associated with viral kinetics in the serum and target organs of SSM-CVB3-infected macaques, suggesting that the changes in cytokines and chemokines could help further our understanding of the progress of CVB3 infections in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiesuo Han
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
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Experimental SSM-CVB3 infection in macaques. Exp Mol Pathol 2011; 92:131-9. [PMID: 22079478 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2011.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Revised: 10/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the pathogenicity of SSM-CVB3 in a macaque model. METHODS The clinical symptoms of macaques were recorded; hematological, biochemical and histopathological evaluations were completed; viral titers and neutralization titers (NT-titers) in sera were tested; and the mRNA levels of SSM-CVB3, coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) and decay accelerating factor (DAF) were determined. RESULTS After SSM-CVB3 infection, the macaques showed a lack of activity, a poor appetite, a higher body temperature, and severe diarrhea. The macaques also developed hematuria and albuminuria at 4 to 10 days post-inoculation. Virus titers (5.1-6.5 LogTCID(50)/mL) were higher at 6 to 10 days post-inoculation, and NT-titers (6.5-7.3 Log2) reached plateaus at 8 to 14 days post-inoculation. The infected macaques developed serious anemia with decreased RBC and WBC, but the percentages of LYM were increased. The levels of CK, CK-MB, AST and ALT in the sera were 84-169 U/L, 87.6-271.1 U/L, 43-87 U/L and 43-82 U/L, respectively, and all of those were higher than normal. Histological analysis showed obvious cardiac, hepatic and renal damages in the infected macaques and the mRNA contents of SSM-CVB3, CAR and DAF in the heart, liver and kidneys of infected macaques were higher (P<0.05). CONCLUSION This was the first report on experimental SSM-CVB3 infections in macaques with serious hepatic and renal damage, except for myocarditis. The information obtained from this study suggests that the SSM-CVB3 strain and this macaque model could be used for studying CVB3-induced cardiac, hepatic or renal diseases.
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Successful transabdominal subxiphoid pericardiostomy to relieve chronic pericardial effusion in a Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelli). J Zoo Wildl Med 2009; 40:564-7. [PMID: 19746874 DOI: 10.1638/2008-0093.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A 46-yr-old female Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelli) was first diagnosed with pericardial effusion in July 2006. Pericardiocentesis performed in January 2007 only provided short-term relief. In May 2007, a pericardial-peritoneal window was created using a transabdominal subxiphoid pericardiostomy technique, providing immediate and long-term relief. Seven months later, the orangutan was euthanized due to worsening heart failure, and no pericardial effusion was present. Transabdominal subxiphoid pericardiostomy offers a straightforward surgical approach that can provide significant relief in cases of chronic pericardial effusion in great apes.
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He W, Lu H, Song D, Zhao K, Gai X, Wang X, Chen Q, Gao F. The evidence of Coxsackievirus B3 induced myocarditis as the cause of death in a Sichuan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana). J Med Primatol 2009; 38:192-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2008.00336.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Abstract
We report the first probable identification of encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) in a bonobo (Pan paniscus) that had been part of a forest re-introduction programme. Clinical presentation was of episodic acute on chronic heart failure and cerebral infarction with end-stage renal failure rather than sudden death which is more commonly associated with EMCV infection. A postmortem diagnosis of probable EMCV was made using gross pathological and histopathological examination. Findings included acute on chronic heart failure combined with the unusual but characteristic histopathological features of non-suppurative necrotizing myocarditis with mononuclear, inflammatory infiltration of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Jones
- SMUR, l'Hôpital Robert Debré, 48 Boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France.
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Ku BK, Kim SB, Moon OK, Lee SJ, Lee JH, Lyoo YS, Kim HJ, Sur JH. Role of Apoptosis in the Pathogenesis of Asian and South American Foot-and-Mouth Disease Viruses in Swine. J Vet Med Sci 2005; 67:1081-8. [PMID: 16327217 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.67.1081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we performed experiments to evaluate the extend of the process of apoptotic cell death by foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). Apoptosis can also occur in some virus-infected cells, and ability of viruses to either inhibit or promote apoptosis may influence the pathologic outcome of infection. In this study, to determine if apoptosis plays a role in the outcome of FMDV infection in swine, we evaluated apoptosis in diseased tissues collected from pigs inoculated with two different stains of FMDV (O1 Campos and O Taiwan). And host cell DNA fragmentation in diseased tissue from animals which were infected with either virus was evaluated by occurrence of a laddering pattern characteristic of apoptosis. Infection of cultured keratinocytes from swine tongue failed to demonstrate apoptosis in the first few hours of infection, suggesting that cell-to-cell correlation between viral antigen and apoptotic changes, e.g. cytokine secretions by immune system cells, could be critical to initiating apoptosis. Consistent with this finding, we were able to detect the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha in diseased tissues. A clear difference in the pathogenicity of the two different FMDV isolates to pigs was not demonstrated in our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bok-Kyung Ku
- National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Busan, and Gyeongsang National University, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Jinju, Korea
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Kang
- Cardiovascular Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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