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de Mello LS, Ribeiro PR, de Almeida BA, Bandinelli MB, Sonne L, Driemeier D, Pavarini SP. Diseases associated with feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus infection: A retrospective study of 1470 necropsied cats (2010-2020). Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 95:101963. [PMID: 36858000 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2023.101963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) are retroviruses affecting cats worldwide, and the prevalence of infection varies considerably according to the geographic area. We retrospectively described FIV- and FeLV-associated diseases in a population of 1470 necropsied cats, of which 396 (26.9%) were infected with FeLV, 199 (13.5%) with FIV, and 134 (9.1%) with FeLV and FIV concomitantly. Cats infected with FeLV (OR 3.4) and co-infected with FeLV and FIV (OR 1.9) were more likely to have neoplasms. The diagnosis of lymphoma and leukemia was higher in cats infected with FeLV (OR 3.9 and 19.4, respectively) and coinfected with FeLV and FIV (OR 1.9 and 19.3, respectively). The odds of diagnosing bacterial diseases were higher in cats coinfected with FeLV and FIV (OR: 2.8), whereas the odds of viral diseases were higher in those infected with FeLV (OR: 2.8), with 2.2 times more diagnoses of feline infectious peritonitis. Neoplastic and infectious diseases in FIV-infected cats did not differ significantly from those in uninfected cats. According to our results, a high prevalence of retroviral infections was observed in southern Brazil, mainly in relation to FeLV. Infected cats were significantly younger than uninfected cats. The main causes of death associated with FeLV infection and FeLV and FIV coinfection were neoplastic and infectious diseases. In contrast, FIV infection was not associated with any specific condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Santos de Mello
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 9090 Av. Bento Gonçalves, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil.
| | - Paula Reis Ribeiro
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 9090 Av. Bento Gonçalves, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil.
| | - Bruno Albuquerque de Almeida
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 9090 Av. Bento Gonçalves, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil.
| | - Marcele Bettim Bandinelli
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 9090 Av. Bento Gonçalves, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil.
| | - Luciana Sonne
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 9090 Av. Bento Gonçalves, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil.
| | - David Driemeier
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 9090 Av. Bento Gonçalves, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil.
| | - Saulo Petinatti Pavarini
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 9090 Av. Bento Gonçalves, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil.
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Filoni C, Helfer-Hungerbuehler AK, Catão-Dias JL, Marques MC, Torres LN, Reinacher M, Hofmann-Lehmann R. Putative progressive and abortive feline leukemia virus infection outcomes in captive jaguarundis (Puma yagouaroundi). Virol J 2017; 14:226. [PMID: 29149857 PMCID: PMC5693524 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0889-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) is an exogenous gammaretrovirus of domestic cats (Felis catus) and some wild felids. The outcomes of FeLV infection in domestic cats vary according to host susceptibility, virus strain, and infectious challenge dose. Jaguarundis (Puma yagouaroundi) are small wild felids from South and Central America. We previously reported on FeLV infections in jaguarundis. We hypothesized here that the outcomes of FeLV infection in P. yagouaroundi mimic those observed in domestic cats. The aim of this study was to investigate the population of jaguarundis at Fundação Parque Zoológico de São Paulo for natural FeLV infection and resulting outcomes. METHODS We investigated the jaguarundis using serological and molecular methods and monitored them for FeLV-related diseases for 5 years. We retrieved relevant biological and clinical information for the entire population of 23 jaguarundis held at zoo. Post-mortem findings from necropsies were recorded and histopathological and immunohistopathological analyses were performed. Sequencing and phylogenetic analyses were performed for FeLV-positive samples. For sample prevalence, 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Fisher's exact test was used to compare frequencies between infected and uninfected animals. P-values <0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS In total, we detected evidence of FeLV exposure in four out of 23 animals (17%; 95% CI 5-39%). No endogenous FeLV (enFeLV) sequences were detected. An intestinal B-cell lymphoma in one jaguarundi was not associated with FeLV. Two jaguarundis presented FeLV test results consistent with an abortive FeLV infection with seroconversion, and two other jaguarundis had results consistent with a progressive infection and potentially FeLV-associated clinical disorders and post-mortem changes. Phylogenetic analysis of env revealed the presence of FeLV-A, a common origin of the virus in both animals (100% identity) and the closest similarity to FeLV-FAIDS and FeLV-3281 (98.4% identity), originally isolated from cats in the USA. CONCLUSIONS We found evidence of progressive and abortive FeLV infection outcomes in jaguarundis, and domestic cats were probably the source of infection in these jaguarundis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Filoni
- Institute of Biosciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Campus Botucatu, Rua Professor Doutor Antonio Celso Wagner Zanin SN, Botucatu, São Paulo, 18618-689, Brazil.
