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Riet-Correa F, Cook D, Micheloud JF, Machado M, Mendonça FS, Schild AL, Lemos RA. A review on mycotoxins and mycotoxicoses in ruminants and Equidae in South America. Toxicon 2024; 247:107827. [PMID: 38909760 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Of the mycotoxicoses caused by molds contaminating grains or their byproducts, leukoencephalomalacia of horses and less frequently aflatoxicosis in cattle have been reported in South America. However, the most important group of mycotoxins in the region are those caused by fungi that infect forages and other types of plants and have regional distribution. In this group, ergotism is important, both caused by Claviceps purpurea infecting grains or by Epichloë coenophiala infecting Schedonorus arundinaceus. Other important mycotoxicoses are those caused by indole-diterpenes produced by Clavicipitaceous fungi including Claviceps paspali in Paspalum spp., Claviceps cynodontes in Cynodon dactylon, and by Periglandula a seed transmitted symbiont associated with the tremorgenic plant Ipomoea asarifolia. The latter is an important poisoning in the northeastern and northern Brazil. Other important mycotoxicoses are those caused by swainsonine containing plants. It was demonstrated that swainsonine contained in Ipomoea carnea var. fistulosa is produced by an epibiotic fungus of the order Chaetothyriales whose mycelia develop on the adaxial surface of the leaves. Swainsonine is also produced by the symbiotic, endobiotic fungi Alternaria section Undifilum spp., which is associated with Astragalus spp. in the Argentinian Patagonia causing poisoning. Another form of mycotoxicosis occurs in poisoning by Baccharis spp., mainly B. coridifolia, a very important toxic plant in South America that contains macrocyclic trichothecenes probably produced by an endophytic fungus that has not yet been identified. Pithomycotoxicosis caused by Pithomyces chartarum used to be an important mycotoxicosis in the region, mainly in cattle grazing improved pastures of legumes and grasses. Slaframine poisoning, diplodiosis and poisoning by barley contaminated by Aspergillus clavatus has been rarely diagnosed in Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franklin Riet-Correa
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Science in the Tropics, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, CEP: 40170-110, Brazil.
| | - Daniel Cook
- USDA/ARS Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, 1150 East 1400 North, Logan, UT, 84341, United States
| | - Juan F Micheloud
- Universidad Católica de Salta. Facultad de ciencias agrarias y veterinarias, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina; Área de Sanidad Animal "Dr. Bernardo Jorge Carrillo"-Instituto de Investigación Animal Chaco Semiárido (Sede Salta) CIAP-INTITUTO NACIONAL DE TECNOLOGIA AGROPECUARIA. (INTA), Argentina
| | - Mizael Machado
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal (PSA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Estación Experimental del Norte, Tacuarembó, 45000, Uruguay
| | - Fabio S Mendonça
- Laboratório de Diagnóstico Animal, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Ana Lucia Schild
- Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Capão do Leão, 96010-900, RS, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Amaral Lemos
- Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, CEP 79010-900, Brazil
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Marin RE, Uzal FA. Lisosomal storage disease caused by ingestion of Astragalus spp in llamas: an emergent concern. Vet Res Commun 2024:10.1007/s11259-024-10397-x. [PMID: 38758424 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10397-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Lysosomal storage diseases are inherited or acquired disorders characterized by dysfunctional lysosomes that lead to intracytoplasmic accumulation of undegraded substrates, causing impaired cellular function and death. Many acquired lysosomal storage diseases are produced by toxic plants, which have indolizidine alkaloids, including swainsonine, that inhibits lysosomal α-mannosidase and Golgi α-mannosidase II. Swainsonine-induced nervous disease associated with various plants has been reported, including species of the genus Astragalus, Sida, Oxitropis, Swainsona, and Ipomoea. Two species of Astragalus (i.e. Astragalus garbancillo and Astragalus punae) have been found to cause neurologic disease in llamas. In addition, A. garbancillo was also associated with malformations in the offspring, and possibly abortions and neonatal mortality in llamas. The diagnosis of Astragalus spp. intoxication is established based on clinical signs, microscopic and ultrastructural findings, lectin histochemistry, abundance of these plants in the grazing area and determination of swainsonine in plant specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl E Marin
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Jujuy, Jujuy, Argentina
| | - Francisco A Uzal
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, San Bernardino Branch, University of CA-Davis, 105 W Central Ave, San Bernardino, CA, 92408, USA.
