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Liao Y, Wang H, Liao H, Sun Y, Tan L, Song C, Qiu X, Ding C. Classification, replication, and transcription of Nidovirales. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1291761. [PMID: 38328580 PMCID: PMC10847374 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1291761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Nidovirales is one order of RNA virus, with the largest single-stranded positive sense RNA genome enwrapped with membrane envelope. It comprises four families (Arterividae, Mesoniviridae, Roniviridae, and Coronaviridae) and has been circulating in humans and animals for almost one century, posing great threat to livestock and poultry,as well as to public health. Nidovirales shares similar life cycle: attachment to cell surface, entry, primary translation of replicases, viral RNA replication in cytoplasm, translation of viral proteins, virion assembly, budding, and release. The viral RNA synthesis is the critical step during infection, including genomic RNA (gRNA) replication and subgenomic mRNAs (sg mRNAs) transcription. gRNA replication requires the synthesis of a negative sense full-length RNA intermediate, while the sg mRNAs transcription involves the synthesis of a nested set of negative sense subgenomic intermediates by a discontinuous strategy. This RNA synthesis process is mediated by the viral replication/transcription complex (RTC), which consists of several enzymatic replicases derived from the polyprotein 1a and polyprotein 1ab and several cellular proteins. These replicases and host factors represent the optimal potential therapeutic targets. Hereby, we summarize the Nidovirales classification, associated diseases, "replication organelle," replication and transcription mechanisms, as well as related regulatory factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liao
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiyu Liao
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingjie Sun
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Tan
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Cuiping Song
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xusheng Qiu
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chan Ding
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
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Ruby RE, Janes JG. Infectious Causes of Equine Placentitis and Abortion. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2023; 39:73-88. [PMID: 36737287 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A variety of infectious agents including viral, bacterial, and fungal organisms can cause equine abortion and placentitis. Knowledge of normal anatomy and the common pattern distribution of different infectious agents will assist the practitioner in evaluating the fetus and/or placenta, collecting appropriate samples for further testing, and in some cases, forming a presumptive diagnosis. In all cases, it is recommended to confirm the diagnosis with molecular, serologic, or microbiological testing. If a causative agent can be identified, then appropriate biosecurity and vaccination measures can be instituted on the farm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E Ruby
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, 1490 Bull Lea Road, Lexington, KY 40511, USA.
| | - Jennifer G Janes
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, 1490 Bull Lea Road, Lexington, KY 40511, USA
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Cantón GJ, Navarro MA, Asin J, Chu P, Henderson EE, Mete A, Uzal FA. Equine abortion and stillbirth in California: a review of 1,774 cases received at a diagnostic laboratory, 1990-2022. J Vet Diagn Invest 2023; 35:153-162. [PMID: 36744759 PMCID: PMC9999402 DOI: 10.1177/10406387231152788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reproductive failure represents an important cause of economic loss for the equine industry. We reviewed the cases of equine abortion and stillbirth submitted to the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California-Davis from 1990 to 2022. A total of 1,774 cases were reviewed. A confirmed cause of abortion was determined in 29.2% of the cases. Abortion or stillbirth was attributed to infectious agents in 18.7% of the cases, with Streptococcus spp., equine herpesvirus 1, and Leptospira spp. being the most prevalent. Noninfectious causes of abortion were established in 10.5% of the cases, with umbilical cord torsion being the most common. In 70.8% of the cases, a definitive cause of abortion could not be established. Our study demonstrated the difficulties in establishing an etiologic diagnosis, even when following a standard diagnostic work-up. New diagnostic approaches are needed to improve the likelihood of reaching a final diagnosis in cases of equine abortion and stillbirth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germán J. Cantón
- National Institute of Agricultural Technology, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Mauricio A. Navarro
- Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Javier Asin
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, San Bernardino, Laboratories, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California–Davis, CA, USA
| | - Peter Chu
- Davis, Laboratories, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California–Davis, CA, USA
| | - Eileen E. Henderson
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, San Bernardino, Laboratories, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California–Davis, CA, USA
| | - Asli Mete
- Davis, Laboratories, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California–Davis, CA, USA
| | - Francisco A. Uzal
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, San Bernardino, Laboratories, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California–Davis, CA, USA
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Mahmoud HYAH, Fouad SS, Amin YA. Review of two viral agents of economic importance to the equine industry (equine herpesvirus‐1, and equine arteritis virus). EQUINE VET EDUC 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Y. A. H. Mahmoud
- Division of Infectious Diseases Animal Medicine Department Faculty of Veterinary Medicine South Valley University Qena Egypt
| | - Samer S. Fouad
- PhD of Clinical Pathology of Veterinary Medicine Qena University Hospital South Valley University Qena Egypt
| | - Yahia A. Amin
- Department of Theriogenology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Aswan University Aswan Egypt
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Thieulent CJ, Carossino M, Balasuriya UBR, Graves K, Bailey E, Eberth J, Canisso IF, Andrews FM, Keowen ML, Go YY. Development of a TaqMan® Allelic Discrimination qPCR Assay for Rapid Detection of Equine CXCL16 Allelic Variants Associated With the Establishment of Long-Term Equine Arteritis Virus Carrier State in Stallions. Front Genet 2022; 13:871875. [PMID: 35495124 PMCID: PMC9043104 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.871875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine arteritis virus (EAV) is the causative agent of equine viral arteritis (EVA), a respiratory, systemic, and reproductive disease of equids. Following natural infection, up to 70% of the infected stallions can remain persistently infected over 1 year (long-term persistent infection [LTPI]) and shed EAV in their semen. Thus, the LTP-infected stallions play a pivotal role in maintaining and perpetuating EAV in the equine population. Previous studies identified equine C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 16 (CXCL16) as a critical host cell factor determining LTPI in the stallion’s reproductive tract. Two alleles (CXCL16S and CXCL16r) were identified in the equine population and correlated with the susceptibility or resistance of a CD3+ T cell subpopulation in peripheral blood to in vitro EAV infection, respectively. Interestingly, CXCL16S has been linked to the establishment of LTPI in stallions, and thus, genotyping stallions based on CXCL16S/r would allow identification of those at the highest risk of establishing LTPI. Thus, we developed a TaqMan® allelic discrimination qPCR assay for the genotyping of the equine CXCL16 gene based on the identification of a single nucleotide polymorphism in position 1,073 based on NCBI gene ID: 100061442 (or position 527 based on Ensembl: ENSECAG00000018406.2) located in exon 2. One hundred and sixty horses from four breeds were screened for the CD3+ T cell susceptibility phenotype to EAV infection by flow cytometry and subsequently sequenced to determine CXCL16 allelic composition. Genotyping by Sanger sequencing determined that all horses with the resistant CD3+ T cell phenotype were homozygous for CXCL16r while horses with the susceptible CD3+ T cell phenotype carried at least one CXCL16S allele or homozygous for CXCL16S. In addition, genotypification with the TaqMan® allelic discrimination qPCR assay showed perfect agreement with Sanger sequencing and flow cytometric analysis. In conclusion, the new TaqMan® allelic discrimination genotyping qPCR assay can be used to screen prepubertal colts for the presence of the CXCL16 genotype. It is highly recommended that colts that carry the susceptible genotype (CXCL16 S/S or CXCL16S/r) are vaccinated against EAV after 6 months of age to prevent the establishment of LTPI carriers following possible natural infection with EAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Come J. Thieulent
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Mariano Carossino
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Udeni B. R. Balasuriya
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Kathryn Graves
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Ernest Bailey
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - John Eberth
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Igor F. Canisso
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Frank M. Andrews
- Equine Health Studies Program, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Michael L. Keowen
