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Lindgren G, Naboulsi R, Frey R, Solé M. Genetics of Skin Disease in Horses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2020; 36:323-339. [PMID: 32534850 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2020.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine skin diseases are common, causing increased costs and reduced welfare of affected horses.Genetic testing, if available, can complement early detection, disease diagnosis, and clinical treatment and offers horse breeders the possibility to rule out carrier status. The mechanisms of complex disease can be investigated by using the latest state-of-the-art genomic technologies. Genome-based strategies may also serve as an efficient and cost-effective strategy for the management of the disease severity levels, with particular interest in complex traits such as insect bite hypersensitivity, chronic progressive lymphedema, and melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Lindgren
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Almas Allé 8, Uppsala 75007, Sweden; Livestock Genetics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven Leuven, KasteelparkArenberg 30, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - Rakan Naboulsi
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Almas Allé 8, Uppsala 75007, Sweden
| | - Rebecka Frey
- AniCura Norsholms Djursjukhus, Norsholm 61791, Sweden
| | - Marina Solé
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Almas Allé 8, Uppsala 75007, Sweden.
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Aurich C, Müller-Herbst S, Reineking W, Müller E, Wohlsein P, Gunreben B, Aurich J. Characterization of abortion, stillbirth and non-viable foals homozygous for the Warmblood Fragile Foal Syndrome. Anim Reprod Sci 2019; 211:106202. [PMID: 31785623 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2019.106202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Warmblood fragile foal syndrome (WFFS) is a monogenetic defect with autosomal recessive inheritance. The WFFS homozygosity is non-compatible with extra-uterine life. Although as many as 15% of Warmblood horses are WFFS carriers, there has been little veterinary focus on this condition. The aim of this study was to determine outcomes and symptoms of clinical signs and pathological abnormalities during pregnancies when there were WFFS homozygous foetuses. Diagnostic material of 15 abortion or stillbirth cases with suspected diagnosis of WFFS was available for this study. Additionally, there were examinations in 37 cases where there were no indications of WFFS when submitted for routine diagnostic procedures. Foals in all cases were genotyped and external morphological defects were recorded. Amongst the 15 cases in which WFSS was suspected, there were 14 homozygous foetuses with the WFFS allele (WFFS/WFFS). Three heterozygous WFFS foetuses (N/WFFS) were detected in the cases submitted for routine diagnostic procedures. Of the 14 WFFS homozygous foetuses, 11 of mares had a gestation length of at least 320 days. Nine foals were born alive but died within a short time. Skin defects were obvious in 12 WFFS homozygous foals, and there was abnormal flexibility in the digital joints, flexed forelegs and incomplete closure of the abdominal wall in five, four, and one of the foals, respectively. In conclusion, the predominant manifestation of WFFS are death during the latter stages of gestation or live births with foals being non-viable. Losses in Warmblood horse breeding caused by WFFS are greater than previously assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Aurich
- Artificial Insemination and Embryo Transfer, Department of Small Animals and Horses, Vetmeduni Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | | | - Wencke Reineking
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Peter Wohlsein
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Jörg Aurich
- Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Andrology, Department of Small Animals and Horses, Vetmeduni Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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Benoit-Biancamano MO, Drolet R, D'Allaire S. Aplasia Cutis Congenita (Epitheliogenesis Imperfecta) in Swine: Observations from a Large Breeding Herd. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 18:573-9. [PMID: 17121085 DOI: 10.1177/104063870601800608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epitheliogenesis imperfecta has been reported in several animal species, and its inheritance is suspected to be autosomal recessive. This term has been used to describe two different diseases, namely epidermolysis bullosa and aplasia cutis congenita, which are both grossly characterized by an absence of epidermis or mucosal epithelium and are most frequently reported on the distal limbs and oral cavity. Epitheliogenesis imperfecta has been described in swine, but the literature on the subject is scarce. To better characterize this condition, 70 piglets with congenital skin defects macroscopically compatible with epitheliogenesis imperfecta were examined. In all but 1 case, only 1 piglet per litter was affected. Of the affected piglets, 65 (93%) were male, suggesting a sex-related problem. More than half of the piglets had multiple skin lesions. All defects were located on the caudal half of the body, and none was found in the oral cavity. Most lesions were characterized by an absence of epidermis and part of the dermis and adnexae. Adnexal dysplasia was also observed at several sites, both with and without epitheliogenesis imperfecta, suggesting a developmental problem. Fluid-filled, congenital subcutaneous bullae were noted grossly on 7 piglets; their relationship, if any, with epitheliogenesis imperfecta remains unknown. As the term epitheliogenesis imperfecta has been used in cases of epidermolysis bullosa, the term aplasia cutis congenita seems to be more appropriate to describe these lesions in swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Odile Benoit-Biancamano
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada.