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Cholich L, Pistán M, Torres A, Hernández D, Moro R, Gómez T, Gardner D, Bustillo S. Ipomoea carnea alkaloid extract vs swainsonine: A comparative study on cytotoxic activity against glial cells. Toxicon 2023; 235:107325. [PMID: 37838004 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
The consumption of Ipomoea carnea produces a neurological syndrome in animals. The toxic principles of I. carnea are the alkaloids swainsonine (SW) and calystegines B1, B2, B3 and C1. In this study, we investigated the cytotoxicity of an alkaloid extract of Ipomoea carnea (AEE) and natural swainsonine (SW) isolated from Astragalus lentiginosus (25-1000 μM of SW) for 48 h in a glioma cell line. Although the natural SW did not induce any changes in cell viability, the AEE exhibited a dose dependent cytotoxic effect and release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) indicative of cytolysis. In order to evaluate the morphological changes involved, cells were examined using phase contrast and fluorescence microscopy with acridine orange-ethidium bromide staining. The AEE caused a cell death compatible with necrosis, whereas exposure to 1000 μM of SW resulted in cytoplasmic vacuolation. Immunocytochemical studies revealed that astrocytes treated with 150 μM of AEE from I. carnea or 1000 μM of SW exhibited morphological characteristics of cell activation. These findings suggest that swainsonine would not be the only component present in the AEE of I. carnea responsible for in vitro cytotoxicity. Calystegines might also play a role in acting synergistically and triggering cell death through necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Cholich
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, National University of the Northeast, Corrientes, Argentina; The National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Corrientes, Argentina.
| | - María Pistán
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, National University of the Northeast, Corrientes, Argentina; The National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Ana Torres
- Natural Products Laboratory, IQUIBA-NEA CONICET, National University of the Northeast, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - David Hernández
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, National University of the Northeast, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Ramiro Moro
- Biological and Molecular Investigations Group (GIBYM), IQUIBA-NEA CONICET, National University of the Northeast, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Tamara Gómez
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, National University of the Northeast, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Dale Gardner
- USDA-ARS Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Soledad Bustillo
- Biological and Molecular Investigations Group (GIBYM), IQUIBA-NEA CONICET, National University of the Northeast, Corrientes, Argentina
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Santos A, Armién A, Miranda I, Rocha J, d’Avila M, Costa S, França T, Peixoto P. Lysosomal storage disease induced by Sida planicaulis (Sin. Sida carpinifolia) (Malvaceae) in sheep in the state of Rio de Janeiro. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-12516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Ingestion of S. planicaulis (Sin. S. carpinifolia) causes lysosomal storage disease in sheep. The main toxic compound of this plant, swainsonine, inhibits the enzymatic activity of α-mannosidase I and II, resulting in lysosomal storage of glycoproteins. We describe a case of spontaneous poisoning by S. planucaulis in Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. Physical examination of affected animals revealed proprioceptive deficit, motor incoordination, staggering movement, and head tremors. Histopathological evaluation showed severe swelling/cytoplasmic vacuolization in Purkinje neurons, with a foamy appearance and occasional karyolysis or karyopyknosis, and intense vacuolization of acinar cells of the pancreas and, less markedly, thyroid follicular cells. The positive lectin-histochemistry labeling for Con A, WGA and sWGA lectins characterized the disease as a glycoproteinosis. The ultrastructural evaluation revealed numerous vacuoles up to 2.5μm in diameter bounded by membranes up to 20nm thick in pancreatic acinar cells. The diagnosis of S. planicaulis toxicity was established based on epidemiological data, clinicopathological, lectino-histochemical, and ultrastructural findings. This is the second report of spontaneous poisoning of sheep by S. planicaulis in Brazil, but the first in the Southeastern Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.M. Santos
- Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - J.F. Rocha
- Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - T.N. França
- Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - P.V. Peixoto
- Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Cholich LA, Martinez A, Micheloud JF, Pistán ME, García EN, Robles CA, Ortega HH, Gimeno EJ. Alpha-mannosidosis caused by toxic plants in ruminants of Argentina. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2021; 93:e20191496. [PMID: 34787167 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202120191496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that several of the swainsonine-containing plant species found widespread around the world have a negative economic impact in each country. In Argentina, most of the information on the poisonous plant species that produce α-mannosidosis is published in Spanish and thus not available to most English-speaking researchers interested in toxic plants. Therefore, the aim of this review is to summarize the information about swainsonine-containing plants in Argentina, which are extensively distributed throughout different ecoregions of the country. To date, five species from three genera have been shown to induce α-mannosidosis in livestock in Argentina: Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa, Ipomoea hieronymi subsp. calchaquina (Convolvulaceae), Astragalus garbancillo, Astragalus pehuenches (Fabaceae), and Sida rodrigoi (Malvaceae). These species contain the indolizidine alkaloid swainsonine, which inhibits the lysosomal enzyme α-mannosidase and consequently affects glycoprotein metabolism, resulting in partially metabolized sugars. The prolonged consumption of these poisonous plants produces progressive weight loss and clinical signs related to a nervous disorder, characterized by tremors of head and neck, abnormalities of gait, difficulty in standing, ataxia and wide-based stance. Histological lesions are mainly characterized by vacuolation of different cells, especially neurons of the central nervous system. The main animal model used to study α-mannosidosis is the guinea pig because, when experimentally poisoned, it exhibits many of the characteristics of naturally intoxicated livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana A Cholich