- Equine Health Studies Program, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Yun Young Go
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Yun Young Go,
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Knox A, Beddoe T. Isothermal Nucleic Acid Amplification Technologies for the Detection of Equine Viral Pathogens. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11072150. [PMID: 34359278 PMCID: PMC8300645 DOI: 10.3390/ani11072150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Equine viral diseases remain a prominent concern for human and equine health globally. Many of these viruses are of primary biosecurity concern to countries that import equines where these viruses are not present. In addition, several equine viruses are zoonotic, which can have a significant impact on human health. Current diagnostic techniques are both time consuming and laboratory-based. The ability to accurately detect diseases will lead to better management, treatment strategies, and health outcomes. This review outlines the current modern isothermal techniques for diagnostics, such as loop-mediated isothermal amplification and insulated isothermal polymerase chain reaction, and their application as point-of-care diagnostics for the equine industry. Abstract The global equine industry provides significant economic contributions worldwide, producing approximately USD $300 billion annually. However, with the continuous national and international movement and importation of horses, there is an ongoing threat of a viral outbreak causing large epidemics and subsequent significant economic losses. Additionally, horses serve as a host for several zoonotic diseases that could cause significant human health problems. The ability to rapidly diagnose equine viral diseases early could lead to better management, treatment, and biosecurity strategies. Current serological and molecular methods cannot be field-deployable and are not suitable for resource-poor laboratories due to the requirement of expensive equipment and trained personnel. Recently, isothermal nucleic acid amplification technologies, such as loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and insulated isothermal polymerase chain reaction (iiPCR), have been developed to be utilized in-field, and provide rapid results within an hour. We will review current isothermal diagnostic techniques available to diagnose equine viruses of biosecurity and zoonotic concern and provide insight into their potential for in-field deployment.
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Meingast CL, Joshi PU, Turpeinen DG, Xu X, Holstein M, Feroz H, Ranjan S, Ghose S, Li ZJ, Heldt CL. Physiochemical properties of enveloped viruses and arginine dictate inactivation. Biotechnol J 2021; 16:e2000342. [PMID: 33877739 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202000342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Therapeutic protein manufacturing would benefit by having an arsenal of ways to inactivate viruses. There have been many publications on the virus inactivation ability of arginine at pH 4.0, but the mechanism of this inactivation is unknown. This study explored how virus structure and solution conditions enhance virus inactivation by arginine and leads to a better understanding of the mechanism of virus inactivation by arginine. RESULTS Large diameter viruses from the Herpesviridae family (SuHV-1, HSV-1) with loosely packed lipids were highly inactivated by arginine, whereas small diameter, enveloped viruses (equine arteritis virus (EAV) and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV)) with tightly packed lipids were negligibly inactivated by arginine. To increase the inactivation of viruses resistant to arginine, arginine-derivatives and arginine peptides were tested. Derivates and peptides demonstrated that a greater capacity for clustering and added hydrophobicity enhanced virus inactivation. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) detected increases in virus size after arginine exposure, supporting the mechanism of lipid expansion. CONCLUSIONS Arginine most likely interacts with the lipid membrane to cause inactivation. This is shown by larger viruses being more sensitive to inactivation and expansion of the viral size. The enhancement of arginine inactivation when increased hydrophobic molecules are present or arginine is clustered demonstrates a potential mechanism of how arginine interacts with the lipid membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa L Meingast
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA.,Health Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
| | - Pratik U Joshi
- Health Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
| | - Dylan G Turpeinen
- Health Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
| | - Xuankuo Xu
- Biologics Process Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb, Devens, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Melissa Holstein
- Biologics Process Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb, Devens, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hasin Feroz
- Biologics Process Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb, Devens, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Swarnim Ranjan
- Biologics Process Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb, Devens, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sanchayita Ghose
- Biologics Process Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb, Devens, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zheng Jian Li
- Biologics Process Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb, Devens, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Caryn L Heldt
- Health Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
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8
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Saban-Ruiz J, Ly-Pen D. COVID-19: A Personalized Cardiometabolic Approach for Reducing Complications and Costs. The Role of Aging beyond Topics. J Nutr Health Aging 2020; 24:550-559. [PMID: 32510105 PMCID: PMC7217344 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-020-1385-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
COVID 19 is much more than an infectious disease by SARS-CoV-2 followed by a disproportionate immune response. An older age, diabetes and history of cardiovascular disease, especially hypertension, but also chronic heart failure and coronary artery disease among others, are between the most important risk factors. In addition, during the hospitalization both hyperglycaemia and heart failure are frequent. Less frequent are acute coronary syndrome, arrhythmias and stroke. Accordingly, not all prolonged stays or even deaths are due directly to SARS-CoV-2. To our knowledge, this is the first review, focusing both on cardiovascular and metabolic aspects of this dreadful disease, in an integrated and personalized way, following the guidelines of the Cardiometabolic Health/Medicine. Therefore, current personalized aspects such as ACEIs and ARBs, the place of statins and the most appropriate management of heart failure in diabetics are analysed. Aging, better than old age, as a dynamic process, is also considered in this review for the first time in the literature, and not only as a risk factor attributed to cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular comorbidities. Immunosenescence is also approached to build healthier elders, so they can resist present and future infectious diseases, and not only in epidemics or pandemics. In addition, to do this we must start knowing the molecular mechanisms that underlying Aging process in general, and immunosenescence in particular. Surprisingly, the endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy are implicated in both process. Finally, with a training in all the aspects covered in this review, not only the hospital stay, complications and costs of this frightening disease in high-risk population should be reduced. Likely, this paper will open a gate to the future for open-minded physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Saban-Ruiz
- Prof. Saban-Ruiz, MD, PhD, d-médical Clinic, Madrid, Spain,
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9
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Ruby RE, Wong DM, Ware WA, Ackermann MR. Myocardial Fibrosis and Ventricular Tachyarrhythmia in a Thoroughbred Filly. J Equine Vet Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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10
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Novakovic P, Detmer SE, Suleman M, Malgarin CM, MacPhee DJ, Harding JCS. Histologic Changes Associated With Placental Separation in Gilts Infected with Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus. Vet Pathol 2018; 55:521-530. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985818765067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The placenta is a vital organ providing the developing fetus with nutrient and gas exchange, thermoregulation, and waste elimination necessary for fetal development, as well as producing hormones to maintain pregnancy. It is hypothesized that fetal pig death in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome may be attributed to pathology of the maternal-fetal interface leading to premature placental separation. This study was designed to evaluate the chronologic progression of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)–induced lesions at the maternal-fetal interface, with particular focus on placental separation in experimentally challenged third-trimester gilts. Fifteen gilts were inoculated with a virulent strain of PRRSV-2 on gestation day 86 ± 0.4. On multiple days postinoculation, 3 gilts along with 1 sham-inoculated control per time point were euthanized, and uterine and fetal placental tissues corresponding to each fetus were collected for histopathologic evaluation. The presence of any fetal lesion was 23 times more likely in compromised (meconium-stained and decomposed) compared with viable fetuses ( P < .001). In PRRSV-infected gilts, endometritis was more severe than placentitis, and the severity of endometrial inflammation and vasculitis increased progressively from 2 to 14 days postinoculation. Neither placental vasculitis nor a chronologic progression in the severity of placental detachment was observed. Severe placental detachment was more frequently present in PRRSV-infected compared with noninfected samples and was most significantly associated with placental inflammation, compared with other uterine lesions, viral load, or termination day. The results of this study suggest that placental separation by itself is not sufficient to significantly compromise fetal viability in reproductive porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Predrag Novakovic
