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Tuohy JL, Byer BJ, Royer S, Keller C, Nagai-Singer MA, Regan DP, Seguin B. Evaluation of Myogenin and MyoD1 as Immunohistochemical Markers of Canine Rhabdomyosarcoma. Vet Pathol 2021; 58:516-526. [PMID: 33691532 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820988146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Canine rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) presents a diagnostic challenge due to its overlapping histologic features with other soft tissue sarcomas. The diagnosis of RMS currently relies on positive immunohistochemical (IHC) labeling for desmin; however, desmin expression is also observed in non-RMS tumors. Myogenin and MyoD1 are transcription factors reported to be sensitive and specific IHC markers for human RMS, but they are not widely used in veterinary oncology. The goals of this study were to develop an IHC protocol for myogenin and MyoD1, evaluate myogenin and MyoD1 labeling in canine RMS, and report clinical outcomes. Sixteen cases of possible RMS were retrospectively evaluated. A diagnosis of RMS was confirmed in 13 cases based on histological features and immunolabeling for myogenin and MyoD1, with the aid of electron microscopy in 2 cases. Desmin was negative in 3 cases of RMS. Two cases were of the sclerosing variant. The median age of dogs with RMS was 7.2 years. Anatomic tumor locations included previously reported sites such as bladder, larynx, heart, and orbit, as well as other locations typical of soft tissue sarcomas. Survival ranged from 47 to 1480 days for 5 dogs with available data. This study demonstrated that MyoD1 and myogenin should be included with desmin as part of a diagnostic IHC panel for canine RMS. Utilization of these antibodies to improve the accuracy of canine RMS diagnosis will ultimately allow for better characterization of the biological behavior and clinical outcomes of this disease, providing the groundwork for future comparative investigations in canine RMS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Suzanne Royer
- 3447Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Charles Keller
- Children's Cancer Therapy Development Institute, Beaverton, OR, USA
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Kishimoto TE, Yashima S, Nakahira R, Onozawa E, Azakami D, Ujike M, Ochiai K, Ishiwata T, Takahashi K, Michishita M. Identification of tumor-initiating cells derived from two canine rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:1155-1162. [PMID: 28529244 PMCID: PMC5559357 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells or tumor-initiating cells (TICs) are a small subpopulation of cells that have the capacity to self-renew, differentiate and initiate tumors. These cells may function in tumor initiation, aggression and recurrence. Whether spheres derived from canine rhabdomyosarcoma cells have stem cell-like properties is unclear. We induced sphere formation in the canine rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines, CMS-C and CMS-J, and characterized the spheres in vitro and in vivo. Sphere-forming cells were more resistant to vincristine, mitoxantrone and doxorubicin than adherent cells. Xenograft transplantation demonstrated that 1 × 103 sphere-forming cells derived from CMS-C were sufficient for tumor formation. The sphere assay showed that the sphere-forming cells were present in these tumors. These results suggest that the spheres derived from canine rhabdomyosarcoma cells may possess characteristics of TICs. This study provides the foundation for elucidating the contribution of TICs to rhabdomyosarcoma tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Evan Kishimoto
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Shoko Yashima
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Rei Nakahira
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Eri Onozawa
- Department of Veterinary Nursing, School of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Daigo Azakami
- Department of Veterinary Nursing, School of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Makoto Ujike
- Department of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ochiai
- Department of Veterinary Nursing, School of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Ishiwata
- Division of Aging and Carcinogenesis, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Kimimasa Takahashi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Masaki Michishita
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
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Saadeldin MK, Shawer H, Mostafa A, Kassem NM, Amleh A, Siam R. New genetic variants of LATS1 detected in urinary bladder and colon cancer. Front Genet 2015; 5:425. [PMID: 25628642 PMCID: PMC4292772 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
LATS1, the large tumor suppressor 1 gene, encodes for a serine/threonine kinase protein and is implicated in cell cycle progression. LATS1 is down-regulated in various human cancers, such as breast cancer, and astrocytoma. Point mutations in LATS1 were reported in human sarcomas. Additionally, loss of heterozygosity of LATS1 chromosomal region predisposes to breast, ovarian, and cervical tumors. In the current study, we investigated LATS1 genetic variations including single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), in 28 Egyptian patients with either urinary bladder or colon cancers. The LATS1 gene was amplified and sequenced and the expression of LATS1 at the RNA level was assessed in 12 urinary bladder cancer samples. We report, the identification of a total of 29 variants including previously identified SNPs within LATS1 coding and non-coding sequences. A total of 18 variants were novel. Majority of the novel variants, 13, were mapped to intronic sequences and un-translated regions of the gene. Four of the five novel variants located in the coding region of the gene, represented missense mutations within the serine/threonine kinase catalytic domain. Interestingly, LATS1 RNA steady state levels was lost in urinary bladder cancerous tissue harboring four specific SNPs (16045 + 41736 + 34614 + 56177) positioned in the 5'UTR, intron 6, and two silent mutations within exon 4 and exon 8, respectively. This study identifies novel single-base-sequence alterations in the LATS1 gene. These newly identified variants could potentially be used as novel diagnostic or prognostic tools in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona K Saadeldin