- Universidad Nacional del Nordeste (UNNE), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Sargento Cabral 2139, 3400 Corrientes, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, Piso 9, C1425FQB Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agustín Martinez
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Grupo Salud Animal, Modesta Victoria 4450, 8400 Bariloche, Argentina
| | - Juan F Micheloud
- Universidad Católica de Salta, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronomía, Campus Castañares, A4400 Salta, Argentina.,Grupo de Trabajo de Patología, Epidemiología e Investigación Diagnostica, Área de Sanidad Animal-IIACS/INTA, Salta, Argentina
| | - María E Pistán
- Universidad Nacional del Nordeste (UNNE), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Sargento Cabral 2139, 3400 Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Enrique N García
- Universidad Nacional del Nordeste (UNNE), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Sargento Cabral 2139, 3400 Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Carlos A Robles
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Grupo Salud Animal, Modesta Victoria 4450, 8400 Bariloche, Argentina
| | - Hugo H Ortega
- Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET Litoral), Bv. Pellegrini 2750, S3000 Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, Piso 9, C1425FQB Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eduardo J Gimeno
- Universidad Nacional de la Plata (UNLP), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, 60 y 118, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, Piso 9, C1425FQB Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Oliveira CA, Riet-Correa G, Lima E, Medeiros RMT, Miraballes C, Pfister JA, Gardner D, Cook D, Riet-Correa F. Toxicity of the swainsonine-containing plant Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa for goats and sheep. Toxicon 2021; 197:40-47. [PMID: 33887299 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In order to determine the toxicity of swainsonine present in Ipomoea carnea for goats and sheep, 12 goats and 12 sheep were divided into 3 groups of 4 goats (G1, G2 and G3) and 3 groups of 4 sheep (S4, S5 and S6) each. Groups G1 and S4 were used as controls; G2 and S5 received 1 mg/kg body weight of swainsonine from plant material and G3 and S6 received 3 mg/kg. Groups G2 and G3 presented the first clinical signs, on average, after the 54th and 39th days of ingestion of the plant, respectively. Groups S5 and S6 presented the first clinical signs, on average, on the 64th and 42nd days of the experiment, respectively. In sheep, in addition to having a longer period of ingestion until the onset of clinical signs, these signs were less severe, being evident only after the animals were forced to move. These results demonstrated that goats are more susceptible to swainsonine poisoning than sheep. Complete regression of clinical signs was observed in 5 goats and 6 sheep. However, three goats and one sheep remained with clinical signs until 120 days of the experiment, suggesting that to control the poisoning the animals should be removed from the pastures immediately after the first clinical signs. There were no significant differences in weight between the different groups, suggesting that for goats ingesting the plant, toxic Ipomoea species can be used as forage for intermittent periods of 15-30 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Alberto Oliveira
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Pará (IFPA), Campus de Castanhal, BR-316 Km 61, Castanhal, PA, 68743-080, Brazil.
| | - Gabriela Riet-Correa
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Health in the Amazon (PPGSAAM), Federal University of Pará (UFPA), BR 316, Sn, Castanhal, PA, 68740-000, Brazil.
| | - Everton Lima
- Veterinary Hospital, Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), Patos, Paraíba, 58700-000, Brazil
| | - Rosane M T Medeiros
- Veterinary Hospital, Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), Patos, Paraíba, 58700-000, Brazil
| | - Cecilia Miraballes
- Programa de Pós-graduação Em Ciência Animal Nos Trópicos, Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - James A Pfister
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Dale Gardner
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Daniel Cook
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Franklin Riet-Correa
- Veterinary Hospital, Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), Patos, Paraíba, 58700-000, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação Em Ciência Animal Nos Trópicos, Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.
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The effect of Ipomoea carnea on maternal reproductive outcomes and fetal and postnatal development in rats. Toxicon 2020; 190:3-10. [PMID: 33253700 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ipomoea carnea is a toxic plant found in Brazil and other tropical countries. The plant contains the alkaloids calystegines and swainsonine, which inhibit key cellular enzymes and cause systematic cell death. It is known that swainsonine is excreted in the amniotic fluid of dams exposed to the plant. Thus, the aim of this study was to verify whether the toxic effect of I. carnea on fetuses is due to exclusively the passage of the active principle of the plant through the placenta, or if the placentotoxic effect of swainsonine could collaborate in the adverse effects observed in the fetus. The teratogenic effects of exposure to the toxic principles of I. carnea were evaluated not only using the conventional protocol but also at later stages in the postnatal developmental period. Females were treated, from gestation day (GD) 6 until GD19, with 0.0, 1.0, 3.0 or 7.0 g/kg body weight of I. carnea dry leaves. The plant did not induce changes in reproductive performance or biochemical profile of the dams. Dams that received the highest dose of I. carnea showed cytoplasmic vacuolization in the liver, kidney and placental tissue. I. carnea promoted different lectin binding patterns in different areas of placental tissue. No fetal skeletal or visceral malformations was observed. The postnatal evaluation revealed a lower litter weight and a lower pup body weight one day after birth in the group that received the highest dose of I. carnea. Physical milestones were unaffected by the treatments. Female pups from all experimental groups exhibited a delay in achieving a negative geotaxis response. The results show that the toxic principle of I. carnea produces injury in utero in mothers and fetuses, but these deleterious effects were better demonstrated using postnatal evaluation.