| | - A Katrin Helfer-Hungerbuehler
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Clinical Laboratory and Center for Clinical Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - José Luiz Catão-Dias
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo, 05508-270, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mara Cristina Marques
- Fundação Parque Zoológico de São Paulo (FPZSP), Av. Miguel Stéfano 4241, São Paulo, São Paulo, 04301-905, Brazil
| | - Luciana Neves Torres
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Veterinary Hospital (HOVET), University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo, 05508-270, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Manfred Reinacher
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 96, Giessen, 35392, Germany
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Clinical Laboratory and Center for Clinical Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
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Lempp C, Jungwirth N, Grilo ML, Reckendorf A, Ulrich A, van Neer A, Bodewes R, Pfankuche VM, Bauer C, Osterhaus ADME, Baumgärtner W, Siebert U. Pathological findings in the red fox (Vulpes vulpes), stone marten (Martes foina) and raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides), with special emphasis on infectious and zoonotic agents in Northern Germany. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175469. [PMID: 28399176 PMCID: PMC5388480 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic landscape changes contributed to the reduction of availability of habitats to wild animals. Hence, the presence of wild terrestrial carnivores in urban and peri-urban sites has increased considerably over the years implying an increased risk of interspecies spillover of infectious diseases and the transmission of zoonoses. The present study provides a detailed characterisation of the health status of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes), stone marten (Martes foina) and raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) in their natural rural and peri-urban habitats in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany between November 2013 and January 2016 with focus on zoonoses and infectious diseases that are potentially threatening to other wildlife or domestic animal species. 79 red foxes, 17 stone martens and 10 raccoon dogs were collected from traps or hunts. In order to detect morphological changes and potential infectious diseases, necropsy and pathohistological work-up was performed. Additionally, in selected animals immunohistochemistry (influenza A virus, parvovirus, feline leukemia virus, Borna disease virus, tick-borne encephalitis, canine adenovirus, Neospora caninum, Toxoplasma gondii and Listeria monocytogenes), next-generation sequencing, polymerase chain reaction (fox circovirus) and serum-neutralisation analysis (canine distemper virus) were performed. Furthermore, all animals were screened for fox rabies virus (immunofluorescence), canine distemper virus (immunohistochemistry) and Aujeszky's disease (virus cultivation). The most important findings included encephalitis (n = 16) and pneumonia (n = 20). None of the investigations revealed a specific cause for the observed morphological alterations except for one animal with an elevated serum titer of 1:160 for canine distemper. Animals displayed macroscopically and/or histopathologically detectable infections with parasites, including Taenia sp., Toxocara sp. and Alaria alata. In summary, wildlife predators carry zoonotic parasitic disease and suffer from inflammatory diseases of yet unknown etiology, possibly bearing infectious potential for other animal species and humans. This study highlights the value of monitoring terrestrial wildlife following the "One Health" notion, to estimate the incidence and the possible spread of zoonotic pathogens and to avoid animal to animal spillover as well as transmission to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Lempp
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Nicole Jungwirth
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Miguel L. Grilo
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Büsum, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
| | - Anja Reckendorf
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Büsum, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
| | - Arlena Ulrich
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Büsum, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
| | - Abbo van Neer
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Büsum, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
| | - Rogier Bodewes
- Department of Viroscience, The Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vanessa M. Pfankuche
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian Bauer
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Albert D. M. E. Osterhaus
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ursula Siebert
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Büsum, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
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Kaye S, Wang W, Miller C, McLuckie A, Beatty JA, Grant CK, VandeWoude S, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H. Role of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus in Lymphomagenesis--Going Alone or Colluding? ILAR J 2017; 57:24-33. [PMID: 27034392 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilv047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a naturally occurring lentivirus of domestic and nondomestic feline species. Infection in domestic cats leads to immune dysfunction via mechanisms similar to those caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and, as such, is a valuable natural animal model for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in humans. An association between FIV and an increased incidence of neoplasia has long been recognized, with frequencies of up to 20% in FIV-positive cats recorded in some studies. This is similar to the rate of neoplasia seen in HIV-positive individuals, and in both species neoplasia typically requires several years to arise. The most frequently reported type of neoplasia associated with FIV infection is lymphoma. Here we review the possible mechanisms involved in FIV lymphomagenesis, including the possible involvement of coinfections, notably those with gamma-herpesviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Kaye