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Susan E. Detmer
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Muhammad Suleman
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Carol M. Malgarin
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Daniel J. MacPhee
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - John C. S. Harding
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Balasuriya UB, Carossino M. Reproductive effects of arteriviruses: equine arteritis virus and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infections. Curr Opin Virol 2017; 27:57-70. [PMID: 29172072 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Equine arteritis virus (EAV) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) are the most economically important members of the family Arteriviridae. EAV and PRRSV cause reproductive and respiratory disease in equids and swine, respectively and constitute a significant economic burden to equine and swine industries around the world. Furthermore, they both cause abortion in pregnant animals and establish persistent infection in their natural hosts, which fosters viral shedding in semen leading to sexual transmission. The primary focus of this article is to provide an update on the effects of these two viruses on the reproductive tract of their natural hosts and provide a comparative analysis of clinical signs, virus-host interactions, mechanisms of viral pathogenesis and viral persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udeni Br Balasuriya
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | - Mariano Carossino
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Equine Arteritis Virus Has Specific Tropism for Stromal Cells and CD8 + T and CD21 + B Lymphocytes but Not for Glandular Epithelium at the Primary Site of Persistent Infection in the Stallion Reproductive Tract. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00418-17. [PMID: 28424285 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00418-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine arteritis virus (EAV) has a global impact on the equine industry as the causative agent of equine viral arteritis (EVA), a respiratory, systemic, and reproductive disease of equids. A distinctive feature of EAV infection is that it establishes long-term persistent infection in 10 to 70% of infected stallions (carriers). In these stallions, EAV is detectable only in the reproductive tract, and viral persistence occurs despite the presence of high serum neutralizing antibody titers. Carrier stallions constitute the natural reservoir of the virus as they continuously shed EAV in their semen. Although the accessory sex glands have been implicated as the primary sites of EAV persistence, the viral host cell tropism and whether viral replication in carrier stallions occurs in the presence or absence of host inflammatory responses remain unknown. In this study, dual immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence techniques were employed to unequivocally demonstrate that the ampulla is the main EAV tissue reservoir rather than immunologically privileged tissues (i.e., testes). Furthermore, we demonstrate that EAV has specific tropism for stromal cells (fibrocytes and possibly tissue macrophages) and CD8+ T and CD21+ B lymphocytes but not glandular epithelium. Persistent EAV infection is associated with moderate, multifocal lymphoplasmacytic ampullitis comprising clusters of B (CD21+) lymphocytes and significant infiltration of T (CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, and CD25+) lymphocytes, tissue macrophages, and dendritic cells (Iba-1+ and CD83+), with a small number of tissue macrophages expressing CD163 and CD204 scavenger receptors. This study suggests that EAV employs complex immune evasion mechanisms that warrant further investigation.IMPORTANCE The major challenge for the worldwide control of EAV is that this virus has the distinctive ability to establish persistent infection in the stallion's reproductive tract as a mechanism to ensure its maintenance in equid populations. Therefore, the precise identification of tissue and cellular tropism of EAV is critical for understanding the molecular basis of viral persistence and for development of improved prophylactic or treatment strategies. This study significantly enhances our understanding of the EAV carrier state in stallions by unequivocally identifying the ampullae as the primary sites of viral persistence, combined with the fact that persistence involves continuous viral replication in fibrocytes (possibly including tissue macrophages) and T and B lymphocytes in the presence of detectable inflammatory responses, suggesting the involvement of complex viral mechanisms of immune evasion. Therefore, EAV persistence provides a powerful new natural animal model to study RNA virus persistence in the male reproductive tract.
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13
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Silva DSE, Castro C, Silva e Silva F, Costa G, Soares M, Vargas G, Fischer G, Lima M, Brandelli A, Motta A, Hübner S. Inhibition of equine arteritis virus by an antimicrobial peptide produced by Bacillus sp. P34. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-9140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT P34 is an antimicrobial peptide produced by Bacillus sp. P34, isolated from the intestinal contents of a fish from the Amazon basin. This peptide showed antibacterial properties against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and was characterized as a bacteriocin like substance. It was demonstrated that the peptide P34 exhibited antiviral activity against feline herpesvirus type 1 in vitro. The aim of this work was to evaluate P34 for its antiviral properties in vitro, using RK 13 cells, against the equine arteritis virus, since it has no specific treatment and a variable proportion of stallions may become persistently infected. The results obtained show that P34 exerts antiviral and virucidal activities against equine arteritis virus, probably in the viral envelope. The antiviral assays performed showed that P34 reduces significantly the viral titers of treated cell cultures. The mechanism of action of P34 seems to be time/temperature-dependent. This peptide tends to be a promising antiviral compound for the prevention and treatment of arteriviral infections since it has a high therapeutic index. However, more detailed studies must be performed to address the exact step of viral infection where P34 acts, in order to use this peptide as an antiviral drug in vivo in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - G.A. Costa
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - M. Lima
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Brazil
| | - A. Brandelli
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - A.S. Motta
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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14
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Balasuriya UBR, Carossino M, Timoney PJ. Equine viral arteritis: A respiratory and reproductive disease of significant economic importance to the equine industry. EQUINE VET EDUC 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- U. B. R. Balasuriya
- Department of Veterinary Science; Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center; College of Agriculture, Food and Environment; University of Kentucky; Lexington USA
| | - M. Carossino
- Department of Veterinary Science; Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center; College of Agriculture, Food and Environment; University of Kentucky; Lexington USA
| | - P. J. Timoney
- Department of Veterinary Science; Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center; College of Agriculture, Food and Environment; University of Kentucky; Lexington USA
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15
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Carossino M, Loynachan AT, James MacLachlan N, Drew C, Shuck KM, Timoney PJ, Del Piero F, Balasuriya UBR. Detection of equine arteritis virus by two chromogenic RNA in situ hybridization assays (conventional and RNAscope(®)) and assessment of their performance in tissues from aborted equine fetuses. Arch Virol 2016; 161:3125-36. [PMID: 27541817 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-3014-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Equine arteritis virus (EAV) is the causative agent of equine viral arteritis, a respiratory and reproductive disease of equids. EAV infection can induce abortion in pregnant mares, fulminant bronchointerstitial pneumonia in foals, and persistent infection in stallions. Here, we developed two RNA in situ hybridization (ISH) assays (conventional and RNAscope(®) ISH) for the detection of viral RNA in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues and evaluated and compared their performance with nucleocapsid-specific immunohistochemistry (IHC) and virus isolation (VI; gold standard) techniques. The distribution and cellular localization of EAV RNA and antigen were similar in tissues from aborted equine fetuses. Evaluation of 80 FFPE tissues collected from 16 aborted fetuses showed that the conventional RNA ISH assay had a significantly lower sensitivity than the RNAscope(®) and IHC assays, whereas there was no difference between the latter two assays. The use of oligonucleotide probes along with a signal amplification system (RNAscope(®)) can enhance detection of EAV RNA in FFPE tissues, with sensitivity comparable to that of IHC. Most importantly, these assays provide important tools with which to investigate the mechanisms of EAV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Carossino
