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Tamarindo GH, Novais AA, Chuffa LGA, Zuccari DAPC. Metabolic Alterations in Canine Mammary Tumors. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2757. [PMID: 37685021 PMCID: PMC10487042 DOI: 10.3390/ani13172757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine mammary tumors (CMTs) are among the most common diseases in female dogs and share similarities with human breast cancer, which makes these animals a model for comparative oncology studies. In these tumors, metabolic reprogramming is known as a hallmark of carcinogenesis whereby cells undergo adjustments to meet the high bioenergetic and biosynthetic demands of rapidly proliferating cells. However, such alterations are also vulnerabilities that may serve as a therapeutic strategy, which has mostly been tested in human clinical trials but is poorly explored in CMTs. In this dedicated review, we compiled the metabolic changes described for CMTs, emphasizing the metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, lipids, and mitochondrial functions. We observed key factors associated with the presence and aggressiveness of CMTs, such as an increase in glucose uptake followed by enhanced anaerobic glycolysis via the upregulation of glycolytic enzymes, changes in glutamine catabolism due to the overexpression of glutaminases, increased fatty acid oxidation, and distinct effects depending on lipid saturation, in addition to mitochondrial DNA, which is a hotspot for mutations. Therefore, more attention should be paid to this topic given that targeting metabolic fragilities could improve the outcome of CMTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Henrique Tamarindo
- Department of Molecular Biology, São José do Rio Preto Faculty of Medicine, São José do Rio Preto 15090-000, SP, Brazil
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas 13083-970, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriana Alonso Novais
- Health Sciences Institute (ICS), Mato Grosso Federal University (UFMT), Sinop 78550-728, MT, Brazil
| | - Luiz Gustavo Almeida Chuffa
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, SP, Brazil
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2
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Lu CH, Yu SH, Wu CH, Yeh JLS, Chang HW, Jeng CR, Chang YC. Effects of selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor robenacoxib on primary cells derived from feline injection-site sarcoma. J Cell Mol Med 2023. [PMID: 37334757 PMCID: PMC10399534 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline injection-site sarcomas (FISSs) are highly invasive malignant mesenchymal neoplasms that arise from injection sites in cats. Although the tumorigenesis of FISSs is still uncertain, there is a consensus that FISS is associated with chronic inflammation caused by irritation of injection-related trauma and foreign chemical substances. Chronic inflammation can provide a proper microenvironment for tumour development, which has been known as one of the risk factors of tumorigenesis in many tumours. To investigate the tumorigenesis of FISS and screen for its potential therapeutic targets, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), an inflammation-enhancing enzyme, was selected as a target for this study. In vitro experiments using FISS- and normal tissue-derived primary cells and robenacoxib, a highly selective COX-2 inhibitor, were performed. The results demonstrated that expression of COX-2 could be detected in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded FISS tissues and FISS-derived primary cells. Cell viability, migration and colony formation of FISS-derived primary cells were inhibited, and cell apoptosis was enhanced by robenacoxib in a dose-dependent manner. However, susceptibility to robenacoxib varied in different lines of FISS primary cells and was not completely correlated with COX-2 expression. Our results suggest that COX-2 inhibitors could be potential adjuvant therapeutics against FISSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Hui Lu
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Han Yu
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ho Wu
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Clinical Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jason Lih-Seng Yeh
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Clinical Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Wen Chang
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chian-Ren Jeng
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chen Chang
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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3
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Canine mammary carcinoma: current therapeutic targets and future perspectives – a review. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2022-0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Canine mammary carcinoma (CMC) is the most common neoplasm in bitches, and it shares many biological similarities with breast cancer in humans. Drug resistance, high epigenetic mutations, and relapse rates are among the challenges which eventually urge the need for a veterinary oncologist to discover new therapeutic approaches that are more effective and safer. Therefore, in this review, we also cover the current therapeutic strategies from human medicine for the future perspectives of tumor immunotherapy in veterinary medicine. These strategies have great potential to be employed as therapeutic or prophylactic options due to their ability to modulate a specific and potent immune response against CMC. As we acquire a better understanding of canine tumor immunology, we can move towards a brighter prognosis. Additionally, we report on the recent successful studies in breast cancer that may benefit canines as well.