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Cholich LA, Pistán ME, Torres AM, Ortega HH, Gardner DR, Bustillo S. Cytotoxic activity induced by the alkaloid extract from Ipomoea carnea on primary murine mixed glial cultures. Toxicon 2020; 188:134-141. [PMID: 33091389 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The prolonged consumption of Ipomoea carnea produces neurologic symptoms in animals and a typical histological lesion, cytoplasmic vacuolization, especially in neurons. The toxic principles of I. carnea are the alkaloids swainsonine and calystegines B1, B2, B3 and C1. In this study, primary brain cultures from newborn mouse containing mixed glial cells were utilized. These cells were exposed to Ipomoea extracts containing between 0 and 250 μM swainsonine for 48 h. Morphological changes were investigated through Phase Contrast microscopy and Rosenfeld's staining. The extract induced cytoplasmic vacuolization in astrocytes and microglia in a dose dependent manner, being more evident when cultures were exposed to 250 μM of swainsonine. In addition, acridine orange staining evidenced an increase in the number of lysosomes in both microglia and astrocytes cells. Consistent with this, scanning electron microscopy also showed that both types of cells presented morphological characteristics of cell activation. Ultrastructurally, cells showed vacuoles filled with amorphous material and surrounded by a single membrane and also multilayer membranes. Taken together, these findings suggest that swainsonine along with calystegines, are probably responsible for the activation of glial cells due to a possible lysosomal dysfunction and therefore intracellular storage. Our results demonstrate that this in vitro glial cell model is a very good alternative to in vivo studies that require several weeks of animal intoxication to observe similar neurotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Andrea Cholich
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, National University of the Northeast, Corrientes, Argentina; The National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Argentina.
| | - María Elena Pistán
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, National University of the Northeast, Corrientes, Argentina; The National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Ana María Torres
- Natural Products Laboratory, IQUIBA-NEA CONICET, National University of the Northeast, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Hugo Héctor Ortega
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences of Litoral (ICIVET), National University of Litoral (UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina; The National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Dale R Gardner
- USDA-ARS Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Soledad Bustillo
- Biological and Molecular Investigations Group (GIBYM), IQUIBA-NEA CONICET, National University of the Northeast, Corrientes, Argentina
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de Carvalho Nunes L, Stegelmeier BL, Cook D, Pfister JA, Gardner DR, Riet-Correa F, Welch KD. Clinical and pathological comparison of Astragalus lentiginosus and Ipomoea carnea poisoning in goats. Toxicon 2019; 171:20-28. [PMID: 31542469 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The indolizidine alkaloid swainsonine, found in some Astragalus and Oxytropis (i.e., locoweed) species, is a potent cellular glycosidase inhibitor that often poisons livestock. Other toxic genera such as some Ipomoea species also contain swainsonine as well as calystegines which are similar polyhydroxy alkaloids. The toxicity of calystegines is poorly characterized; however, they are also potent glycoside inhibitors capable of intestinal and cellular glycoside dysfunction. The objective of this study was to directly compare A. lentiginosus and I. carnea poisoning in goats to better characterize the role of the calystegines. Three groups of four goats each were treated with ground alfalfa (control), I. carnea or A. lentiginosus to obtain daily doses of 0.0, 1.5, and 1.5 mg swainsonine/kg bw per day, respectively, for 45 days. Animals were observed daily and weekly body weights, serum enzyme activities, and serum swainsonine concentrations were determined. At day 45 all animals were euthanized and necropsied. Goats treated with A. lentiginosus and I. carnea developed clinical disease characterized by mild intention tremors and proprioceptive deficits. Goats treated with A. lentiginosus developed clinical disease sooner and with greater consistency. No differences in body weight, serum swainsonine concentrations and serum enzyme activity were observed between goats treated with A. lentiginosus and I. carnea. Additionally, there were no differences in the microscopic and histochemical studies of the visceral and neurologic lesions observed between goats treated with A. lentiginosus and I. carnea. These findings suggest that I. carnea-induced clinical signs and lesions are due to swainsonine and that calystegines contribute little or nothing to toxicity in goats in the presence of swainsonine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bryan L Stegelmeier
- USDA-ARS Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, 1150 E. 1400 N, Logan, UT, USA, 84341
| | - Daniel Cook
- USDA-ARS Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, 1150 E. 1400 N, Logan, UT, USA, 84341.