- 108 Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Alan T Loynachan
- University of Kentucky Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - N James MacLachlan
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Clifton Drew
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kathleen M Shuck
- 108 Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Peter J Timoney
- 108 Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Fabio Del Piero
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Udeni B R Balasuriya
- 108 Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA. ubalasuriya.@uky.edu
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16
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Cruz F, Fores P, Mughini-Gras L, Ireland J, Moreno MA, Newton R. Seroprevalence and factors associated with seropositivity to equine arteritis virus in Spanish Purebred horses in Spain. Equine Vet J 2015; 48:573-7. [PMID: 26278700 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Equine viral arteritis (EVA), a disease caused by infection with the equine arteritis virus (EAV), is present in many European countries. In Spain, the last confirmed outbreak was reported in 1992 and there is a paucity of seroprevalence studies. The disease has a major impact on the equine breeding industry, which is mainly represented by Spanish Purebred (SP) horses in Spain. OBJECTIVES To estimate the seroprevalence of EAV in the breeding SP horse population in central Spain and identify potential horse and studfarm level factors associated with seropositivity to EAV. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. METHODS Individual serum samples from 555 SP horses, collected between September 2011 and November 2013 at 35 studfarms, were tested using a commercially available EAV antibody ELISA and seroneutralisation as the World Organisation for Animal Health reference confirmation test for samples with positive and equivocal results. Data on factors putatively associated with seropositivity to EAV were collected via a questionnaire and examined using random effects logistic regression for analysis of clustered data. RESULTS Equine arteritis virus seroprevalence in the SP breeding population in central Spain standardised for the sex distribution of the reference horse population, was estimated to be 16.8% (95% confidence interval 5.2-28.5%). Increasing numbers of breeding mares on the studfarm and increasing percentage of mares with reproductive problems during the last 12 months were identified as being positively associated with EAV seropositivity. Mares vaccinated against Equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) and/or -4 (EHV-4) were also positively associated with EAV seropositivity. CONCLUSIONS These findings are of importance to ensure appropriate biosecurity measures for studfarms are carried out and may help facilitate the development of an EVA surveillance programme in the SP breeding horse population.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Cruz
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - P Fores
- Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - L Mughini-Gras
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.,Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J Ireland
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Suffolk, UK
| | - M A Moreno
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - R Newton
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Suffolk, UK
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17
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Abstract
Reproductive disease is relatively common in the horse, resulting in a variable, yet significant, economic impact on individual horsemen as well as the entire industry. Diverse expertise from the veterinary community ensures and improves individual and population health of the horse. From a pathology and diagnostics perspective, this review provides a comprehensive overview of pathology of the male and female equine reproductive tract. Recognition by clinical and gross features is emphasized, although some essential histologic parameters are included, as appropriate. Where relevant, discussion of ancillary diagnostic tests and approaches are included for some diseases and lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Snider
- Department of Pathobiology, 250 McElroy Hall, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
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18
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Balasuriya UBR, Zhang J, Go YY, MacLachlan NJ. Experiences with infectious cDNA clones of equine arteritis virus: lessons learned and insights gained. Virology 2014; 462-463:388-403. [PMID: 24913633 PMCID: PMC7172799 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The advent of recombinant DNA technology, development of infectious cDNA clones of RNA viruses, and reverse genetic technologies have revolutionized how viruses are studied. Genetic manipulation of full-length cDNA clones has become an especially important and widely used tool to study the biology, pathogenesis, and virulence determinants of both positive and negative stranded RNA viruses. The first full-length infectious cDNA clone of equine arteritis virus (EAV) was developed in 1996 and was also the first full-length infectious cDNA clone constructed from a member of the order Nidovirales. This clone was extensively used to characterize the molecular biology of EAV and other Nidoviruses. The objective of this review is to summarize the characterization of the virulence (or attenuation) phenotype of the recombinant viruses derived from several infectious cDNA clones of EAV in horses, as well as their application for characterization of the molecular basis of viral neutralization, persistence, and cellular tropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udeni B R Balasuriya
- 108 Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA.
| | - Jianqiang Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Yun Young Go
- Virus Research and Testing Group, Division of Drug Discovery Research, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 305-343, South Korea
| | - N James MacLachlan
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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19
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Rossi TM, Pyle WG, Maxie MG, Pearl DL, Physick-Sheard PW. Troponin assays in the assessment of the equine myocardium. Equine Vet J 2014; 46:270-5. [PMID: 24215569 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In 2000, troponin assays were adopted as the test of choice for detection of myocardial injury in man. This decision was made after extensive testing and followed a 60 year search for a biomarker of myocardial damage with sufficient analytical sensitivity and specificity. This has led to proliferation of assays for use in human medicine, each requiring extensive testing and validation before it could be made available on the open market for human use. The search for ever-more analytically sensitive assays and for a standard reference material continues. The adoption of troponin testing in veterinary medicine followed shortly after its development for use in man, providing a much-needed means of detecting and monitoring myocardial damage in horses. However, application of these tests in veterinary medicine has exclusively involved use of assays designed for and clinically validated in human patients. There is no mandated requirement for test validation in veterinary medicine and, while many of these assays have been shown to be capable of detecting equine troponin, the wide diversity of available tests, lack of validation, absence of protocols for their use and lack of standardisation make their application problematic. The objective of this review article is to address this issue, offering guidance where data are available and encouraging caution where there are none. Ultimately, the overall goal of this review is to examine critically the use of troponin assays in the horse and to promote the accurate and appropriate interpretation of valid results.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Rossi
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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20
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Vairo S, Favoreel H, Scagliarini A, Nauwynck H. Identification of target cells of a European equine arteritis virus strain in experimentally infected ponies. Vet Microbiol 2013; 167:235-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Balasuriya UBR, Go YY, MacLachlan NJ. Equine arteritis virus. Vet Microbiol 2013; 167:93-122. [PMID: 23891306 PMCID: PMC7126873 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Equine arteritis virus (EAV) is the causative agent of equine viral arteritis (EVA), a respiratory and reproductive disease of equids. There has been significant recent progress in understanding the molecular biology of EAV and the pathogenesis of its infection in horses. In particular, the use of contemporary genomic techniques, along with the development and reverse genetic manipulation of infectious cDNA clones of several strains of EAV, has generated significant novel information regarding the basic molecular biology of the virus. Therefore, the objective of this review is to summarize current understanding of EAV virion architecture, replication, evolution, molecular epidemiology and genetic variation, pathogenesis including the influence of host genetics on disease susceptibility, host immune response, and potential vaccination and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udeni B R Balasuriya
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA.
