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Massimini M, Romanucci M, De Maria R, Della Salda L. An Update on Molecular Pathways Regulating Vasculogenic Mimicry in Human Osteosarcoma and Their Role in Canine Oncology. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:722432. [PMID: 34631854 PMCID: PMC8494780 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.722432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine tumors are valuable comparative models for human counterparts, especially to explore novel biomarkers and to understand pathways and processes involved in metastasis. Vasculogenic mimicry (VM) is a unique property of malignant cancer cells which promote metastasis. Thus, it represents an opportunity to investigate both the molecular mechanisms and the therapeutic targets of a crucial phenotypic malignant switch. Although this biological process has been largely investigated in different human cancer types, including osteosarcoma, it is still largely unknown in veterinary pathology, where it has been mainly explored in canine mammary tumors. The presence of VM in human osteosarcoma is associated with poor clinical outcome, reduced patient survival, and increased risk of metastasis and it shares the main pathways involved in other type of human tumors. This review illustrates the main findings concerning the VM process in human osteosarcoma, search for the related current knowledge in canine pathology and oncology, and potential involvement of multiple pathways in VM formation, in order to provide a basis for future investigations on VM in canine tumors.
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Gentilini F, Capitani O, Tinto D, Rigillo A, Sabattini S, Bettini G, Turba Maria E. Assessment of PDGFRβ promoter methylation in canine osteosarcoma using methylation-sensitive high-resolution melting analysis. Vet Comp Oncol 2020; 18:484-493. [PMID: 31950560 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor signalling pathways play a fundamental role in inducing and sustaining the proliferative and prosurvival stimuli in canine osteosarcomas (cOSAs). The increased expression of platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGFRs) α and β, and their cognate ligands, were almost invariably observed in cOSAs and OSA-derived cell lines. In particular, overexpression of PDGFRβ-mediated signalling pathways was found in both the tumour microenvironment, where it drives stromal cell recruitment, and in neoangiogenesis, such as in tumour cells where it triggers aberrant proliferation, migration and local invasion. The majority of the pathological consequences of PDGFRβ signalling are because of aberrant expression. In fact, epigenetic dysregulation of oncogenes throughout demethylation of their promoter has emerged as a pivotal mechanism driving oncogenesis. The aim of this study was to assess the methylation status of the PDGFRβ promoter and to clarify its role in modulating the expression of the tyrosine kinase receptor in canine osteosarcoma. The CpG island of the PDGFRβ promoter was identified using a mixed in silico and experimental approach, and a method based upon the methylation-sensitive high-resolution melting assay for quantitatively and precisely assessing the methylation status of the promoter was then set up. The method herein described was then exploited to assess the methylation status of the promoter in a case series of cOSAa. COSAs consistently but variably expressed PDGFRβ. However, the promoter was almost completely demethylated, and its methylation status did not correlate with the expression levels. This finding supported the hypothesis that post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms may act in cOSAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Gentilini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, BO, Italy
| | - Ombretta Capitani
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, BO, Italy
| | - Debora Tinto
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, BO, Italy
| | - Antonella Rigillo
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, BO, Italy
| | - Silvia Sabattini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, BO, Italy
| | - Giuliano Bettini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, BO, Italy
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Ai HH, Liu B, Yang MT, Zuo QQ, Song ZB, Bao YL, Sun LG, Zhou L, Li YX. Expression and effects of TSP50 in mouse embryo and cardiac myocyte development. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 502:283-288. [PMID: 29842883 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.05.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
TSP50, a testis-specific gene encoding a serine protease-like protein, was specifically expressed in the spermatocytes of testes but abnormally activated and expressed in many different kinds of cancers. Here, we aimed to analyze the expression of TSP50 in mouse embryo and its function in early embryonic development. Firstly, the distribution of TSP50 in oocytes and embryonic development was characterized by immunofluorescence, RT-PCR and western blotting, and the results showed that TSP50 was detected at all studied stages with a dynamic expression pattern. When overexpressed TSP50 in zygotes by microinjection, the zygotes development was highly accelerated. On the contrary, knocking down TSP50 expression by RNA interference greatly retarded the zygote development. Furthermore, TSP50 expression at embryonic day 6.5 (E6.5), day 8.5 (E8.5) and day 10.5 (E10.5) were increasingly enhanced, However, the expression of TSP50 decreased gradually in the development and differentiation of cardiac myocyte from E12.5 to postnatal (P0). Additionally, we found that TSP50 expression was decreased during cardiac myocyte differentiation of P19 cells. Overexpression of TSP50 could decrease the expression of GATA-4, and knockdown of TSP50 markedly increase the expression of GATA-4. Taken together, our data indicate that TSP50 may play an important role during the process of mouse embryonic development as well as myocardial cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Han Ai
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China; Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Biao Liu
- Department of Hand Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Mei-Ting Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Qian-Qian Zuo
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Zhen-Bo Song
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China; Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China.