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Hwang KA, Heo W, Hwang HJ, Han BK, Song MC, Kim YJ. Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Immature Sword Bean Pod ( Canavalia gladiata) in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced RAW264.7 Cells. J Med Food 2021; 23:1183-1191. [PMID: 33170759 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2020.4733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sword bean has been known as a traditional medicinal plant to treat cancer, sinus infection, and suppurative disease. It also possesses hypertension-relieving, antioxidation, and antibacterial effects. However, studies on the efficacy of sword bean are limited to mature beans. Few studies have focused on immature sword bean pod (ISBP). Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of ISBP in RAW264.7 cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). After LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells were treated with ISBP at concentrations (0.5, 1, 2, and 5 mg/mL), levels of nitrite oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production, protein, and mRNA levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inflammatory cytokine secretion level, and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activity were determined. Under inflammatory conditions induced by LPS, ISBP reduced levels of inflammatory mediators NO and PGE2 by 60% and 23%, respectively. It also decreased protein and mRNA expression levels of iNOS and COX-2 known to synthesize inflammatory mediators. Inflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β, levels were decreased, while interferon gamma level was increased by ISBP based on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and real time-polymerase chain reaction results. Finally, ISBP showed the ability to inhibit NF-κB activity. In conclusion, ISBP can alleviate inflammation by controlling inflammation-related substances, and may have efficacy as a healthful functional food and natural anti-inflammatory drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-A Hwang
- Department of Agrofood Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Korea
| | - Wan Heo
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong, Korea
| | - Hye-Jeong Hwang
- Department of Agrofood Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Korea.,Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong, Korea
| | - Bok Kyung Han
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong, Korea
| | - Myoung Chong Song
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Jun Kim
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong, Korea
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5
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Semenok D, Medvedev J, Giassafaki LP, Lavdas I, Vizirianakis IS, Eleftheriou P, Gavalas A, Petrou A, Geronikaki A. 4,5-Diaryl 3( 2H)Furanones: Anti-Inflammatory Activity and Influence on Cancer Growth. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24091751. [PMID: 31064095 PMCID: PMC6539231 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24091751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Apart from their anti-inflammatory action, COX inhibitors have gathered the interest of many scientists due to their potential use for the treatment and prevention of cancer. It has been shown that cyclooxygenase inhibitors restrict cancer cell growth and are able to interact with known antitumor drugs, enhancing their in vitro and in vivo cytotoxicity. The permutation of hydrophilic and hydrophobic aryl groups in COX inhibitors leads to cardinal changes in the biological activity of the compounds. In the present study, thirteen heterocyclic coxib-like 4,5-diarylfuran-3(2H)-ones and their annelated derivatives—phenanthro[9,10-b]furan-3-ones—were synthesized and studied for anti-inflammatory and COX-1/2 inhibitory action and for their cytotoxic activity on the breast cancer (MCF-7) and squamous cell carcinoma (HSC-3) cell lines. The F-derivative of the –SOMe substituted furan-3(2H)-ones exhibited the best activity (COX-1 IC50 = 2.8 μM, anti-inflammatory activity (by carrageenan paw edema model) of 54% (dose 0.01 mmol/kg), and MCF-7 and HSC-3 cytotoxicity with IC50 values of 10 μM and 7.5 μM, respectively). A cytotoxic effect related to the COX-1 inhibitory action was observed and a synergistic effect with the anti-neoplastic drugs gefitinib and 5-fluorouracil was found. A phenanthrene derivative exhibited the best synergistic effect with gefitinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitrii Semenok
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo Innovation Center, 3 Nobel Street, 143026 Moscow, Russia.