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22
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Bażanów BA, Jackulak NA, Frącka AB, Staroniewicz ZM. Abortogenic viruses in horses. EQUINE VET EDUC 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. A. Bażanów
- Department of Microbiology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences; Poland
| | - N. A. Jackulak
- Department of Microbiology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences; Poland
| | - A. B. Frącka
- Department of Microbiology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences; Poland
| | - Z. M. Staroniewicz
- Department of Microbiology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences; Poland
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23
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Vairo S, Van den Broeck W, Favoreel H, Scagliarini A, Nauwynck H. Development and use of a polarized equine upper respiratory tract mucosal explant system to study the early phase of pathogenesis of a European strain of equine arteritis virus. Vet Res 2013; 44:22. [PMID: 23537375 PMCID: PMC3668984 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The upper respiratory tract mucosa represents the first line of defense, which has to be overcome by pathogens before invading the host. Considering the economic and ethical aspects involved in using experimental animals for pathogenesis studies, respiratory mucosal explants, in which the tissue’s three-dimensional architecture is preserved, may be ideal alternatives. Different respiratory mucosal explant cultures have been developed. However, none of them could be inoculated with pathogens solely at the epithelium side. In the present study, equine nasal and nasopharyngeal explants were embedded in agarose (3%), leaving the epithelium side exposed to allow apical inoculation. Morphometric analysis did not show degenerative changes during 72 h of cultivation. The number of apoptotic cells in the mucosa slightly increased over time. After validation, the system was used for apical infection with a European strain (08P178) of equine arteritis virus (EAV) (107.6TCID50/mL per explant). Impermeability of agarose to virus particles was demonstrated by the absence of labeled microspheres (40nm) and a lack of EAV-antigens in RK13 cells seeded underneath the agarose layer in which inoculated explants were embedded. At 72 hpi, 27% of the EAV-positive cells were CD172a+ and 19% were CD3+ in nasal explants and 45% of the EAV-positive cells were CD172a+ and 15% were CD3+ in nasopharyngeal explants. Only a small percentage of EAV-positive cells were IgM+. This study validates the usefulness of a polarized mucosal explant system and shows that CD172a+ myeloid cells and CD3+ T lymphocytes represent important EAV-target cells in the respiratory mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Vairo
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke B-9820, Belgium.
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24
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Foote AK, Ricketts SW, Whitwell KE. A racing start in life? The hurdles of equine feto-placental pathology. Equine Vet J 2012:120-9. [PMID: 22594040 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2011.00507.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Significant progress has been made in understanding and monitoring the causes of equine abortion over past decades. However, not all in utero pathology results in abortion. It has long been recognised that some in utero pathology, such as twinning or chronic placentitis, can result in the birth of live but growth-retarded foals and there is historical evidence that birth weight may influence future athletic performance. Clinical experience (e.g. from twins) and experimental studies (pony-Thoroughbred embryo transfer) have highlighted the importance of reduced functional placental area in limiting growth in utero in horses. Many other nonfatal in utero pathologies (e.g. umbilical cord-related circulatory compromise) can potentially affect either placental function or other organ systems. Their influence on the short- and long-term health of the foal and its future athletic performance is in many cases poorly documented or understood. This review summarises the main causes of in utero pathology and reflects on how these may potentially affect the foal if born alive, highlighting the need for long-term studies on this important subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Foote
- Beaufort Cottage Laboratories, Rossdale and Partners, Newmarket, Suffolk, UK.
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25
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Vairo S, Vandekerckhove A, Steukers L, Glorieux S, Van den Broeck W, Nauwynck H. Clinical and virological outcome of an infection with the Belgian equine arteritis virus strain 08P178. Vet Microbiol 2012; 157:333-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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26
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Durando M, Birks E, Hussey S, Lunn D. Cardiac Troponin I Concentrations in Ponies Challenged with Equine Influenza Virus. J Vet Intern Med 2011; 25:339-44. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.0680.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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27
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Go YY, Zhang J, Timoney PJ, Cook RF, Horohov DW, Balasuriya UBR. Complex interactions between the major and minor envelope proteins of equine arteritis virus determine its tropism for equine CD3+ T lymphocytes and CD14+ monocytes. J Virol 2010; 84:4898-911. [PMID: 20219931 PMCID: PMC2863813 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02743-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2009] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Extensive cell culture passage of the virulent Bucyrus (VB) strain of equine arteritis virus (EAV) to produce the modified live virus (MLV) vaccine strain has altered its tropism for equine CD3(+) T lymphocytes and CD14(+) monocytes. The VB strain primarily infects CD14(+) monocytes and a small subpopulation of CD3(+) T lymphocytes (predominantly CD4(+) T lymphocytes), as determined by dual-color flow cytometry. In contrast, the MLV vaccine strain has a significantly reduced ability to infect CD14(+) monocytes and has lost its capability to infect CD3(+) T lymphocytes. Using a panel of five recombinant chimeric viruses, we demonstrated that interactions among the GP2, GP3, GP4, GP5, and M envelope proteins play a major role in determining the CD14(+) monocyte tropism while the tropism for CD3(+) T lymphocytes is determined by the GP2, GP4, GP5, and M envelope proteins but not the GP3 protein. The data clearly suggest that there are intricate interactions among these envelope proteins that affect the binding of EAV to different cell receptors on CD3(+) T lymphocytes and CD14(+) monocytes. This study shows, for the first time, that CD3(+) T lymphocytes may play an important role in the pathogenesis of equine viral arteritis when horses are infected with the virulent strains of EAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Young Go
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546-0099
| | - Jianqiang Zhang
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546-0099
| | - Peter J. Timoney
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546-0099
| | - R. Frank Cook
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546-0099
| | - David W. Horohov
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546-0099
| | - Udeni B. R. Balasuriya
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546-0099
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28
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Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY A method of removing equine arteritis virus (EAV) from equine semen used for artificial insemination is urgently needed. Recent medical studies suggest that a double semen processing technique of density gradient centrifugation followed by a 'swim-up' can provide virus-free sperm preparations for assisted reproduction. OBJECTIVES To investigate the use of the double semen processing technique to obtain virus-free sperm preparations from stallion semen containing EAV. METHODS Aliquots of an ejaculate from an uninfected stallion were spiked with virus and processed by the double processing technique. The sperm preparations were tested by PCR for the presence of EAV. The procedure was repeated using an ejaculate from a known shedding stallion, testing processed and unprocessed aliquots by PCR and virus isolation. RESULTS Virus-free sperm preparations were obtained using the double sperm processing technique. The 'swim-up' step is apparently required to ensure complete virus removal. CONCLUSIONS The double semen processing technique is potentially a useful and simple tool for the removal of EAV from the semen of shedding stallions. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE The inclusion of density gradient centrifugation and 'swim-up' in protocols for the processing of semen for artificial insemination could help prevent the transmission of viral diseases carried in semen, such as EAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Morrell