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Rashmir-Raven AM, Spier SJ. Hereditary equine regional dermal asthenia (HERDA) in Quarter Horses: A review of clinical signs, genetics and research. EQUINE VET EDUC 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. M. Rashmir-Raven
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Michigan State University; East Lansing USA
| | - S. J. Spier
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis USA
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Murgiano L, Wiedemar N, Jagannathan V, Isling LK, Drögemüller C, Agerholm JS. Epidermolysis bullosa in Danish Hereford calves is caused by a deletion in LAMC2 gene. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:23. [PMID: 25888738 PMCID: PMC4328060 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0334-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heritable forms of epidermolysis bullosa (EB) constitute a heterogeneous group of skin disorders of genetic aetiology that are characterised by skin and mucous membrane blistering and ulceration in response to even minor trauma. Here we report the occurrence of EB in three Danish Hereford cattle from one herd. RESULTS Two of the animals were necropsied and showed oral mucosal blistering, skin ulcerations and partly loss of horn on the claws. Lesions were histologically characterized by subepidermal blisters and ulcers. Analysis of the family tree indicated that inbreeding and the transmission of a single recessive mutation from a common ancestor could be causative. We performed whole genome sequencing of one affected calf and searched all coding DNA variants. Thereby, we detected a homozygous 2.4 kb deletion encompassing the first exon of the LAMC2 gene, encoding for laminin gamma 2 protein. This loss of function mutation completely removes the start codon of this gene and is therefore predicted to be completely disruptive. The deletion co-segregates with the EB phenotype in the family and absent in normal cattle of various breeds. Verifying the homozygous private variants present in candidate genes allowed us to quickly identify the causative mutation and contribute to the final diagnosis of junctional EB in Hereford cattle. CONCLUSIONS Our investigation confirms the known role of laminin gamma 2 in EB aetiology and shows the importance of whole genome sequencing in the analysis of rare diseases in livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Murgiano
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, CH-3001, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Natalie Wiedemar
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, CH-3001, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Vidhya Jagannathan
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, CH-3001, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Louise K Isling
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Section for Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 3, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Cord Drögemüller
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, CH-3001, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Jørgen S Agerholm
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Section for Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 3, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark. .,Department of Large Animal Sciences, Section for Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlaegevej 68, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Medeiros GX, Riet-Correa F. Epidermolysis bullosa in animals: a review. Vet Dermatol 2014; 26:3-13, e1-2. [PMID: 25354580 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a hereditary mechanobullous disease of animals and humans, characterized by an extreme fragility of the skin and mucous membranes. The main feature of EB in humans and animals is the formation of blisters and erosions in response to minor mechanical trauma. Epidermolysis bullosa is caused by mutations in the genes that code for structural proteins of the cytoskeleton of the basal keratinocytes or of the basement membrane zone. Based on the ultrastructural levels of tissue separation, EB is divided into the following three broad categories: epidermolysis bullosa simplex, junctional epidermolysis bullosa and dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. Human types of EB are divided into several subtypes based on their ultrastructural changes and the mode of inheritance; subtypes are not fully established in animals. In humans, it is estimated that EB affects one in 17,000 live births; the frequency of EB in different animals species is not known. In all animal species, except in buffalo with epidermolysis bullosa simplex, multifocal ulcers are observed on the gums, hard and soft palates, mucosa of the lips, cheek mucosa and dorsum of the tongue. Dystrophic or absent nails, a frequent sign seen in human patients with EB, corresponds to the deformities and sloughing of the hooves in ungulates and to dystrophy or atrophy of the claws in dogs and cats. This review covers aspects of the molecular biology, diagnosis, classification, clinical signs and pathology of EB reported in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gildenor X Medeiros
- Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Hospital, Federal University of Campina Grande, Patos, Paraíba, CEP 58708-110, Brazil
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Abstract
Laminin 332 is an essential component of the dermal-epidermal junction, a highly specialized basement membrane zone that attaches the epidermis to the dermis and thereby provides skin integrity and resistance to external mechanical forces. Mutations in the LAMA3, LAMB3 and LAMC2 genes that encode the three constituent polypeptide chains, α3, β3 and γ2, abrogate or perturb the functions of laminin 332. The phenotypic consequences are diminished dermal-epidermal adhesion and, as clinical symptoms, skin fragility and mechanically induced blistering. The disorder is designated as junctional epidermolysis bullosa (JEB). This article delineates the signs and symptoms of the different forms of JEB, the mutational spectrum, genotype-phenotype correlations as well as perspectives for future molecular therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Kiritsi