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutsky lane, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia.
| | - Jury Medvedev
- Saint-Petersburg State University, Institute of Chemistry, Universitetskiy Prospekt, 26, 198504 Petergof, Russia.
| | - Lefki-P Giassafaki
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Iason Lavdas
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Ioannis S Vizirianakis
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Phaedra Eleftheriou
- Department of Medical Laboratory Studies, School of Health and Medical Care, Alexander Technological Educational Institute of Thessaloniki, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Antonis Gavalas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Anthi Petrou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Athina Geronikaki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Kaszak I, Ruszczak A, Kanafa S, Kacprzak K, Król M, Jurka P. Current biomarkers of canine mammary tumors. Acta Vet Scand 2018; 60:66. [PMID: 30373614 PMCID: PMC6206704 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-018-0417-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammary tumors are the second most common neoplasia in dogs. Due to the high similarity of canine mammary tumors (CMT) to human breast cancers (HBC), human biomarkers of HBC are also detectable in cases of CMT. The evaluation of biomarkers enables clinical diagnoses, treatment options and prognosis for bitches suffering from this disease. The aim of this article is to give a short summary of the biomarkers of CMT based on current literature. Very promising biomarkers are miRNAs, cancer stem cells, and circulating tumor cells, as well as mutations of the breast cancer 1 gene (BRCA1) and breast cancer 2 gene (BRCA2). Until now, the most studied and reliable biomarkers of CMT have remained antigen Ki-67 (Ki-67), endothelial growth factor receptor, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2), estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and cyclooxygenase 1 (COX-2), which can be detected in both serum and tissue samples using different molecular methods. However, carcinoembryonic antigen and cancer antigen 15-3 (CA 15-3), while poorly studied, seem to be good biomarkers, especially for the early detection and prognosis of CMT. We will also mention the following: proliferative cell nuclear antigen, tumor protein p53 (p53), E-cadherin, vascular endothelial growth factor, microRNAs, cancer stem cells and circulating tumor cells, which can also be useful biomarkers. Although many studies have been conducted so far, the estimation of biomarkers in cases of CMT is still not a common practice, and more detailed research should be done.
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7
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Iturriaga MP, Paredes R, Arias JI, Torres CG. Meloxicam decreases the migration and invasion of CF41.Mg canine mammary carcinoma cells. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:2198-2206. [PMID: 28781660 PMCID: PMC5530185 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression is positively correlated with malignant features in canine mammary carcinomas. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) inhibit COX activity and may therefore possess anticancer effects. Meloxicam is an NSAID that is widely used in human and veterinary medicine. High concentrations of meloxicam have been reported to be antitumorigenic in vitro; however, the effect of meloxicam at concentrations that are equivalent to those that can be obtained in vivo remains unknown. In the current study, the in vitro effects of low-dose meloxicam (0.25 µg/ml) on CF41.Mg canine mammary carcinoma cells were evaluated. The effects on cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell migration and invasion, in addition to the expression of different molecules associated with tumor invasiveness were analyzed. No effect on cell viability and apoptosis were observed. However, cell migration and invasion were significantly reduced following treatment with meloxicam. MMP-2 expression and activity were similarly reduced, explaining the impaired cell invasion. In addition, β-catenin expression was downregulated, while its phosphorylation increased. These results indicate that 0.25 µg/ml meloxicam reduces cell migration and invasion, in part through modulating MMP-2 and β-catenin expression. Additional studies are required to elucidate the mechanism associated with the anti-invasive effect of meloxicam on CF41.Mg cells. The results of the present study suggest that meloxicam has a potential adjunctive therapeutic application, which could be useful in controlling the invasion and metastasis of canine mammary carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- María P Iturriaga
- Laboratory of Ecosystem Health, Faculty of Ecology and Natural Resources, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370251, Chile
| | - Rodolfo Paredes
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Ecology and Natural Resources, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370251, Chile
| | - Jose I Arias
- Laboratory of Biomedicine and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile
| | - Cristian G Torres
- Laboratory of Biomedicine and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile
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Molecular investigation of the direct anti-tumour effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in a panel of canine cancer cell lines. Vet J 2017; 221:38-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Visan S, Balacescu O, Berindan-Neagoe I, Catoi C. In vitro comparative models for canine and human breast cancers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 89:38-49. [PMID: 27004024 PMCID: PMC4777467 DOI: 10.15386/cjmed-519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