- Sarah Kaye, BVSc, is a small animal clinician with the Animal Welfare League Qld Inc. in The Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. Wenqi Wang, BVSc, PhD, is a postdoctoral fellow affiliated with the School of Veterinary Science at University of Queensland at Gatton in Australia. Craig Miller, DVM, is a postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University in FortCollins, Colorado. Alicia McLuckie, BVSc, is a PhD candidate in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia, Julia A. Beatty, BSc, BVetMed, PhD, FANZCVs (feline med), is a professor in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia. Chris K. Grant, PhD, DSc, is founder and CEO of Custom Monoclonals International Corp. in West Sacramento, California. Sue VandeWoude, DVM, MS, DACLAM, is a professor in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University and Associate Dean for Research in the College of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado. Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann, DVM, PhD, is a senior lecturer in the School of Veterinary Science at the University of Queensland at Gatton, an affiliate senior lecturer in the School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences at the University of Queensland at St. Lucia, and an investigator at the Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre at the University of Queensland in St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Wenqi Wang
- Sarah Kaye, BVSc, is a small animal clinician with the Animal Welfare League Qld Inc. in The Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. Wenqi Wang, BVSc, PhD, is a postdoctoral fellow affiliated with the School of Veterinary Science at University of Queensland at Gatton in Australia. Craig Miller, DVM, is a postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University in FortCollins, Colorado. Alicia McLuckie, BVSc, is a PhD candidate in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia, Julia A. Beatty, BSc, BVetMed, PhD, FANZCVs (feline med), is a professor in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia. Chris K. Grant, PhD, DSc, is founder and CEO of Custom Monoclonals International Corp. in West Sacramento, California. Sue VandeWoude, DVM, MS, DACLAM, is a professor in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University and Associate Dean for Research in the College of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado. Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann, DVM, PhD, is a senior lecturer in the School of Veterinary Science at the University of Queensland at Gatton, an affiliate senior lecturer in the School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences at the University of Queensland at St. Lucia, and an investigator at the Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre at the University of Queensland in St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Craig Miller
- Sarah Kaye, BVSc, is a small animal clinician with the Animal Welfare League Qld Inc. in The Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. Wenqi Wang, BVSc, PhD, is a postdoctoral fellow affiliated with the School of Veterinary Science at University of Queensland at Gatton in Australia. Craig Miller, DVM, is a postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University in FortCollins, Colorado. Alicia McLuckie, BVSc, is a PhD candidate in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia, Julia A. Beatty, BSc, BVetMed, PhD, FANZCVs (feline med), is a professor in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia. Chris K. Grant, PhD, DSc, is founder and CEO of Custom Monoclonals International Corp. in West Sacramento, California. Sue VandeWoude, DVM, MS, DACLAM, is a professor in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University and Associate Dean for Research in the College of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado. Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann, DVM, PhD, is a senior lecturer in the School of Veterinary Science at the University of Queensland at Gatton, an affiliate senior lecturer in the School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences at the University of Queensland at St. Lucia, and an investigator at the Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre at the University of Queensland in St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Alicia McLuckie
- Sarah Kaye, BVSc, is a small animal clinician with the Animal Welfare League Qld Inc. in The Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. Wenqi Wang, BVSc, PhD, is a postdoctoral fellow affiliated with the School of Veterinary Science at University of Queensland at Gatton in Australia. Craig Miller, DVM, is a postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University in FortCollins, Colorado. Alicia McLuckie, BVSc, is a PhD candidate in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia, Julia A. Beatty, BSc, BVetMed, PhD, FANZCVs (feline med), is a professor in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia. Chris K. Grant, PhD, DSc, is founder and CEO of Custom Monoclonals International Corp. in West Sacramento, California. Sue VandeWoude, DVM, MS, DACLAM, is a professor in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University and Associate Dean for Research in the College of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado. Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann, DVM, PhD, is a senior lecturer in the School of Veterinary Science at the University of Queensland at Gatton, an affiliate senior lecturer in the School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences at the University of Queensland at St. Lucia, and an investigator at the Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre at the University of Queensland in St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Julia A Beatty