- Biotechnology Department, American University in Cairo New Cairo, Egypt
| | - Heba Shawer
- Biotechnology Department, American University in Cairo New Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Mostafa
- National Cancer Institute, Cairo University New Cairo, Egypt
| | - Neemat M Kassem
- Clinical Pathology Department, Cairo University New Cairo, Egypt
| | - Asma Amleh
- Biotechnology Department, American University in Cairo New Cairo, Egypt ; Biology Department, American University in Cairo New Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rania Siam
- Biotechnology Department, American University in Cairo New Cairo, Egypt ; Biology Department, American University in Cairo New Cairo, Egypt ; YJ-Science and Technology Research Center, American University in Cairo New Cairo, Egypt
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Goncarovs-Gran KO, Frank CB, Baird AN, Couetil LL, Ramos-Vara JA. Pathology in practice. Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma in an alpaca. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 243:1113-5. [PMID: 24094257 DOI: 10.2460/javma.243.8.1113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina O Goncarovs-Gran
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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Caserto BG. A Comparative Review of Canine and Human Rhabdomyosarcoma With Emphasis on Classification and Pathogenesis. Vet Pathol 2013; 50:806-26. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985813476069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcomas are a diverse group of malignant mesenchymal neoplasms exhibiting variable levels of differentiation toward skeletal myocytes. Neoplastic cells may resemble relatively undifferentiated myoblasts, satellite cells, or more differentiated elongated spindle cells and multicellular myotubes. In veterinary medicine, classification into subtypes and variants is based on an outdated system derived from human pathology and is solely based on histologic characteristics. In contrast, classification of human rhabdomyosarcoma is based on histologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular diagnostic techniques, and subclassification has clinical and prognostic relevance. Relevance of tumor subtyping has not been established in veterinary medicine. Recent discoveries of components of the molecular pathogenesis and genomes of human rhabdomyosarcomas have led to new diagnostic techniques and revisions of the human classification system. The current classification system in veterinary medicine is reviewed in light of these changes. Diagnosis of rhabdomyosarcoma using histopathology, electron microscopy, and the clinical aspects of human and canine rhabdomyosarcomas is compared. The clinical features and biologic behavior of canine rhabdomyosarcomas are compared with canine soft tissue sarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. G. Caserto
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Kimura M, Suzuki K, Fujii Y, Yamamoto R, Shibutani M, Mitsumori K. Gingival rhabdomyosarcoma accompanied by an immature myogenic population immunoreactive for α-smooth muscle actin in a dog. J Comp Pathol 2012; 149:48-52. [PMID: 23273582 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2012.11.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 09/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A 3-year-old female shih tzu was presented with a white to dark red mass arising from the gingiva. Because of the rapid and invasive growth of the mass, the dog was humanely destroyed. Microscopically, round to polygonal anaplastic cells with strongly eosinophilic cytoplasm grew in an alveolar pattern separated by fibrous stroma. Mitotic figures were numerous. Multinucleated cells and 'strap cells' were observed, but cross striation and glycogen accumulation were absent. Immunohistochemically, the tumour cells were positive for vimentin, desmin, muscle-specific actin and MyoD1, and a small number of tumour cells were positive for α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). Based on the morphological and immunohistochemical features, the gingival mass was diagnosed as alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma accompanied by α-SMA-positive immature myogenic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kimura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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Kato Y, Notake H, Kimura J, Murakami M, Hirata A, Sakai H, Yanai T. Orbital embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma with metastasis in a young dog. J Comp Pathol 2012; 147:191-4. [PMID: 22304975 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2011.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A 2-year-old male Welsh corgi dog was brought to an animal hospital because of left upper eyelid enlargement with lachrymal gland protrusion. The lachrymal and orbital cavity mass was removed surgically. Microscopically, the orbital mass consisted of a mixture of large rhabdomyoblastic and small round tumour cells. Immunohistochemically, the rhabdomyoblastic cells expressed desmin and myoglobin and the small round cells expressed desmin, myogenin and MyoD1. A diagnosis of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (ERS) was made. One month later, multiple masses throughout the body were identified, in particular around the cervical region. One of these lesions was sampled and diagnosed as metastatic ERS. The dog died 84 days after the time of first admission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kato