During the past four decades, an increased number of similarities between canine mammary tumors and human breast cancer have been reported: molecular, histological, morphological, clinical and epidemiological, which lead to comparative oncological studies. One of the most important goals in human and veterinary oncology is to discover potential molecular biomarkers that could detect breast cancer in an early stage and to develop new effective therapies. Recently, cancer cell lines have successfully been used as an in vitro model to study the biology of cancer, to investigate molecular pathways and to test the efficiency of anticancer drugs. Moreover, establishment of an experimental animal model for the study of human breast cancer will improve testing potential anti-cancer therapies and the discovery of effective therapeutic schemes suitable for human clinical trials. In this review, we collected data from previous studies that strengthen the value of canine mammary cancer cell lines as an in vitro model for the study of human breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Visan
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Necropsy and Veterinary Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Department of Functional Genomics, Proteomics and Experimental Pathology, Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta Oncology Institute, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ovidiu Balacescu
- Department of Functional Genomics, Proteomics and Experimental Pathology, Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta Oncology Institute, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioana Berindan-Neagoe
- Department of Functional Genomics, Proteomics and Experimental Pathology, Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta Oncology Institute, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Department of Immunology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Department of Experimental Therapeutics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Cornel Catoi
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Necropsy and Veterinary Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Pandey M, Kumar BS, Verma R. Mammaglobin as a diagnostic serum marker of complex canine mammary carcinomas. Res Vet Sci 2015; 103:187-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Wang H, Yang X, Jin Y, Pei S, Zhang D, Ma W, Huang J, Qiu H, Zhang X, Jiang Q, Sun W, Zhang H, Lin D. Expression and significance of CHIP in canine mammary gland tumors. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 77:1465-71. [PMID: 26156079 PMCID: PMC4667665 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CHIP (Carboxy terminus of Hsc70 Interacting Protein) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that can
induce ubiquitination and degradation of several oncogenic proteins. The expression of
CHIP is frequently lower in human breast cancer than in normal breast tissue. However, the
expression and role of CHIP in the canine mammary gland tumor (CMGT) remain unclear. We
investigated the potential correlation between CHIP expression and mammary gland tumor
prognosis in female dogs. CHIP expression was measured in 54 dogs by immunohistochemistry
and real-time RT-PCR. CHIP protein expression was significantly correlated with the
histopathological diagnosis, outcome of disease and tumor classification. The
transcriptional level of CHIP was significantly higher in normal tissues
(P=0.001) and benign tumors (P=0.009) than it in
malignant tumors. CHIP protein expression was significantly correlated with the
transcriptional level of CHIP (P=0.0102). The log-rank
test survival curves indicated that patients with low expression of CHIP had shorter
overall periods of survival than those with higher CHIP protein expression
(P=0.050). Our data suggest that CHIP may play an important role in the
formation and development of CMGTs and serve as a valuable prognostic marker and potential
target for genetic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanan Wang
- The Clinical Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
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Pang LY, Argyle SA, Kamida A, Morrison KO, Argyle DJ. The long-acting COX-2 inhibitor mavacoxib (Trocoxil™) has anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects on canine cancer cell lines and cancer stem cells in vitro. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:184. [PMID: 25190452 PMCID: PMC4172958 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-014-0184-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The NSAID mavacoxib (Trocoxcil™) is a recently described selective COX-2 inhibitor used for the management of inflammatory disease in dogs. It has a long plasma half-life, requiring less frequent dosing and supporting increased owner compliance in treating their dogs. Although the use of NSAIDs has been described in cancer treatment in dogs, there are no studies to date that have examined the utility of mavacoxib specifically. RESULTS In this study we compared the in vitro activity of a short-acting non-selective COX inhibitor (carprofen) with mavacoxib, on cancer cell and cancer stem cell survival. We demonstrate that mavacoxib has a direct cell killing effect on cancer cells, increases apoptosis in cancer cells in a manner that may be independent of caspase activity, and has an inhibitory effect on cell migration. Importantly, we demonstrate that cancer stem cells derived from osteosarcoma cell lines are sensitive to the cytotoxic effect of mavacoxib. CONCLUSIONS Both NSAIDs can inhibit cancer cell proliferation and induce apoptosis in vitro. Importantly, cancer stem cells derived from an osteosarcoma cell line are sensitive to the cytotoxic effect of mavacoxib. Our results suggest that mavacoxib has anti-tumour effects and that this in vitro anti-cancer activity warrants further study.