| | - Yong-Li Bao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China.
| | - Lu-Guo Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China; Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Liang Zhou
- Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Yu-Xin Li
- Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
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Fahey CE, Milner RJ, Kow K, Bacon NJ, Salute ME. Apoptotic effects of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor, masitinib mesylate, on canine osteosarcoma cells. Anticancer Drugs 2013; 24:519-26. [DOI: 10.1097/cad.0b013e32836002ba] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Rankin KS, Starkey M, Lunec J, Gerrand CH, Murphy S, Biswas S. Of dogs and men: comparative biology as a tool for the discovery of novel biomarkers and drug development targets in osteosarcoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 58:327-33. [PMID: 21990244 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.23341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The similarities between human and canine osteosarcoma with regard to histology, biological behavior and molecular genetic alterations suggest that the dog provides a supplementary model for the development and preclinical testing of novel therapeutics. Counter intuitively, careful examination of the differences between OS in the two species may also be rewarding in terms of increasing our understanding of the pathogenesis of this cancer. This review will discuss the arguments in favor of the "dog model" and outline how the evaluation of treatment strategies in dogs has indicated avenues for improvement of protocols for human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth S Rankin
- Sarcoma Research Group, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University and North of England Bone and Soft Tissue Sarcoma Service, Framlington Place, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK
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Lawrence J, Saba C, Gogal R, Lamberth O, Vandenplas ML, Hurley DJ, Dubreuil P, Hermine O, Dobbin K, Turek M. Masitinib demonstrates anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic activity in primary and metastatic feline injection-site sarcoma cells*. Vet Comp Oncol 2011; 10:143-54. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5829.2011.00291.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Angstadt AY, Motsinger-Reif A, Thomas R, Kisseberth WC, Guillermo Couto C, Duval DL, Nielsen DM, Modiano JF, Breen M. Characterization of canine osteosarcoma by array comparative genomic hybridization and RT-qPCR: signatures of genomic imbalance in canine osteosarcoma parallel the human counterpart. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2011; 50:859-74. [PMID: 21837709 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 06/26/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most commonly diagnosed malignant bone tumor in humans and dogs, characterized in both species by extremely complex karyotypes exhibiting high frequencies of genomic imbalance. Evaluation of genomic signatures in human OS using array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) has assisted in uncovering genetic mechanisms that result in disease phenotype. Previous low-resolution (10-20 Mb) aCGH analysis of canine OS identified a wide range of recurrent DNA copy number aberrations, indicating extensive genomic instability. In this study, we profiled 123 canine OS tumors by 1 Mb-resolution aCGH to generate a dataset for direct comparison with current data for human OS, concluding that several high frequency aberrations in canine and human OS are orthologous. To ensure complete coverage of gene annotation, we identified the human refseq genes that map to these orthologous aberrant dog regions and found several candidate genes warranting evaluation for OS involvement. Specifically, subsequenct FISH and qRT-PCR analysis of RUNX2, TUSC3, and PTEN indicated that expression levels correlated with genomic copy number status, showcasing RUNX2 as an OS associated gene and TUSC3 as a possible tumor suppressor candidate. Together these data demonstrate the ability of genomic comparative oncology to identify genetic abberations which may be important for OS progression. Large scale screening of genomic imbalance in canine OS further validates the use of the dog as a suitable model for human cancers, supporting the idea that dysregulation discovered in canine cancers will provide an avenue for complementary study in human counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Y Angstadt
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, USA
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Legare ME, Bush J, Ashley AK, Kato T, Hanneman WH. Cellular and phenotypic characterization of canine osteosarcoma cell lines. J Cancer 2011; 2:262-70. [PMID: 21552385 PMCID: PMC3088864 DOI: 10.7150/jca.2.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine and human osteosarcoma (OSA) have many similarities, with the majority of reported cases occurring in the appendicular skeleton, gender predominance noted, high rate of metastasis at the time of presentation, and a lack of known etiology for this devastating disease. Due to poor understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying OSA, we have characterized seven different OSA canine cell lines: Abrams, D17, Grey, Hughes, Ingles, Jarques, and Marisco and compared them to U2, a human OSA cell line, for the following parameters: morphology, growth, contact inhibition, migrational tendencies, alkaline phosphatase staining, heterologous tumor growth, double-strand DNA breaks, and oxidative damage. All results demonstrated the positive characteristics of the Abrams cell line for use in future studies of OSA. Of particular interest, the robust growth of a subcutaneous tumor and rapid pulmonary metastasis of the Abrams cell line in an immunocompromised mouse shows incredible potential for the future use of Abrams as a canine OSA model. Further investigations utilizing a canine cell model of OSA, such as Abrams, will be invaluable to understanding the molecular events underlying OSA, pharmaceutical inhibition of metastasis, and eventual prevention of this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie E Legare