- Sarah Kaye, BVSc, is a small animal clinician with the Animal Welfare League Qld Inc. in The Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. Wenqi Wang, BVSc, PhD, is a postdoctoral fellow affiliated with the School of Veterinary Science at University of Queensland at Gatton in Australia. Craig Miller, DVM, is a postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University in FortCollins, Colorado. Alicia McLuckie, BVSc, is a PhD candidate in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia, Julia A. Beatty, BSc, BVetMed, PhD, FANZCVs (feline med), is a professor in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia. Chris K. Grant, PhD, DSc, is founder and CEO of Custom Monoclonals International Corp. in West Sacramento, California. Sue VandeWoude, DVM, MS, DACLAM, is a professor in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University and Associate Dean for Research in the College of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado. Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann, DVM, PhD, is a senior lecturer in the School of Veterinary Science at the University of Queensland at Gatton, an affiliate senior lecturer in the School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences at the University of Queensland at St. Lucia, and an investigator at the Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre at the University of Queensland in St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Chris K Grant
- Sarah Kaye, BVSc, is a small animal clinician with the Animal Welfare League Qld Inc. in The Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. Wenqi Wang, BVSc, PhD, is a postdoctoral fellow affiliated with the School of Veterinary Science at University of Queensland at Gatton in Australia. Craig Miller, DVM, is a postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University in FortCollins, Colorado. Alicia McLuckie, BVSc, is a PhD candidate in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia, Julia A. Beatty, BSc, BVetMed, PhD, FANZCVs (feline med), is a professor in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia. Chris K. Grant, PhD, DSc, is founder and CEO of Custom Monoclonals International Corp. in West Sacramento, California. Sue VandeWoude, DVM, MS, DACLAM, is a professor in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University and Associate Dean for Research in the College of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado. Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann, DVM, PhD, is a senior lecturer in the School of Veterinary Science at the University of Queensland at Gatton, an affiliate senior lecturer in the School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences at the University of Queensland at St. Lucia, and an investigator at the Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre at the University of Queensland in St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Sue VandeWoude
- Sarah Kaye, BVSc, is a small animal clinician with the Animal Welfare League Qld Inc. in The Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. Wenqi Wang, BVSc, PhD, is a postdoctoral fellow affiliated with the School of Veterinary Science at University of Queensland at Gatton in Australia. Craig Miller, DVM, is a postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University in FortCollins, Colorado. Alicia McLuckie, BVSc, is a PhD candidate in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia, Julia A. Beatty, BSc, BVetMed, PhD, FANZCVs (feline med), is a professor in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia. Chris K. Grant, PhD, DSc, is founder and CEO of Custom Monoclonals International Corp. in West Sacramento, California. Sue VandeWoude, DVM, MS, DACLAM, is a professor in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University and Associate Dean for Research in the College of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado. Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann, DVM, PhD, is a senior lecturer in the School of Veterinary Science at the University of Queensland at Gatton, an affiliate senior lecturer in the School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences at the University of Queensland at St. Lucia, and an investigator at the Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre at the University of Queensland in St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann
- Sarah Kaye, BVSc, is a small animal clinician with the Animal Welfare League Qld Inc. in The Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. Wenqi Wang, BVSc, PhD, is a postdoctoral fellow affiliated with the School of Veterinary Science at University of Queensland at Gatton in Australia. Craig Miller, DVM, is a postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University in FortCollins, Colorado. Alicia McLuckie, BVSc, is a PhD candidate in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia, Julia A. Beatty, BSc, BVetMed, PhD, FANZCVs (feline med), is a professor in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia. Chris K. Grant, PhD, DSc, is founder and CEO of Custom Monoclonals International Corp. in West Sacramento, California. Sue VandeWoude, DVM, MS, DACLAM, is a professor in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University and Associate Dean for Research in the College of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado. Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann, DVM, PhD, is a senior lecturer in the School of Veterinary Science at the University of Queensland at Gatton, an affiliate senior lecturer in the School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences at the University of Queensland at St. Lucia, and an investigator at the Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre at the University of Queensland in St. Lucia, Australia