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Shafiee R, Javanbakht J, Atyabi N, Kheradmand P, Kheradmand D, Bahrami A, Daraei H, Khadivar F. Diagnosis, classification and grading of canine mammary tumours as a model to study human breast cancer: an Clinico-Cytohistopathological study with environmental factors influencing public health and medicine. Cancer Cell Int 2013; 13:79. [PMID: 23937693 PMCID: PMC3765114 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-13-79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human "Elston and Ellis grading method" was utilized in dogs with mammary tumor to examine its relation to prognosis in this species, based on a 2-year follow-up period. Although cytopathology is widely used for early diagnosis of human neoplasms, it is not commonly performed in veterinary medicine. Our objectives in this study were to identify cytopathology criteria of malignancy for canine mammary tumors and the frequency of different types of mammary lesions and their relationship with histologic grade was investigated. Another aim of this study was to differentiate the simple and adenocarcinoma tumors from the complex or mixed tumor described by Elston and Ellis grading method. METHODS The study was performed in 15 pure or mixed-breed female dogs submitted to surgical resections of mammary tumours. The mammary tumours were excised by simple mastectomy or regional mastectomy, with or without the superficial inguinal lymph nodes. Female dogs were mainly terriers (9 dogs) or mixed (3 dogs), the 3 other animals were a German shepherd, Dachshund and Pekingese. Before surgical excision of the tumour, FNAC was performed using a 0.6 mm diameter needle attached to a 10 ml syringe held in a standard metal syringe holder. The cytological sample was smeared onto a glass slide and either air-dried for May-Grünwald-stain, or ethanol-fixed for Papanicolaou stain and masses were surgically removed, the tumours were grossly examined and tissue samples were fixed in 10%-buffered-formalin and embedded in paraffin. Sections 4 μm thick were obtained from each sample and H&E stained. RESULTS We obtained a correct cytohistological correlation in 14/15 cases (93.3%) when all cytopathological examinations were considered. Of the 15 cases examined, 2(13.3%) had well-differentiated (grade I), 6(40%) had moderately differentiated (grade II) and 7(46.7%) had poorly differentiated (grade III) tumours. Classification of all canine mammary gland lesions revealed 13(86.7%) malignant and 2(13.3%) benign tumors. The histological examination showed that the most common tumor types of mammary glands in bitches were: complex carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, malignant mixed tumour, benign mixed tumour, simple carcinoma- (5/15; 33.3%), (3/15; 20%), (3/15; 20%) and (2/15;13.3%), respectively. Simple carcinoma and cystic hyperplasia were less common - (1/15; 6.7%), and (1/15; 6.7%), respectively. Moreover, the most often tumors occur in inguinal mammary (60%) and abdominal (27%) glands. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that, because of the similarity of the cytohistopathological findings in the human and canine mammary gland tumours, it is possible to use the same cytopathological criteria applied in human pathology for the diagnosis of canine mammary gland tumours. Furthemoer, routine use of this human grading method would help the clinician to make a more accurate prognosis in the interests of post-surgical management in dogs with mammary carcinomas. Furthermore, this research will allow a more discriminating classification of mammary tumors and probably has a bearing on cytohistopathology, epidemiology, pathogenesis and prognosis. The most often tumors occur in inguinal mammary (60%) and abdominal (27%) glands. This interesting regional difference may be due to a) the duration of the growth before the diagnosis; b) the age of the dogs; and c) high prevelance of unspayed animals. Moreover, the most common type of tumor was complex carcinoma - 33.3% (5 cases).