| | - James A Pfister
- USDA-ARS Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, 1150 E. 1400 N, Logan, UT, USA, 84341
| | - Dale R Gardner
- USDA-ARS Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, 1150 E. 1400 N, Logan, UT, USA, 84341
| | - Franklin Riet-Correa
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay; Veterinary Hospital, Center for Health and Rural Technology, Patos Campus, Federal University of Campina Grande, Patos, Brazil
| | - Kevin D Welch
- USDA-ARS Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, 1150 E. 1400 N, Logan, UT, USA, 84341
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Liu M, Xu M, Wang M, Wang S, Li K, Cheng X, Wu Y, Wang Y, Zhu X, Zhao S. Maternal exposure to swainsonine impaired the early postnatal development of mouse dentate gyrus of offspring. Neurochem Int 2019; 129:104511. [PMID: 31348968 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.104511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus (DG) plays a key role in the normal of structure and function of the hippocampus-learning and memory. After eating the locoweeds, animals develop a chronic neurological disease called "locoism". Swainsonine (SW) is the main toxin in locoweeds. Studies have shown that SW induces neuronal apoptosis in vitro and impairs learning and memory in adult mouse. The present study explored effects of SW exposure to dams on the postnatal neurogenesis of DG of offspring. Pregnant ICR mice were orally gavaged with SW at a dose of 0, 5.6 or 8.4 mg/kg/day from gestation day 10 to postnatal day (PND) 21, respectively. We found that SW impaired the proliferation capacity of neural progenitor cells in the DG so that the number of newborn cells was reduced at PND 8. Using the postnatal in vivo electroporation, we showed that the dendritic branching and total length of granule cells were significantly decreased due to SW exposure. In addition, on PND 21, the density of NeuN-positive and Reelin-positive interneurons increased in the hilus, implying the disorder of neuronal migration. These results suggest that maternal exposure to SW, the neurogenesis of DG on offspring was disrupted, finally leading to the functional disorder of DG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Mingrui Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Mengli Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Shuzhong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Kaikai Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Xinran Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Yongji Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Yi Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Food Biological Safety Control, Shenzhen Research Institute of Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen, 518057, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China.
| | - Shanting Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China.
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Binaglia M, Baert K, Schutte M, Serafimova R. Overview of available toxicity data for calystegines. EFSA J 2019; 17:e05574. [PMID: 32626111 PMCID: PMC7009039 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Calystegines are polyhydroxylated nortropane alkaloids that have been found in various solanaceous foods, in particular in potatoes and aubergines. The biological activity and potential toxicity of calystegines are associated with their capacity to inhibit glycosidases and block carbohydrate metabolism inducing lysosomal storage toxicity. The present report summarises the retrieved information on the possible toxicity of calystegines. Only few in vivo short‐term toxicological studies in rodents on individual calystegines or mixtures of calystegines were retrieved. Overall, these studies are insufficient to conclude on the possible chronic toxicity effects of calystegines in humans, in particular considering the short duration of the studies and potential lower sensitivity of rats and mice to glycosidase inhibitors, compared to other species such as goats and guinea pigs. Several studies and case reports were retrieved on the toxic effects induced in livestock or experimental animals following consumption or administration of plants containing calystegines. However, the concurrent presence of other alkaloids, in particular swainsonine, did not allow using these studies to draw conclusions on the toxicity of calystegines. Since no experimental data on genotoxicity of calystegines were retrieved, in silico predicting models were applied to identify possible alert for genotoxicity of five calystegines recently detected in food. In most of the cases, the outcome of the computational predictions indicated no alerts for genotoxicity; however, the low reliability of the results prevents a firm conclusion on the genotoxic potential of the substances. Overall, the available data do not allow drawing conclusions on the possible toxic effects of calystegines in humans or in livestock, and more data in relevant experimental models would be necessary to characterise the toxic profile of this group of substances.
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Salinas LM, Balseiro A, Jirón W, Peralta A, Muñoz D, Fajardo J, Gayo E, Martínez IZ, Riet-Correa F, Gardner DR, García Marín JF. Neurological syndrome in goats associated with Ipomoea trifida and Ipomoea carnea containing calystegines. Toxicon 2019; 157:8-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.11.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Welch KD, Pfister JA, Cook D, Carriao Dos Santos F, Lee ST. Assessment of endophyte-derived tremorgenic compounds in Ipomoea asarifolia using mouse models. Toxicon 2018; 156:52-60. [PMID: 30439441 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Ipomoea asarifolia has been associated with a tremorgenic syndrome in livestock. Recently indole diterpene compounds were identified in I. asarifolia, some of which have been shown to cause a tremorgenic syndrome. In this study, the tremorgenic nature of I. asarifolia was assessed using a mouse model. Adult mice were fed rodent chow containing 10, 15, 20 and 25% endophyte infected (E+), or 25% endophyte free (E-), I. asarifolia for 14 days. The mice fed E+ chow developed a tremorgenic syndrome as characterized by visually observed muscle tremors and an inability to traverse a balance beam, whereas the mice fed E- chow did not develop tremors and had similar muscle coordination to control mice. A lactating mouse model was also used to determine if the compounds can be transferred to nursing pups via the milk. Nursing pups were exposed via their mother's milk for 21 days, from post-natal day 0-21. The pups from dams exposed to E+ chow developed a similar tremorgenic syndrome. Data presented in this study demonstrate that the tremorgenic compounds in I. asarifolia are endophyte derived. Additionally, both adult mice and nursing pups are good models for studying the tremorgenic nature of I. asarifolia and related plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Welch
- USDA-ARS Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Logan, 84341, UT, USA.