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Roccabianca P, Avallone G, Rodriguez A, Crippa L, Lepri E, Giudice C, Caniatti M, Moore PF, Affolter VK. Cutaneous Lymphoma at Injection Sites. Vet Pathol 2016; 53:823-32. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985815623620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Feline primary cutaneous lymphomas (FPCLs) account for 0.2% to 3% of all lymphomas in cats and are more frequently dermal nonepitheliotropic small T-cell tumors. Emergence of FPCL seems unrelated to feline leukemia virus (FeLV) serological positivity or to skin inflammation. A total of 17 cutaneous lymphomas with a history of vaccine injection at the site of tumor development were selected from 47 FPCLs. Clinical presentation, histology, immunophenotype, FeLV p27 and gp70 expression, and clonality were assessed. A majority of male (12/17), domestic short-haired (13/17) cats with a mean age of 11.3 years was reported. Postinjection time of development ranged from 15 days to approximately 9 years in 5 cats. At diagnosis, 11 of 17 cats had no evidence of internal disease. Lymphomas developed in interscapular (8/17), thoracic (8/17), and flank (1/17) cutaneous regions; lacked epitheliotropism; and were characterized by necrosis (16/17), angiocentricity (13/17), angioinvasion (9/17), angiodestruction (8/17), and peripheral inflammation composed of lymphoid aggregates (14/17). FeLV gp70 and/or p27 proteins were expressed in 10 of 17 tumors. By means of World Health Organization classification, immunophenotype, and clonality, the lesions were categorized as large B-cell lymphoma (11/17), anaplastic large T-cell lymphoma (3/17), natural killer cell–like (1/17) lymphoma, or peripheral T-cell lymphoma (1/17). Lineage remained uncertain in 1 case. Cutaneous lymphomas at injection sites (CLIS) shared some clinical and pathological features with feline injection site sarcomas and with lymphomas developing in the setting of subacute to chronic inflammation reported in human beings. Persistent inflammation induced by the injection and by reactivation of FeLV expression may have contributed to emergence of CLIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Roccabianca
- DIVET: Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie e Sanità Pubblica, University of Milano, Italy
| | - G. Avallone
- DIMEVET: Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, University of Bologna, Italy
| | | | - L. Crippa
- ISTOVET, via W. Tobagi, 15-20842 Besana in Brianza (MB), Italy
| | - E. Lepri
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - C. Giudice
- DIVET: Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie e Sanità Pubblica, University of Milano, Italy
| | - M. Caniatti
- DIVET: Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie e Sanità Pubblica, University of Milano, Italy
| | - P. F. Moore
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - V. K. Affolter
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
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Abstract
Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) are retroviruses with global impact on the health of domestic cats. The two viruses differ in their potential to cause disease. FeLV is more pathogenic, and was long considered to be responsible for more clinical syndromes than any other agent in cats. FeLV can cause tumors (mainly lymphoma), bone marrow suppression syndromes (mainly anemia), and lead to secondary infectious diseases caused by suppressive effects of the virus on bone marrow and the immune system. Today, FeLV is less commonly diagnosed than in the previous 20 years; prevalence has been decreasing in most countries. However, FeLV importance may be underestimated as it has been shown that regressively infected cats (that are negative in routinely used FeLV tests) also can develop clinical signs. FIV can cause an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome that increases the risk of opportunistic infections, neurological diseases, and tumors. In most naturally infected cats, however, FIV itself does not cause severe clinical signs, and FIV-infected cats may live many years without any health problems. This article provides a review of clinical syndromes in progressively and regressively FeLV-infected cats as well as in FIV-infected cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Hartmann
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, LMU University of Munich, Germany, Veterinaerstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany.
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Hartmann K. Clinical aspects of feline immunodeficiency and feline leukemia virus infection. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 143:190-201. [PMID: 21807418 PMCID: PMC7132395 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) are retroviruses with a global impact on the health of domestic cats. The two viruses differ in their potential to cause disease. FIV can cause an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome that increases the risk of developing opportunistic infections, neurological diseases, and tumors. In most naturally infected cats, however, FIV itself does not cause severe clinical signs, and FIV-infected cats may live many years without any health problems. FeLV is more pathogenic, and was long considered to be responsible for more clinical syndromes than any other agent in cats. FeLV can cause tumors (mainly lymphoma), bone marrow suppression syndromes (mainly anemia) and lead to secondary infectious diseases caused by suppressive effects of the virus on bone marrow and the immune system. Today, FeLV is less important as a deadly infectious agent as in the last 20 years prevalence has been decreasing in most countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University of Munich, Veterinaerstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany.