- The Center for Environmental Medicine, Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Dvir E, Clift SJ. Evaluation of selected growth factor expression in canine spirocercosis (Spirocerca lupi)-associated non-neoplastic nodules and sarcomas. Vet Parasitol 2010; 174:257-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Revised: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Growth factors are low molecular peptides active in the stimulation of cell proliferation and in the regulation of embryonic development and cellular differentiation. Significant progress has been made in developing effective strategies to treat human malignancies with new chemical compounds based on a rationale directed against various components of signaling pathways. Many of these drugs target a growth factor receptor--for instance, in the form of monoclonal antibodies or inhibitors of tyrosine kinases, such as monoclonal antibodies against epidermal growth factor receptors used in treating certain types of breast cancer. Imatinib mesylate [Gleevec]) is an excellent example of mediators of signal transduction, such as tyrosine kinases. Growth factors proper are used to ameliorate various and sometimes fatal side effects of cytotoxic and/or myelosuppressive chemotherapy. Basic characteristics of several growth families are discussed with therapeutic modalities based on growth factor activity or, more often, inhibition of such activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Halper
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-7388, USA.
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Lopes RA, Cardoso TC, Luvizotto MCR, de Andrade AL. Occurrence and expression of p53 suppressor gene and c-Myc oncogene in dog eyelid tumors. Vet Ophthalmol 2010; 13:69-75. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2009.00753.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Thomas R, Wang HJ, Tsai PC, Langford CF, Fosmire SP, Jubala CM, Getzy DM, Cutter GR, Modiano JF, Breen M. Influence of genetic background on tumor karyotypes: evidence for breed-associated cytogenetic aberrations in canine appendicular osteosarcoma. Chromosome Res 2009; 17:365-377. [PMID: 19337847 PMCID: PMC3758998 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-009-9028-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2008] [Revised: 12/15/2008] [Accepted: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Recurrent chromosomal aberrations in solid tumors can reveal the genetic pathways involved in the evolution of a malignancy and in some cases predict biological behavior. However, the role of individual genetic backgrounds in shaping karyotypes of sporadic tumors is unknown. The genetic structure of purebred dog breeds, coupled with their susceptibility to spontaneous cancers, provides a robust model with which to address this question. We tested the hypothesis that there is an association between breed and the distribution of genomic copy number imbalances in naturally occurring canine tumors through assessment of a cohort of Golden Retrievers and Rottweilers diagnosed with spontaneous appendicular osteosarcoma. Our findings reveal significant correlations between breed and tumor karyotypes that are independent of gender, age at diagnosis, and histological classification. These data indicate for the first time that individual genetic backgrounds, as defined by breed in dogs, influence tumor karyotypes in a cancer with extensive genomic instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Thomas
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Huixia J. Wang
- Department of Statistics, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Pei-Chien Tsai
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Cordelia F. Langford
- Microarray Facility, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Susan P. Fosmire
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado, Denver, CO 80214, USA
| | - Cristan M. Jubala
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado, Denver, CO 80214, USA
| | | | - Gary R. Cutter
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jaime F. Modiano
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado, Denver, CO 80214, USA
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Matthew Breen
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
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Withrow SJ, Khanna C. Bridging the gap between experimental animals and humans in osteosarcoma. Cancer Treat Res 2009; 152:439-446. [PMID: 20213406 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-0284-9_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Withrow
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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Chun R, de Lorimier LP. Update on the biology and management of canine osteosarcoma. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2003; 33:491-516, vi. [PMID: 12852233 DOI: 10.1016/s0195-5616(03)00021-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OSA) is the most common primary bone tumor diagnosed in dogs. Our understanding of the risk factors and genetic changes in canine OSA patients is growing, but specific, innovative therapeutic strategies are slow in coming. Appendicular skeletal osteosarcoma, the most frequent form of this disease, is typically seen in large to giant breeds, with males being overrepresented in most reports. Axial skeletal OSA is less common than appendicular OSA, but the biologic behavior of the disease is equally aggressive in all skeletal sites except for the mandible. Though the current standard of care for dogs with osteosarcoma remains surgical resection of the affected site, followed by chemotherapy with either a platinum- (cisplatin or carboplatin) or doxorubicin-based protocol, novel therapies are being actively investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruthanne Chun
- Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Mosier Hall, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506-5606, USA.
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