- Diagnostic Virology Unit, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK
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29
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Barbacini S. An outbreak of equine arteritis virus infection in a stallion at a Trakehner studfarm. EQUINE VET EDUC 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2005.tb00394.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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30
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Thaa B, Kabatek A, Zevenhoven-Dobbe JC, Snijder EJ, Herrmann A, Veit M. Myristoylation of the arterivirus E protein: the fatty acid modification is not essential for membrane association but contributes significantly to virus infectivity. J Gen Virol 2009; 90:2704-2712. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.011957-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The envelope of equine arteritis virus (EAV) contains two glycoprotein complexes (GP2b/GP3/GP4 and GP5/M) and the small, non-glycosylated E protein. As E is essential for the production of infectious progeny but dispensable for assembly and release of virus-like particles, it probably mediates virus entry into cells, putatively in concert with the GP2b/GP3/GP4 complex. The E protein contains a central hydrophobic domain and a conserved potential site for N-terminal myristoylation, a hydrophobic modification usually pivotal for membrane targeting of the modified protein. Here, it was shown by radiolabelling that E is myristoylated at glycine-2, both in transfected cells as a fusion protein with yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) and in virus particles. Biochemical fractionation revealed that E–YFP with an inactivated acylation site was still completely membrane-bound, indicating that the putative transmembrane domain of E mediates membrane targeting. Confocal microscopy showed that both myristoylated and non-myristoylated E–YFP were localized to the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex, the membranes from which EAV buds. The presence of a myristoylation inhibitor during replication of EAV, whilst completely blocking E acylation, reduced virus titres by 1.5 log10. Similarly, a mutant EAV with non-myristoylatable E grew to a titre five- to sevenfold lower than that of the wild-type virus and exhibited a reduced plaque size. Western blotting of cell-culture supernatants showed that N and M, the major structural proteins of EAV, are released in similar amounts by cells transfected with wild-type and mutant genomes. Thus, E myristoylation is not required for budding of particles and probably has a function during virus entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Thaa
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology Veterinary Faculty, Free University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Aleksander Kabatek
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology Veterinary Faculty, Free University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jessika C. Zevenhoven-Dobbe
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Eric J. Snijder
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- Department of Biology, Molecular Biophysics, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Veit
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology Veterinary Faculty, Free University, Berlin, Germany
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31
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Coffman EA, Abd-Eldaim M, Craig LE. Abortion in a Horse Following Neorickettsia Risticii Infection. J Vet Diagn Invest 2008; 20:827-830. [DOI: 10.1177/104063870802000622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A pregnant 18-year-old Quarterhorse mare presented with fever, anorexia, tachycardia, tachypnea, and gastrointestinal hypermotility at day 68 of gestation. Potomac horse fever was diagnosed based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of whole blood and a high antibody titer to Neorickettsia risticii. The mare made a rapid clinical recovery following antibiotic therapy, but aborted 98 days later. Necropsy on the aborted fetus revealed lymphohistiocytic colitis, lymphadenitis, myocarditis, and hepatitis. The placenta was grossly and histologically normal. Formalin-fixed lymph node, thymus, liver, and colon taken from the aborted fetus were positive by PCR for N. risticii DNA. Potomac horse fever is a common disease in horses that may result in delayed abortion. The microscopic lesions in the fetus are characteristic, and the diagnosis can be confirmed by PCR on formalin-fixed tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Coffman
- Class of 2009, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
| | - Mohamed Abd-Eldaim
- Departments of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
- Virology Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Egypt
| | - Linden E. Craig
- Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
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32
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Abstract
This article is presented with two main goals: (1) to provide equine clinicians with a resource for identifying types of serum tests available and (2) to outline briefly the necessary sample type, assay principle, and relative strengths and weakness of the various methods. Specific etiologies are presented and grouped by clinical diagnosis categories, along with brief comments concerning each disorder and its relevant diagnostic assays. This organization provides an abstracted list of infectious disorders commonly considered for the various clinical presentations and a summary of available serologic tests for narrowing the differential diagnosis list. The reader is also provided with a list of specific laboratories that perform the diagnostic assay for the mentioned disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt L Zimmerman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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33
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Abstract
The purpose of this review is to summarize bacterial, fungal, protozoan, and viral causes of reproductive dysgenesis in cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, horses, dogs, and cats. The clinical presentations of disease due to reproductive pathogens are emphasized, with a focus on assisting development of complete lists of causes that result in abortion and infertility in these species. Clinicians are encouraged to assess clinical presentation, create complete lists of differential diagnoses, obtain appropriate diagnostic samples, maximize diagnostic laboratory support, and avoid zoonotic infections resulting from reproductive pathogens of animals. The foundation of an accurate diagnosis of reproductive loss due to infectious pathogens facilitates the prudent use of immunization and biosecurity to minimize reproductive losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Daniel Givens
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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Holyoak GR, Balasuriya UBR, Broaddus CC, Timoney PJ. Equine viral arteritis: current status and prevention. Theriogenology 2008; 70:403-14. [PMID: 18502495 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Recently, there has been increased interest in equine viral arteritis (EVA) among veterinarians and horse owners. Outbreaks of the disease were identified initially in New Mexico, USA in 2006, and in the Normandy region of France in the summer of 2007. Both occurrences were associated with AI of cool-shipped semen. Each was linked to respiratory illness, neonatal death, abortion, development of carrier stallions, and cancellation of equestrian events. In light of the increased interest, this paper will present a brief case history, followed by a review addressing common concerns regarding EVA, current status, and control and prevention strategies, including vaccination, and recommended bio-security measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Holyoak
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA.
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35
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Brown VA, Wilkins PA. Advanced Techniques in the Diagnosis and Management of Infectious Pulmonary Diseases in Horses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2006; 22:633-51, xi. [PMID: 16882489 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2006.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Techniques for novel approaches to the diagnosis and management of equine pulmonary disease continue to be developed and used in clinical practice. Diagnostic techniques involving immunoassays and nucleic acid-based tests not only decrease the time in which results become available but increase the sensitivity and specificity of test results. These assays do not substitute for careful clinical evaluation but can shorten the time to a confirmed accurate diagnosis, and thus allow for early initiation of therapeutic strategies and prevention protocols. With further understanding of the molecular biology and immunology of equine pulmonary disease, diagnostic and management techniques should become further refined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie A Brown
- New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA.