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8
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Stützer B, Simon K, Lutz H, Majzoub M, Hermanns W, Hirschberger J, Sauter-Louis C, Hartmann K. Incidence of persistent viraemia and latent feline leukaemia virus infection in cats with lymphoma. J Feline Med Surg 2011; 13:81-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2010.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Revised: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In the past, feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) infection, and also latent FeLV infection, were commonly associated with lymphoma and leukaemia. In this study, the prevalence of FeLV provirus in tumour tissue and bone marrow in FeLV antigen-negative cats with these tumours was assessed. Seventy-seven diseased cats were surveyed (61 antigen-negative, 16 antigen-positive). Blood, bone marrow, and tumour samples were investigated by two polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays detecting deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequences of the long terminal repeats ( LTR) and the envelope ( env) region of the FeLV genome. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed in bone marrow and tumour tissue. None of the antigen-negative cats with lymphoma was detectably infected with latent FeLV. The prevalence of FeLV viraemia in cats with lymphoma was 20.8%. This suggests that causes other than FeLV play a role in tumourgenesis, and that latent FeLV infection is unlikely to be responsible for most feline lymphomas and leukaemias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Stützer
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University of Munich, Veterinaerstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Karin Simon
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University of Munich, Veterinaerstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Hans Lutz
- Clinical Laboratory, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Monir Majzoub
- Institute for Veterinary Pathology, LMU University of Munich, Veterinaerstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Walter Hermanns
- Institute for Veterinary Pathology, LMU University of Munich, Veterinaerstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Hirschberger
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University of Munich, Veterinaerstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Carola Sauter-Louis
- Clinic for Ruminants, LMU University of Munich, Sonnenstrasse 16, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University of Munich, Veterinaerstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Sykes
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, University of California-Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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10
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Leukoencephalopathy associated with parvovirus infection in Cretan hound puppies. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 48:3169-75. [PMID: 20592142 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01582-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukoencephalopathies in dogs encompass presumably inherited conditions such as leukodystrophies, hypomyelination or spongiform degeneration, but other causes, such as virus infections and toxic or nutritional factors, might also play a contributory role. In this report, we provide evidence of parvovirus infection and replication in the brains of five 6-week-old Cretan hound puppies suffering from a puppy shaker syndrome and leukoencephalopathy. Although these puppies belonged to two different litters, they were closely related, tracing back two generations to the same sire. Histologically, a mild to moderate lymphohistiocytic meningitis, with focal lymphohistiocytic leukoencephalitis in two animals, and a mild to moderate vacuolation with myelin loss, mainly in the white matter of the cerebellum was detected. Vacuolation was also found in the corpus callosum, fimbria hippocampi, mesencephalon, capsula interna, basal ganglia, and hypothalamus. By immunohistology and in situ hybridization, either parvoviral antigen, DNA, mRNA, or replicative intermediate DNA were detected in the cerebellum, hippocampus, periventricular areas, corpus callosum, cerebral cortex, medulla oblongata, and spinal cord. Parvovirus antigen, DNA, and mRNA were present in cells of the outer granular layer of the cerebellum and in periventricular cells, most likely representing spongioblasts, glial cells, neurons, endothelial cells, occasional macrophages, and ependymal cells. Sequencing revealed canine parvovirus type 2 stretches. Thus, an association of parvovirus infection with the leukoencephalopathy seems likely, possibly facilitated by a genetic predisposition due to the mode of inbreeding in this particular dog breed.