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Affiliation(s)
- Radmehr Shafiee
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Javanbakht
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nahid Atyabi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pegah Kheradmand
- Semnan University of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan, Iran
| | - Danial Kheradmand
- MD, Graduate Islamic Azad University of Mashhad, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Hasti Daraei
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
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Stokol T, Daddona JL, Mubayed LS, Trimpert J, Kang S. Evaluation of tissue factor expression in canine tumor cells. Am J Vet Res 2011; 72:1097-106. [PMID: 21801068 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.72.8.1097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether canine tumor cell lines express functional tissue factor and shed tissue factor-containing microparticles. SAMPLE Cell lines derived from tumors of the canine mammary gland (CMT12 and CMT25), pancreas (P404), lung (BACA), prostate gland (Ace-1), bone (HMPOS, D-17, and OS2.4), and soft tissue (A72); from normal canine renal epithelium (MDCK); and from a malignant human mammary tumor (MDA-MB-231). PROCEDURES Tissue factor mRNA and antigen expression were evaluated in cells by use of canine-specific primers in a reverse transcriptase PCR assay and a rabbit polyclonal anti-human tissue factor antibody in flow cytometric and immunofluorescent microscopic assays, respectively. Tissue factor procoagulant activity on cell surfaces, in whole cell lysates, and in microparticle pellets was measured by use of an activated factor X-dependent chromogenic assay. RESULTS Canine tissue factor mRNA was identified in all canine tumor cells. All canine tumor cells expressed intracellular tissue factor; however, the HMPOS and D-17 osteosarcoma cells lacked surface tissue factor expression and activity. The highest tissue factor expression and activity were observed in canine mammary tumor cells and pulmonary carcinoma cells (BACA). These 3 tumors also shed tissue factor-bearing microparticles into tissue culture supernatants. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Tissue factor was constitutively highly expressed in canine tumor cell lines, particularly those derived from epithelial tumors. Because tumor-associated tissue factor can promote tumor growth and metastasis in human patients, high tissue factor expression could affect the in vivo biological behavior of these tumors in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Stokol
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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15
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Abstract
Cyclooxygenase (COX; also known as prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase) is a key enzyme in the biochemical pathway leading to the synthesis of prostaglandins. A large amount of epidemiological and experimental evidence supports a role for COX-2, the inducible form of the enzyme, in human tumorigenesis, notably in colorectal cancer. COX-2 mediates this role through the production of PGE(2) that acts to inhibit apoptosis, promote cell proliferation, stimulate angiogenesis, and decrease immunity. Similarly, COX-2 is believed to be involved in the oncogenesis of some cancers in domestic animals. Here, the author reviews the current knowledge on COX-2 expression and role in cancers of dogs, cats, and horses. Data indicate that COX-2 upregulation is present in many animal cancers, but there is presently not enough information to clearly define the prognostic significance of COX-2 expression. To date, only few reports document an association between COX-2 expression and survival, notably in canine mammary cancers and osteosarcomas. Some evidence suggests that COX inhibitors could be useful in the prevention and/or treatment of certain cancers in domestic animals, the best example being urinary transitional cell carcinomas in dogs. However, determination of the levels of COX-2 in a tumor does not appear to be a good prognostic factor or a good indicator for the response to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug therapy. Clearly, additional research, including the development of in vitro cell systems, is needed to determine if COX-2 expression can be used as a reliable prognostic factor and as a definite therapeutic target in animal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Doré
- Département de pathologie et microbiologie, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada.