| | - J A Pfister
- USDA-ARS Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Logan, 84341, UT, USA
| | - D Cook
- USDA-ARS Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Logan, 84341, UT, USA
| | | | - S T Lee
- USDA-ARS Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Logan, 84341, UT, USA
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Riet-Correa F, Medeiros RM, Pfister JA, Mendonça FS. Toxic plants affecting the nervous system of ruminants and horses in Brazil. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2017001200001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: This review updates information about neurotoxic plants affecting ruminants and equidae in Brazil. Currently in the country, there are at least 131 toxic plants belonging to 79 genera. Thirty one of these poisonous plants affect the nervous system. Swainsonine-containing plants (Ipomoea spp., Turbina cordata and Sida carpinifolia) cause numerous outbreaks of poisoning, mainly in goats, but cattle and horses are occasionally affected. The poisoning by Ipomoea asarifolia, a tremorgenic plant, is very common in sheep, goats and cattle in the Northeastern region and in the Marajo island. Poisoning by the pods of Prosopis juliflora are frequent in cattle in Northeastern Brazil; occasionally this poisoning affects goats and more rarely sheep. Some poisonings by plants, such as Hybanthus calceolaria, Ipomoea marcellia and Talisia esculenta in ruminants and Indigofera lespedezioides in horses were recently described and needs to be accurately investigated about its occurrence and importance. Other plants poisonings causing nervous signs in ruminants and equidae are less important, but should be considered for the differential diagnosis of neurologic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franklin Riet-Correa
- National Institute for Agriculture Research, Uruguay; Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Brazil
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Bassuino DM, Konradt G, Bianchi MV, Reis MO, Pavarini SP, Driemeier D. Spontaneous poisoning by Sida carpinifolia (Malvaceae) in horses. PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2017000900005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Sida carpinifolia poisoning causes a chronic neurodegenerative disorder associated with lysosomal storage by indolizidine alkaloids (swainsonine). The epidemiological, clinical, pathological and lectin histochemistry findings of an outbreak of natural poisoning by S. carpinifolia in horses in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, are described. Five horses from a total of 15 that were kept on native pasture with large amounts of S. carpinifolia presented during 90 days clinical signs of progressive weight loss, incoordination, stiff gait and ramble, in addition to exacerbated reactions and locomotion difficulty after induced movement. Four horses died, and one of them was submitted for necropsy. At necropsy, no significant gross lesions were observed. Histological findings observed in the central nervous system were characterized by swollen neurons with cytoplasm containing multiple microvacuoles; these abnormalities were more severe in the thalamus, hippocampus, cerebellum and pons. Using lectin histochemistry, the pons and hippocampus sections stained positive for commercial lectin Con-A, sWGA and WGA. This study aimed to detail S. carpinifolia poisoning in horses to be included in the differential diagnoses of neurological diseases of horses.
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Küster N, Rosahl S, Dräger B. Potato plants with genetically engineered tropane alkaloid precursors. PLANTA 2017; 245:355-365. [PMID: 27783159 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2610-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Solanum tuberosum tropinone reductase I reduced tropinone in vivo. Suppression of tropinone reductase II strongly reduced calystegines in sprouts. Overexpression of putrescine N -methyltransferase did not alter calystegine accumulation. Calystegines are hydroxylated alkaloids formed by the tropane alkaloid pathway. They accumulate in potato (Solanum tuberosum L., Solanaceae) roots and sprouting tubers. Calystegines inhibit various glycosidases in vitro due to their sugar-mimic structure, but functions of calystegines in plants are not understood. Enzymes participating in or competing with calystegine biosynthesis, including putrescine N-methyltransferase (PMT) and tropinone reductases (TRI and TRII), were altered in their activity in potato plants by RNA interference (RNAi) and by overexpression. The genetically altered potato plants were investigated for the accumulation of calystegines and for intermediates of their biosynthesis. An increase in N-methylputrescine provided by DsPMT expression was not sufficient to increase calystegine accumulation. Overexpression and gene knockdown of StTRI proved that S. tuberosum TRI is a functional tropinone reductase in vivo, but no influence on calystegine accumulation was observed. When StTRII expression was suppressed by RNAi, calystegine formation was severely compromised in the transformed plants. Under phytochamber and green house conditions, the StTRII RNAi plants did not show phenotypic alterations. Further investigation of calystegines function in potato plants under natural conditions is enabled by the calystegine deprived StTRII RNAi plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Küster
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Hoher Weg 8, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Sabine Rosahl
- Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Birgit Dräger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Hoher Weg 8, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany.
- University Leipzig, Ritterstraße 26, 04109, Leipzig, Germany.