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Helfer-Hungerbuehler AK, Cattori V, Boretti FS, Ossent P, Grest P, Reinacher M, Henrich M, Bauer E, Bauer-Pham K, Niederer E, Holznagel E, Lutz H, Hofmann-Lehmann R. Dominance of highly divergent feline leukemia virus A progeny variants in a cat with recurrent viremia and fatal lymphoma. Retrovirology 2010; 7:14. [PMID: 20167134 PMCID: PMC2837606 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-7-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2009] [Accepted: 02/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In a cat that had ostensibly recovered from feline leukemia virus (FeLV) infection, we observed the reappearance of the virus and the development of fatal lymphoma 8.5 years after the initial experimental exposure to FeLV-A/Glasgow-1. The goals of the present study were to investigate this FeLV reoccurrence and molecularly characterize the progeny viruses. Results The FeLV reoccurrence was detected by the presence of FeLV antigen and RNA in the blood and saliva. The cat was feline immunodeficiency virus positive and showed CD4+ T-cell depletion, severe leukopenia, anemia and a multicentric monoclonal B-cell lymphoma. FeLV-A, but not -B or -C, was detectable. Sequencing of the envelope gene revealed three FeLV variants that were highly divergent from the virus that was originally inoculated (89-91% identity to FeLV-A/Glasgow-1). In the long terminal repeat 31 point mutations, some previously described in cats with lymphomas, were detected. The FeLV variant tissue provirus and viral RNA loads were significantly higher than the FeLV-A/Glasgow-1 loads. Moreover, the variant loads were significantly higher in lymphoma positive compared to lymphoma negative tissues. An increase in the variant provirus blood load was observed at the time of FeLV reoccurrence. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that ostensibly recovered FeLV provirus-positive cats may act as a source of infection following FeLV reactivation. The virus variants that had largely replaced the inoculation strain had unusually heavily mutated envelopes. The mutations may have led to increased viral fitness and/or changed the mutagenic characteristics of the virus.
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13
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Schwab S, Herden C, Seeliger F, Papaioannou N, Psalla D, Polizopulou Z, Baumgärtner W. Non-suppurative meningoencephalitis of unknown origin in cats and dogs: an immunohistochemical study. J Comp Pathol 2007; 136:96-110. [PMID: 17275833 PMCID: PMC7126569 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2006.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2005] [Accepted: 11/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Non-suppurative meningoencephalitis of unknown cause is a frequent finding in dogs and cats. Fifty-three dogs and 33 cats with non-suppurative meningoencephalitis of unknown aetiology were examined immunohistochemically for 18 different infectious agents, including viruses, bacteria and prion proteinSc. In 14 (26%) of the dogs and 13 (39%) of the cats a causative agent was identified in the central nervous system (CNS), two dogs and one cat giving positive results for two infectious agents simultaneously. The study revealed infections with known causative agents (porcine herpes virus 1, feline infectious peritonitis virus, Escherichia coli) and a new disease pattern of parvovirus infection in the CNS of dogs and cats. Infection of the CNS with feline leukaemia virus was found in a cat. Five dogs and four cats gave positive results for West Nile virus (WNV) antigen. In one dog, canine parainfluenza virus antigen was detected in the brain. Four dogs and four cats gave positive results for encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV). The significance of the detection of WNV and EMCV antigen requires further study. The aetiology remained undetermined in 39 dogs (74%) and 20 cats (61%). Although it is possible that non-infectious causes play a more important role than previously thought, infections with hitherto unrecognized agents cannot be ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C. Herden
- Correspondence to: C. Herden, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | | | - N. Papaioannou
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Veterinary Pathology
| | | | - Z. Polizopulou
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Favrot C, Wilhelm S, Grest P, Meli ML, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Kipar A. Two cases of FeLV-associated dermatoses. Vet Dermatol 2006; 16:407-12. [PMID: 16359309 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2005.00480.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Two cases of feline leukaemia virus (FeLV)-associated dermatosis are described. The first cat was affected by an ulcerative dermatitis identified as a giant-cell dermatosis. The second case was a cutaneous lymphoma. In both cases, FeLV antigens and FeLV genome were demonstrated in the affected skin immunologically and with polymerase chain reaction, respectively. The first case suggests that, like other retroviruses, at least some strains of FeLV can induce syncytium formation. As FeLV antigens and genome were demonstrated in a serologically negative cat, the second case suggests that focal skin FeLV replication may occur. FeLV-associated dermatoses are rare skin conditions that may be under-diagnosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Favrot
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Dermatology Unit, Universit of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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Abstract