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Sonzogni-Desautels K, Knapp DW, Sartin E, Doré M. Effect of cyclooxygenase inhibitors in a xenograft model of canine mammary tumours. Vet Comp Oncol 2010; 9:161-71. [PMID: 21848619 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5829.2010.00242.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) represents a possible avenue for the prevention and/or treatment of some cancers. Our goal was to compare the effect of a selective inhibitor of COX-2, deracoxib, and a COX-1 and -2 inhibitor, piroxicam, on the growth of canine mammary tumours in a murine model. CMT-9 was used to induce xenografts in nude mice. Mice were treated with piroxicam (0.6 mg kg(-1)), deracoxib (6 mg kg(-1)) or a control solution. Tumour volumes between 0 and 24 days post-treatment showed no significant difference between all groups. A second series of experiments was performed with a higher dose of piroxicam (0.9 mg kg(-1)). Tumour volumes between 14 and 21 days post-treatment were significantly smaller in piroxicam-treated mice compared with controls. These results demonstrate that COX inhibition reduced the growth of canine mammary cancer xenografts in mice, suggesting that COX inhibitors could have a positive effect in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sonzogni-Desautels
- Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Département de pathologie et microbiologie, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
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17
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Paglia D, Dubielzig RR, Kado-Fong HK, Maggs DJ. Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in canine uveal melanocytic neoplasms. Am J Vet Res 2009; 70:1284-90. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.70.10.1284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Dias Pereira P, Lopes C, Matos A, Santos M, Gärtner F, Medeiros R, Lopes C. COX-2 Expression in Canine Normal and Neoplastic Mammary Gland. J Comp Pathol 2009; 140:247-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2008.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2008] [Revised: 11/30/2008] [Accepted: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Baek SJ, Mcentee MF, Legendre AM. Review Paper: Cancer Chemopreventive Compounds and Canine Cancer. Vet Pathol 2009; 46:576-88. [DOI: 10.1354/vp.08-vp-0238-b-rev] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Canine cancer has become more prevalent in recent years because of increased life expectancy and greater attention to the health of pets. The range of cancers seen in dogs is as diverse as that in human patients, and despite more intensive therapeutic interventions, fatality rates remain unacceptably high in both species. Chemoprevention is therefore an important means of confronting this disease. Because domestic pets share our environment, greater cross-application and study of the protumorigenic and antitumorigenic factors in our shared environment will benefit all species, leading to the development of new families of less toxic antitumorigenic compounds based on novel and established molecular targets. Currently, the most interesting cancer preventive agents are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ ligands, and dietary compounds. This article provides an overview of what is known about how these agents affect molecular signaling in neoplastic disease, with reference to reported application and/or study in dogs where available.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. J. Baek
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
| | - M. F. Mcentee
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
| | - A. M. Legendre
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
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Expression and significance of PTEN and VEGF in canine mammary gland tumours. Vet Res Commun 2008; 32:463-72. [PMID: 18461467 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-008-9049-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2007] [Accepted: 04/01/2008] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the relationship between the expression of the PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosometen) and VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) and the clinicopathological features in canine mammary gland tumours, the expression levels of PTEN and VEGF protein were assessed in 50 cases of canine mammary gland tumours tissues and 4 cases of normal mammary gland tissues with using immunohistochemical method. The over-expression rate of PTEN protein was 100% in normal and well-differentiated mammary gland tissues and 67% in breast cancer cases respectively with a significant difference between the two groups (P<0.01). Expression of PTEN was not related to age and tumour size, but closely correlated to lymph node metastasis (P<0.01). The over-expression rate of VEGF protein was 33.3% in normal mammary gland tissues, and 78% in canine mammary gland tumours with a significant difference between the two groups (P<0.01). Expression of VEGF was not related to age or tumour size, but closely correlated with lymph node metastasis and clinical stage (P<0.05). Therefore the combination detection of PTEN and VEGF could serve as an important index to estimate the biological behavior and prognosis of canine mammary gland tumours. Reduced expression of PTEN might be involved in carcinogenesis and progression of canine breast cancer by up-regulating the VEGF expression to enhance angiogenesis.
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Expression and significance of PTEN in canine mammary gland tumours. Res Vet Sci 2007; 85:383-8. [PMID: 18082231 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2007] [Revised: 10/17/2007] [Accepted: 10/27/2007] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
To explore the expression and clinical importance of the anti-oncogene phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) in canine mammary gland tumours, PTEN expression was compared in 50 cases of canine mammary tumour and four examples of normal mammary tissue using real-time quantitative PCR. PTEN expression was similar in benign mammary tumours and normal mammary tissues (P>0.05), but was lower in malignant tumours than in normal mammary tissues or benign mammary tumours (P<0.001). PTEN expression was also low in the lymph node metastases of malignant mammary tumours. The expression profile of PTEN in malignant mammary tumours compared to those without lymph node metastasis varied significantly. Low-level PETN expression might play an important role in carcinogenesis and the progression of canine mammary tumours, and PTEN protein detection might be useful in evaluating tumour development and prognosis.
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