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Micheloud JF, Marin R, Colque-Caro LA, Martínez OG, Gardner D, Gimeno EJ. Swainsonine-induced lysosomal storage disease in goats caused by the ingestion of Sida rodrigoi Monteiro in North-western Argentina. Toxicon 2017; 128:1-4. [PMID: 28093222 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
There are numerous poisonous plants that can induce intralysosomal accumulation of glycoproteins and neurologic syndromes. Here we describe for the first time, a disease caused by ingesting Sida rodrigoi Monteiro in goats in North-western Argentina. The animals showed weight loss, indifference to the environment, unsteady gait and ataxia. Histopathologic studies showed vacuolization in cells of various organs, mainly in the CNS. The material deposited in the cells was positive for LCA (Lens culinaris agglutinin), WGA (Triticum vulgaris agglutinin), sWGA (succinyl-Triticum vulgaris agglutinin) and Con-A (Concanavalia ensiformis agglutinin) lectins. Finally, toxic levels of swansonine were identified in the plant. The present investigation allowed to recognize S. rodrigoi Monteiro poisoning as a plant induced α-mannosidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Francisco Micheloud
- Grupo de Trabajo de Patología, Epidemiología e Investigación Diagnóstica, Área de Sanidad Animal-IIACS/INTA, Salta, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Agrarias-UCASAL, Salta, Argentina.
| | - Raúl Marin
- Cátedra de Producción Bovina, Universidad Nacional de Jujuy, Jujuy, Argentina
| | - Luis Adrián Colque-Caro
- Grupo de Trabajo de Patología, Epidemiología e Investigación Diagnóstica, Área de Sanidad Animal-IIACS/INTA, Salta, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Agrarias-UCASAL, Salta, Argentina
| | - Olga Gladys Martínez
- Cátedra de Diversidad de las Plantas, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta, Argentina
| | - Dale Gardner
- Poisonous Plants Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Eduardo Juan Gimeno
- Catedra de Patología General, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias-Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Bs As, Argentina
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Diseases of the Nervous System. Vet Med (Auckl) 2017. [PMCID: PMC7322266 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-5246-0.00014-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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POISONING BY THE SWAINSONINE-CONTAINING PLANT SIDA CARPINIFOLIA IN CAPTIVE SAMBAR DEER (CERVUS UNICOLOR). J Zoo Wildl Med 2016; 47:862-867. [PMID: 27691940 DOI: 10.1638/2015-0104.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant intoxications in wildlife are difficult to diagnose, are overlooked, or are sometimes even neglected. Hence, factors that induce wild animals to ingest poisonous plants have not been sufficiently documented. An outbreak of glycoprotein storage disease in sambar deer ( Cervus unicolor ), induced by ingestion of the swainsonine-containing plant, common wireweed (Sida carpinifolia), is reported. Nine out of 55 deer held by a zoo in Brazil were affected. The poisoning was characterized by emaciation and neurologic signs followed by unexpected death in some of the animals. Animals presented abnormal consciousness, posterior paresis, and musculoskeletal weakness; less evident were vestibulo-cerebellar signs. Histologically, there was vacuolation of neurons and epithelial cells of the pancreatic acines, thyroid follicules, and renal tubules. Furthermore, in the central nervous system were axonal degeneration, necrosis, and loss of neurons. Three factors may lead to the ingestion of S. carpinifolia by sambar deer: 1) A grazing field with only S. carpinifolia as a source of forage; 2) a large number of animals kept in this field; and 3) a hierarchy within a cervid group in which dominant males isolated and displaced juvenile and weaker adult males, leaving them with access to only S. carpinifolia.
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Maternal Ingestion of Ipomoea carnea: Effects on Goat-Kid Bonding and Behavior. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8030074. [PMID: 26999204 PMCID: PMC4810219 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8030074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ipomoea carnea is a toxic plant found in Brazil and other tropical and subtropical countries and often causes poisoning of livestock. The plant contains the alkaloids swainsonine and calystegines, which inhibit key cellular enzymes and cause systematic cell death. This study evaluated the behavioral effects of prenatal ingestion of this plant on dams and their kids. Twenty-four pregnant goats were randomly allocated into four treatment groups and received the following doses (g/kg BW) of fresh I. carnea: 0 (control group), 1.0 (IC1), 3.0 (IC3), and 5.0 (IC5) from day 27 of gestation until parturition. Dam and kid bonding and behavior were evaluated by several tests, immediately after birth until six weeks of age. Dams from IC3 and IC5 groups spent less time paying attention to the newborn. There was a lack of maternal-infant bonding due to I. carnea intoxication. Kids from treated dams had difficulty in standing, suckling, and in recognizing their mother hours after birth. I. carnea can also compromise the kids’ ability to learn and to retain spatial memory. We suggest that kids from pregnant goats given I. carnea during gestation have significant behavioral alterations and developmental delays that may compromise their survival.