Viruses commonly cause gastrointestinal illnesses in dogs and cats that range in severity from mild diarrhoea to malignant neoplasia. Perpetual evolution of viruses is reflected in changing disease patterns, so that familiar viruses are sometimes discovered to cause new or unexpected diseases. For example, canine parvovirus (CPV) has regained the ability to infect felids and cause a panleucopenia-like illness. Feline panleucopenia virus (FPV) has been shown to cause fading in young kittens and has recently been implicated as a possible cause of feline idiopathic cardiomyopathy. Molecular scrutiny of viral diseases sometimes permits deeper understanding of pathogenesis and epizootiology. Feline gastrointestinal lymphomas have not, in the past, been strongly associated with retroviral infections, yet some of these tumours harbour retroviral proviruses. Feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) may play a role in lymphomagenesis, even in cats diagnosed as uninfected using conventional criteria. There is strong evidence that feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) can also be oncogenic. The variant feline coronaviruses that cause invariably-fatal feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) arise by sporadic mutation of an ubiquitous and only mildly pathogenic feline enteric coronavirus (FECV); a finding that has substantial management implications for cat breeders and veterinarians. Conversely, canine enteric coronavirus (CECV) shows considerable genetic and antigenic diversity but causes only mild, self-limiting diarrhoea in puppies. Routine vaccination against this virus is not recommended. Although parvoviruses, coronaviruses and retroviruses are the most important known viral causes of canine and feline gastrointestinal disease, other viruses play a role. Feline and canine rotaviruses have combined with human rotaviruses to produce new, reassortant, zoonotic viruses. Some companion animal rotaviruses can infect humans directly. Undoubtedly, further viral causes of canine and feline gastrointestinal disease await discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Squires
- Institute of Veterinary Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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Kipar A, Kremendahl J, Jackson ML, Reinacher M. Comparative examination of cats with feline leukemia virus-associated enteritis and other relevant forms of feline enteritis. Vet Pathol 2001; 38:359-71. [PMID: 11467470 DOI: 10.1354/vp.38-4-359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cats with feline leukemia virus (FeLV)-associated enteritis (FAE), enteritis of other known viral etiology (parvovirus [PV], enteric coronavirus [CoV]), and enteritis of unknown etiology with histologic features similar to those of FAE and PV enteritis (EUE) and FeLV-negative and FeLV-positive cats without enterocyte alterations were examined. Amount and types of infiltrating leukocytes in the jejunum and activity and cellular constituents of mesenteric lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow were determined. PV and CoV infections were confirmed by immunohistologic demonstration of PV and CoV antigen, ultrastructural demonstration of viral particles in the intestinal content, and in situ hybridization for PV genome. FeLV infection was detected by immunohistology for gp70, p27, and p15E. Latent FeLV infection was excluded by polymerase chain reaction methods for exogenous FeLV DNA. Enterocyte lesions involved the crypts in cats with PV enteritis, FAE, and EUE and the villous tips in cats with CoV enteritis. Inflammatory infiltration was generally dominated by mononuclear cells and was moderate in the unaltered intestine and in cats with PV enteritis and marked in cats with FAE, CoV enteritis, and EUE. In cats with EUE, myeloid/histiocyte antigen-positive macrophages were relatively numerous, suggesting recruitment of peripheral blood monocytes. Lymphoid tissues were depleted in cats with PV enteritis and with EUE but were normal or hyperplastic in cats with FAE. Bone marrow activity was decreased in cats with PV enteritis; in cats with FAE or EUE and in FeLV-positive cats without enterocyte alterations, activity was slightly increased. In cats with FAE and PV enteritis, a T-cell-dominated response prevailed. EUE showed some parallels to human inflammatory bowel disease, indicating a potential harmful effect of infiltrating macrophages on the intestinal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kipar
- Institut für Veterinär-Pathologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Germany.
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Kipar A, Weber M, Menger S, Harmsen D. Fatal gastrointestinal infection with 'Flexispira rappini'-like organisms in a cat. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. B, INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND VETERINARY PUBLIC HEALTH 2001; 48:357-65. [PMID: 11471846 PMCID: PMC7165930 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0450.2001.00461.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A 4-month-old male British Blue cat with catarrhal to haemorrhagic enteritis showed massive colonization of the stomach, small intestine and caecum with spiral-shaped bacilli. In the stomach, organisms were located in foveolae and gland lumina and within unaltered and degenerate epithelial cells. Inflammatory infiltration was moderate and T cell dominated. In the intestine, bacilli were found in the gut lumen, berween villi, in crypt lumina and within epithelial cells. Degeneration of crypt epithelial cells as well as crypt dilation and moderate to massive macrophage-dominated infiltration of the mucosa and submucosa were observed. Immunohistochemically, bacilli were positive with an antibody against Helicobacter. Ultrastructurally, the organisms strongly resembled 'Flexispira rappini', a spiral-shaped Helicobacter species known as a normal intestinal colonizer in dogs and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kipar
- Institut für Veterinär-Pathologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Germany
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