- Department of Dermatology; University Freiburg Medical Center; Freiburg, Germany
| | - Cristina Has
- Department of Dermatology; University Freiburg Medical Center; Freiburg, Germany
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Abstract
The objective of this review is to introduce equine clinicians to the rapidly evolving field of clinical genomics with a vision of improving the health and welfare of the domestic horse. For 15 years a consortium of veterinary geneticists and clinicians has worked together under the umbrella of The Horse Genome Project. This group, encompassing 22 laboratories in 12 countries, has made rapid progress, developing several iterations of linkage, physical and comparative gene maps of the horse with increasing levels of detail. In early 2006, the research was greatly facilitated when the US National Human Genome Research Institute of the National Institutes of Health added the horse to the list of mammalian species scheduled for whole genome sequencing. The genome of the domestic horse has now been sequenced and is available to researchers worldwide in publicly accessible databases. This achievement creates the potential for transformative change within the horse industry, particularly in the fields of internal medicine, sports medicine and reproduction. The genome sequence has enabled the development of new genome-wide tools and resources for studying inherited diseases of the horse. To date, researchers have identified 11 mutations causing 10 clinical syndromes in the horse. Testing is commercially available for all but one of these diseases. Future research will probably identify the genetic bases for other equine diseases, produce new diagnostic tests and generate novel therapeutics for some of these conditions. This will enable equine clinicians to play a critical role in ensuring the thoughtful and appropriate application of this knowledge as they assist clients with breeding and clinical decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Brosnahan
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, New York, USA
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Finno CJ, Spier SJ, Valberg SJ. Equine diseases caused by known genetic mutations. Vet J 2009; 179:336-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2007] [Revised: 03/19/2008] [Accepted: 03/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Graves KT, Henney PJ, Ennis RB. Partial deletion of the LAMA3 gene is responsible for hereditary junctional epidermolysis bullosa in the American Saddlebred Horse. Anim Genet 2008; 40:35-41. [PMID: 19016681 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2008.01795.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Laminin 5 is a heterotrimeric basement membrane protein integral to the structure and function of the dermal-epidermal junction. It consists of three glycoprotein subunits: the alpha3, beta3 and gamma2 chains, which are encoded by the LAMA3, LAMB3 and LAMC2 genes respectively. A mutation in any of these genes results in the condition known as hereditary junctional epidermolysis bullosa (JEB). A 6589-bp deletion spanning exons 24-27 was found in the LAMA3 gene in American Saddlebred foals born with the skin-blistering condition epitheliogenesis imperfecta. The deletion confirms that this autosomal recessive condition in the American Saddlebred Horse can indeed be classified as JEB and corresponds to Herlitz JEB in humans. A diagnostic test was developed and nine of 175 randomly selected American Saddlebred foals from the 2007 foal crop were found to be carriers of the mutation (frequency of 0.026).
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Affiliation(s)
- K T Graves
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA.
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Diagnosis | Epitheliogenesis imperfecta: a hereditary cutaneous disorder of cattle. Lab Anim (NY) 2005. [DOI: 10.1038/laban0505-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Swerczek TW, Lieto LD, Cothran E. Developmental defects of enamel in American Saddlebred foals with epitheliogenesis imperfecta. J Equine Vet Sci 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2004.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Lieto LD, Cothran EG. The epitheliogenesis imperfecta locus maps to equine chromosome 8 in American Saddlebred horses. Cytogenet Genome Res 2004; 102:207-10. [PMID: 14970704 DOI: 10.1159/000075750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2003] [Accepted: 07/28/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epitheliogenesis imperfecta (EI) is a hereditary junctional mechanobullous disease that occurs in newborn American Saddlebred foals. The pathological signs of epitheliogenesis imperfecta closely match a similar disease in humans known as Herlitz junctional epidermolysis bullosa, which is caused by a mutation in one of the genes (LAMA3, LAMB3 and LAMC2) coding for the subunits of the laminin 5 protein (laminin alpha3, laminin beta3 and laminin gamma2). The LAMA3 gene has been assigned to equine chromosome 8 and LAMB3 and LAMC2 have been mapped to equine chromosome 5. Linkage disequilibrium between microsatellite markers that mapped to equine chromosome 5 and equine chromosome 8 and the EI disease locus was tested in American Saddlebred horses. The allele frequencies of microsatellite alleles at 11 loci were determined for both epitheliogenesis imperfecta affected and unaffected populations of American Saddlebred horses by genotyping and direct counting of alleles. These were used to determine fit to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for control and EI populations using Chi square analysis. Two microsatellite loci located on equine chromosome 8q, ASB14 and AHT3, were not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in affected American Saddlebred horses. In comparison, all of the microsatellite markers located on equine chromosome 5 were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in affected American Saddlebred horses. This suggested that the EI disease locus was located on equine chromosome 8q, where LAMA3 is also located.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D Lieto
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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