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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Avallone G, Pinto da Cunha N, Palmieri C, Della Salda L, Stefanello D, Roccabianca P, Caniatti M. Subcutaneous embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma in a dog: cytologic, immunocytochemical, histologic, and ultrastructural features. Vet Clin Pathol 2010; 39:499-504. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-165x.2010.00271.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Murakami M, Sakai H, Iwatani N, Asakura A, Hoshino Y, Mori T, Yanai T, Maruo K, Masegi T. Cytologic, histologic, and immunohistochemical features of maxillofacial alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma in a juvenile dog. Vet Clin Pathol 2009; 39:113-8. [PMID: 19645742 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-165x.2009.00175.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A 15-month-old castrated male dog with a history of intermittent epistaxis and sneezing was admitted for the examination of a maxillofacial mass. An impression smear of a biopsy sample from the cauliflower-shaped gingival mass contained numerous round cells, 5-25 microm in diameter, which contained a moderate amount of clear to pale blue cytoplasm and resembled lymphoid cells. Mitotic figures were frequently observed. The mass was diagnosed as malignant round cell neoplasia. On histologic examination the tumor was composed of diffusely arranged, small, atypical round cells with a small amount of fibrovascular stroma. Immunohistochemically, the cells were negative for CD3, CD18, CD20, CD79alpha, cytokeratin, melan-A, chromogranin A, alpha-smooth muscle actin, and myoglobin but positive for vimentin and desmin. The cells also had strong positive nuclear staining for myogenin and MyoD1. A diagnosis of solid-pattern alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma was made on the basis of morphologic and immunohistochemical results. Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of tumors in juvenile dogs, especially when cytologic findings reveal round, undifferentiated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mami Murakami
- Laboratories of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
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Miller AD, Steffey M, Alcaraz A, Cooper B. Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma in a Young Maine Coon Cat. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2009; 45:43-7. [DOI: 10.5326/0450043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas are uncommon tumors in all domestic species, especially cats. A 14-month-old Maine coon was diagnosed with an embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma in the rectus abdominus muscle, which was treated with complete surgical excision. Although no clinical progression was noted after surgery, the cat succumbed to pulmonary metastasis within 7 months. The histological diagnosis was embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (myotubular subtype). This category of striated muscle tumors is thought to have a more aggressive clinical course. The rapid demise of this cat even with no clinical or histological evidence of metastasis at the time of resection may indicate that, as in human medicine, adjuvant chemotherapy should be considered in conjunction with early surgical excision in preventing disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D. Miller
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences (Miller, Alcaraz) and Clinical Sciences (Steffey), College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-6401 and the Department of Biomedical Sciences (Cooper), College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
- From the
| | - Michele Steffey
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences (Miller, Alcaraz) and Clinical Sciences (Steffey), College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-6401 and the Department of Biomedical Sciences (Cooper), College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
- From the
| | - Ana Alcaraz
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences (Miller, Alcaraz) and Clinical Sciences (Steffey), College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-6401 and the Department of Biomedical Sciences (Cooper), College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
- From the
| | - Barry Cooper
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences (Miller, Alcaraz) and Clinical Sciences (Steffey), College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-6401 and the Department of Biomedical Sciences (Cooper), College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
- From the
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Yhee JY, Kim DH, Hwang DN, Moon CT, Yu CH, Kim HY, Doster AR, Sur JH. Hematogenous metastasis of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma originating from skeletal muscle in a young dog. J Vet Diagn Invest 2008; 20:243-6. [DOI: 10.1177/104063870802000219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
An 8-month-old, intact male Golden Retriever with a history of left forelimb lameness for 2 months was presented to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital of Konkuk University (Seoul, Korea). Results of a physical examination revealed a mass in the left axillary region. A thoracic radiography showed an osteolytic lesion in the scapula and the presence of a soft tissue density from the thoracic wall to the scapula. A computerized tomography revealed a mass invading into the scapula, and small nodules in the lung that suggested metastasis. At necropsy, a pale-yellow, irregular, firm, 8 × 10 × 5 cm mass extended from axillary region and destroyed the scapular. In addition, small nodules were noted in the lung. On microscopic examination, the mass consisted of round-to-oval cells, with eccentrically located hyperchromatic nuclei and eosinophilic cytoplasm in fibromyxoid stroma. Tumor cells were observed in blood vessels in the primary mass. Tumor cells strongly expressed vimentin, desmin, and myoglobin. In phosphotungstic acid-hematoxylin staining, cross-striations were detected in rhabdomyoblasts. In periodic acid-Schiff reaction, only a few cells were detected. The diagnosis was primary rhabdomyosarcoma of the appendicular muscle of a young dog. The tumor presumably originated in the skeletal muscle of the limb, invaded into the adjacent scapular bone, and metastasized to the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Young Yhee