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36
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Abstract
Bacterial, viral and protozoal infections may cause severe reproductive losses. The present paper reviews the risk factors, clinical signs and preventive measures for the most important venereal or potential sexually transmitted diseases in horses. The stallion and use of semen for artificial insemination represent major risk factors for the transmission of bacterial contaminants of the penis, including Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae, known to cause endometritis and infertility in the mare. The role of the stallion in disease transmission is also due to the non-clinical manifestation of diseases such as contagious equine metritis and equine viral arteritis. Dourine has been eradicated from many countries, but continues to be a problem in other areas of the globe. Strategies for the prevention of introduction and transmission of diseases in breeding operation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Samper
- Veterinary Reproductive Services, Langley, BC, Canada.
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37
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Szeredi L, Hornyák A, Pálfi V, Molnár T, Glávits R, Dénes B. Study on the epidemiology of equine arteritis virus infection with different diagnostic techniques by investigating 96 cases of equine abortion in Hungary. Vet Microbiol 2005; 108:235-42. [PMID: 15925460 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2004] [Revised: 04/22/2005] [Accepted: 04/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of equine arteritis virus (EAV) induced equine abortions was studied with different laboratory methods during a 3-year period. Tissue samples from 96 aborted equine foetuses or newborn foals were collected from 57 farms located in different parts of Hungary. Virus isolation, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), immunohistochemistry and serology were used for the detection of EAV infection. The overall seroprevalence of EAV infection in mares was 65%. EAV induced abortion was diagnosed in eight (8.3%) cases from six (10.5%) herds. Abortion was sporadic in all herds except for one, where epidemic abortion happened. Fetal serology in six (75%) cases, the virus isolation in one (12.5%) case whereas PCR in all of the four investigated cases were positive. The virus could be observed with immunohistochemistry in seven (87.5%) cases mostly in the spleen followed by other organs and the allantochorion. In conclusion, PCR and immunohistochemistry seem to be the most sensitive and useful tests for the diagnosis of EAV induced equine abortion.
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MESH Headings
- Aborted Fetus
- Abortion, Veterinary/epidemiology
- Abortion, Veterinary/virology
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Arterivirus Infections/epidemiology
- Arterivirus Infections/veterinary
- Arterivirus Infections/virology
- Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral
- Equartevirus/genetics
- Equartevirus/growth & development
- Female
- Horse Diseases/diagnosis
- Horse Diseases/epidemiology
- Horse Diseases/virology
- Horses
- Hungary/epidemiology
- Immunohistochemistry/veterinary
- Lung/pathology
- Lung/virology
- Neutralization Tests/veterinary
- Pregnancy
- Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/diagnosis
- Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/epidemiology
- Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/veterinary
- Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/virology
- Prevalence
- RNA, Viral/chemistry
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary
- Spleen/pathology
- Spleen/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- Levente Szeredi
- Central Veterinary Institute, H-1149 Budapest, Tábornok u. 2, Hungary.
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38
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Abstract
Blood coagulation is a basic physiological defense mechanism that occurs in all vertebrates to prevent blood loss following vascular injury. In all species the basic mechanism of clot formation is similar; when endothelium is damaged a complex sequence of enzymatic reactions occurs that is localized to the site of trauma and involves both activated cells and plasma proteins. The reaction sequence is initiated by the expression of tissue factor on the surface of activated cells and results in the generation of thrombin, the most important enzyme in blood clot formation. Thrombin converts soluble fibrinogen, via soluble fibrin monomers, into the insoluble fibrin that forms the matrix of a blood clot as well as exerting positive-feedback regulation that effectively promotes additional thrombin generation that facilitates the rapid development of a thrombus. Both spontaneous and trauma-induced haemorrhagic episodes can develop in all mammals with inherited or acquired abnormalities in one or more of the coagulant proteins. Experimental studies with plasma from a wide range of species have led to the conclusion that there are extensive differences in the rates of thrombin generation and fibrin formation among species. However, current evidence suggests that at least some of these quantitative differences are likely due to the use of non-species specific laboratory reagents. Although the individual proteins involved in the procoagulant pathways exhibit similar functions in all animals, differences in amino acid sequence cause incomplete homology and varying degrees of immunological cross-reactivity for the same protein across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Gentry
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1E 3X1.
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39
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Schmidbauer SM, Venner M, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Drommer W, Gruber AD. Compensated overexpression of procollagens alpha 1(I) and alpha 1(III) following perilla mint ketone-induced acute pulmonary damage in horses. J Comp Pathol 2005; 131:186-98. [PMID: 15276858 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2004.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2003] [Accepted: 03/16/2004] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Interstitial lung disease with chronic fibrosis is a frequent cause of reduced performance in horses. The aim of this study was to establish a model of acute alveolar damage and interstitial lung disease in horses that could be used to monitor the histopathological lesions and changes in expression levels of genes relevant to pulmonary fibrosis. Six adult horses were given a single intravenous injection (6 mg per kg body weight) of perilla mint ketone (PMK). Transthoracic lung biopsy samples (1 x 0.2 x 0.2 cm) were collected before and after (days 1, 4, 8, 11, 15, 18, 22, 25 and 29) the administration of PMK. Light and electron microscopy revealed severe acute alveolar damage (days 1 to 4), proliferation of type II pneumocytes (days 4 to 11) and finally complete healing at about day 18. However, unexpectedly severe clinical signs necessitated euthanasia in two horses on days 9 and 11. The expression levels of the collagen genes COL1AI and COL3AI as well as transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta were examined in the biopsy samples by reverse transcription-real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. COL1AI and COL3AI gene expressions were upregulated (3- and 17-fold, respectively) between days 1 and 29 in all six horses, whereas TGF-beta was upregulated in two horses (2- and 4-fold, respectively), between days 4 and 18. Although the gene expression analyses indicated a strong activation of the pro-fibrotic pathway, no interstitial fibrosis was seen in any horse. A complete necropsy performed on day 60 revealed complete recovery of the lungs of the four surviving horses, with no evidence of fibrosis. Unidentified compensatory mechanisms may have prevented pulmonary fibrosis, despite strong upregulation of pro-fibrotic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-M Schmidbauer
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
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40
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Balasuriya UBR, MacLachlan NJ. The immune response to equine arteritis virus: potential lessons for other arteriviruses. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2004; 102:107-29. [PMID: 15507299 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2004.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The members of the family Arteriviridae, genus Arterivirus, include equine arteritis virus (EAV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV) of mice, and simian hemorrhagic fever virus (SHFV). PRRSV is the newest member of the family (first isolated in North America and Europe in the early 1990s), whereas the other three viruses were recognized earlier (EAV in 1953, LDV in 1960, and SHFV in 1964). Although arterivirus infections are strictly species-specific, the causative agents share many biological and molecular properties, including their virion morphology, replication strategy, unique properties of their structural proteins, and their ability to establish distinctive persistent infections in their natural hosts. The arteriviruses are each antigenically distinct and cause different disease syndromes in their natural hosts. Similarly, the mechanism(s) responsible for the prolonged and/or persistent infections that characterize infections with each arterivirus in their natural hosts are remarkably different. The objective of this review is to compare and contrast the immune response to EAV with that to the other three arteriviruses, and emphasize the potential relevance of apparent similarities and differences in the neutralization characteristics of each virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udeni B R Balasuriya
- Equine Viral Disease Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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41
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42
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Szeredi L, Hornyák A, Dénes B, Rusvai M. Equine Viral Arteritis in a Newborn Foal: Parallel Detection of the Virus by Immunohistochemistry, Polymerase Chain Reaction and Virus Isolation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 50:270-4. [PMID: 14628997 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0450.2003.00684.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A 4-days-old foal died after a short course of respiratory syndrome and fever. Large areas of the alveoli, bronchioles and bronchi were partly or completely filled by hyaline membranes. Pronounced oedema and mild interstitial pneumonia were present and, in the small muscular arteries, fibrinoid necrosis and vasculitis or perivasculitis could be seen. Vasculitis was found in several other organs, and it was most severe in the thymus. The virus was detected in the lung, kidney and spleen using virus isolation and in the lung and spleen using polymerase chain reaction. The virus was also detected in several organs and cell types using both N protein-specific monoclonal antibody and horseradish peroxidase-labelled equine arteritis virus-specific equine IgG.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Szeredi
- Central Veterinary Institute, Budapest, Hungary.