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Small Animal Tumor Diagnostic Center
| | - Dae-Hyun Kim
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine
| | - Du-Na Hwang
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Small Animal Tumor Diagnostic Center
| | - Chang-Taek Moon
- Konkuk University, Seoul. Korea; the Department of Neurosurgery, Konkuk University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chi-Ho Yu
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Small Animal Tumor Diagnostic Center
| | - Hwi-Yool Kim
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine
| | - Alan R. Doster
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Lincoln, NE
| | - Jung-Hyang Sur
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Small Animal Tumor Diagnostic Center
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Dozmorov MG, Kyker KD, Saban R, Knowlton N, Dozmorov I, Centola MB, Hurst RE. Analysis of the interaction of extracellular matrix and phenotype of bladder cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2006; 6:12. [PMID: 16412233 PMCID: PMC1360102 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-6-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2005] [Accepted: 01/13/2006] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The extracellular matrix has a major effect upon the malignant properties of bladder cancer cells both in vitro in 3-dimensional culture and in vivo. Comparing gene expression of several bladder cancer cells lines grown under permissive and suppressive conditions in 3-dimensional growth on cancer-derived and normal-derived basement membrane gels respectively and on plastic in conventional tissue culture provides a model system for investigating the interaction of malignancy and extracellular matrix. Understanding how the extracellular matrix affects the phenotype of bladder cancer cells may provide important clues to identify new markers or targets for therapy. Methods Five bladder cancer cell lines and one immortalized, but non-tumorigenic, urothelial line were grown on Matrigel, a cancer-derived ECM, on SISgel, a normal-derived ECM, and on plastic, where the only ECM is derived from the cells themselves. The transcriptomes were analyzed on an array of 1186 well-annotated cancer derived cDNAs containing most of the major pathways for malignancy. Hypervariable genes expressing more variability across cell lines than a set expressing technical variability were analyzed further. Expression values were clustered, and to identify genes most likely to represent biological factors, statistically over-represented ontologies and transcriptional regulatory elements were identified. Results Approximately 400 of the 1186 total genes were expressed 2 SD above background. Approximately 100 genes were hypervariable in cells grown on each ECM, but the pattern was different in each case. A core of 20 were identified as hypervariable under all 3 growth conditions, and 33 were hypervariable on both SISgel and Matrigel, but not on plastic. Clustering of the hypervariable genes showed very different patterns for the same 6 cell types on the different ECM. Even when loss of cell cycle regulation was identified, different genes were involved, depending on the ECM. Under the most permissive conditions of growth where the malignant phenotype was fully expressed, activation of AKT was noted. TGFβ1 signaling played a major role in the response of bladder cancer cells to ECM. Identification of TREs on genes that clustered together suggested some clustering was driven by specific transcription factors. Conclusion The extracellular matrix on which cancer cells are grown has a major effect on gene expression. A core of 20 malignancy-related genes were not affected by matrix, and 33 were differentially expressed on 3-dimensional culture as opposed to plastic. Other than these genes, the patterns of expression were very different in cells grown on SISgel than on Matrigel or even plastic, supporting the hypothesis that growth of bladder cancer cells on normal matrix suppresses some malignant functions. Unique underlying regulatory networks were driving gene expression and could be identified by the approach outlined here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail G Dozmorov
- Department of Urology, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Centre, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Kimberly D Kyker
- Department of Urology, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Centre, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Ricardo Saban
- Department of Physiology, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Centre, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Nicholas Knowlton
- Microarray Core Facility, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Igor Dozmorov
- Microarray Core Facility, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Michael B Centola
- Microarray Core Facility, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Robert E Hurst
- Department of Urology, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Centre, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Centre, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Centre, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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