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43
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Abstract
The newborn foal can experience problems of the lower respiratory tract that are unique to the neonate. The transition to extrauterine life usually occurs rapidly and in a coordinated manner, but problems associated with the peripartum period, including placentitis, dystocia, infection, and trauma, can result in conditions that compromise gas exchange in the newborn foal. This article reviews the normal transition and presents some of the problems seen in these small patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela A Wilkins
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA.
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Boguta L, Gradzki Z, Borges E, Maurin F, Kodjo A, Winiarczyk S. Bacterial flora in foals with upper respiratory tract infections in Poland. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002; 49:294-7. [PMID: 12241031 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0450.2002.00570.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria isolated from nasal cavity of 80 foals with upper respiratory tract infection, as well as from 20 healthy foals, were examined. Within the group of sick animals, from 18 (22.5%) bacteria with recognized pathogenicity were isolated. Coagulase-negative staphylococci and Acinetobacter sp. were the dominant species identified (100 and 45%, respectively). No bacteria species with recognized pathogenicity were isolated from the group of healthy animals. Three cases of death within the group of sick foals were investigated. Rhodococcus equi in two cases and Klebsiella pneumoniae pneumoniae together with Escherichia coli were isolated post-mortem from lung abscesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Boguta
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University, Lublin, Poland
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45
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Hedges JF, Demaula CD, Moore BD, McLaughlin BE, Simon SI, MacLachlan NJ. Characterization of equine E-selectin. Immunology 2001; 103:498-504. [PMID: 11529941 PMCID: PMC1783268 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2001.01262.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2001] [Revised: 04/02/2001] [Accepted: 04/17/2001] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of E-selectin on activated endothelium is a critical initial step that leads to extravasation of leucocytes during inflammation, yet E-selectin is largely uncharacterized in several animal species including the horse. We have sequenced and compared E-selectin genes derived from activated cultures of purified equine (horse), cervid (black-tailed deer) and ovine (sheep) pulmonary artery endothelial cells (ECs). Phylogenetic and amino acid sequence comparisons indicate that bovine, cervid and ovine E-selectin are similar, whereas human and equine E-selectin are more closely related to each other than to the ruminant molecules. Human E- and P-selectin-specific monoclonal antibodies that also recognize equine E-selectin were identified and used to characterize its expression. Expression of E-selectin was more readily induced by lipopolysaccharide treatment in equine ECs than in human ECs and supported adhesion and activation of neutrophils, consistent with the extreme sensitivity of horses to endotoxaemia and septic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Hedges
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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46
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Del Piero F, Wilkins PA, Dubovi EJ, Biolatti B, Cantile C. Clinical, pathologic, immunohistochemical, and virologic findings of eastern equine encephalomyelitis in two horses. Vet Pathol 2001; 38:451-6. [PMID: 11467481 DOI: 10.1354/vp.38-4-451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Natural eastern equine encephalitis alphavirus (EEEV) infection was diagnosed in two adult horses with anorexia and colic, changes in sensorium, hyperexcitability, and terminal severe depression. Myocardium, tunica muscularis of stomach, intestine, urinary bladder, and spleen capsule had coagulative necrosis and perivascular lymphocytic infiltrate. Central nervous system (CNS) lesions were diffuse polioencephalomyelitis with leptomeningitis characterized by perivascular T lymphocyte cuffing, marked gliosis, neuronophagia, and multifocal microabscesses. Lesions were more prominent within cerebral cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus, and mesencephalon. EEEV was identified in the cytoplasm of cardiac myocytes and smooth muscle cells of spleen, stomach, intestine, urinary bladder, blood vessels, and dendritic cells. In the CNS, EEEV-positive cells included neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and neutrophils. EEEV was isolated from the CNS of both horses. The detailed description of the encephalic and spinal EEEV localization and the findings of EEEV in extraneural tissues contribute to the understanding of this important multisystemic zoonotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Del Piero
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Department of Pathobiology, Kennett Square, USA.
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47
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Del Piero F. Diagnosis of equine arteritis virus infection in two horses by using monoclonal antibody immunoperoxidase histochemistry on skin biopsies. Vet Pathol 2000; 37:486-7. [PMID: 11055877 DOI: 10.1354/vp.37-5-486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Two 5-year-old grade male horses presented with epiphora, rhinorrhea, conjunctival and nasal mucosal hyperemia, and dorsal and thoracic macropapular rash. Skin biopsies were collected from the affected areas, and serial sections were evaluated following hematoxylin and eosin and immunoperoxidase histochemistry staining by using a murine monoclonal antibody of the immunoglobulin G2A isotype recognizing the 30-kDa membrane protein of equine arteritis virus (EAV). In both horses, lesions consisted of mild to moderate diffuse superficial dermal edema and vasculitis with mild perivascular lymphocytic infiltrates, occasional endothelial hypertrophy, and single-cell necrosis of tunica media myocytes. Immunohistochemically, a few endothelial cells, myocytes, and pericytes containing intracytoplasmic EAV antigen were identified. Immunoperoxidase histochemistry of skin biopsies can be used as an ancillary test for the clinical diagnosis of equine viral arteritis in horses, especially when a cutaneous macropapular rash is evident.
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