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Diaz GJ. Toxicosis by Plant Alkaloids in Humans and Animals in Colombia. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:5408-16. [PMID: 26690479 PMCID: PMC4690142 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7124892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to its tropical location, chains of mountains, inter-Andean valleys, Amazon basin area, eastern plains and shores on both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, Colombia has many ecosystems and the second largest plant biodiversity in the world. Many plant species, both native and naturalized, are currently recognized as toxic for both animals and humans, and some of them are known to cause their toxic effects due to their alkaloid content. Among these, there are plants containing the hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids, neurotoxins such as the indolizidine alkaloid swainsonine and the piperidine alkaloids coniine and γ-coniceine and tropane alkaloids. Unfortunately, the research in toxic plants in Colombia is not nearly proportional to its plant biodiversity and the scientific information available is only very scarce. The present review aims at summarizing the scarce information about plant alkaloid toxicosis in animals and humans in Colombia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo J Diaz
- Laboratorio de Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.
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22
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García EN, Aguirre MV, Gimeno EJ, Rios EE, Acosta OC, Cholich LA. Haematologic alterations caused by Ipomoea carnea in experimental poisoning of guinea pig. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abstract
This review of simple indolizidine and quinolizidine alkaloids (i.e., those in which the parent bicyclic systems are in general not embedded in polycyclic arrays) is an update of the previous coverage in Volume 55 of this series (2001). The present survey covers the literature from mid-1999 to the end of 2013; and in addition to aspects of the isolation, characterization, and biological activity of the alkaloids, much emphasis is placed on their total synthesis. A brief introduction to the topic is followed by an overview of relevant alkaloids from fungal and microbial sources, among them slaframine, cyclizidine, Steptomyces metabolites, and the pantocins. The important iminosugar alkaloids lentiginosine, steviamine, swainsonine, castanospermine, and related hydroxyindolizidines are dealt with in the subsequent section. The fourth and fifth sections cover metabolites from terrestrial plants. Pertinent plant alkaloids bearing alkyl, functionalized alkyl or alkenyl substituents include dendroprimine, anibamine, simple alkaloids belonging to the genera Prosopis, Elaeocarpus, Lycopodium, and Poranthera, and bicyclic alkaloids of the lupin family. Plant alkaloids bearing aryl or heteroaryl substituents include ipalbidine and analogs, secophenanthroindolizidine and secophenanthroquinolizidine alkaloids (among them septicine, julandine, and analogs), ficuseptine, lasubines, and other simple quinolizidines of the Lythraceae, the simple furyl-substituted Nuphar alkaloids, and a mixed quinolizidine-quinazoline alkaloid. The penultimate section of the review deals with the sizable group of simple indolizidine and quinolizidine alkaloids isolated from, or detected in, ants, mites, and terrestrial amphibians, and includes an overview of the "dietary hypothesis" for the origin of the amphibian metabolites. The final section surveys relevant alkaloids from marine sources, and includes clathryimines and analogs, stellettamides, the clavepictines and pictamine, and bis(quinolizidine) alkaloids.
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Ríos EE, Cholich LA, Chileski G, García EN, Lértora J, Gimeno EJ, Guidi MG, Mussart N, Teibler GP. Suspected natural lysosomal storage disease from ingestion of pink morning glory (Ipomoea carnea) in goats in northern Argentina. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 77:847-50. [PMID: 25728544 PMCID: PMC4527508 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes an occurrence of pink morning glory (Ipomoea carnea) intoxication in goats in northern Argentina. The clinical signs displayed by the affected animals were ataxia, lethargy, emaciation, hypertonia of the neck muscles, spastic paresis in the hind legs, abnormal postural reactions and death. The clinico-pathologic examination revealed that the affected animals were anemic and their serum level of aspartate aminotransferase was significantly increased. Cytoplasmic vacuolation in the Purkinje cells and pancreatic acinar cells was observed by histological examination. The neuronal lectin binding pattern showed a strong positive reaction to WGA (Triticum vulgaris), sWGA (succinylated T. vulgaris) and LCA (Lens culinaris). Although I. carnea is common in tropical regions, this is the first report of spontaneous poisoning in goats in Argentina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvio E Ríos
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of Northeast (UNNE), Corrientes, Argentina
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Changes in swainsonine, calystegine, and nitrogen concentrations on an annual basis in Ipomoea carnea. Toxicon 2015; 95:62-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Herder V, Kummrow M, Leeb T, Sewell AC, Hansmann F, Lehmbecker A, Wohlsein P, Baumgärtner W. Polycystic kidneys and GM2 gangliosidosis-like disease in neonatal springboks (Antidorcas marsupialis). Vet Pathol 2014; 52:543-52. [PMID: 25232033 DOI: 10.1177/0300985814549210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Clinical, gross, histopathologic, electron microscopic findings and enzymatic analysis of 4 captive, juvenile springboks (Antidorcas marsupialis) showing both polycystic kidneys and a storage disease are described. Springbok offspring (4 of 34; 12%) were affected by either one or both disorders in a German zoo within a period of 5 years (2008-2013). Macroscopic findings included bilaterally severely enlarged kidneys displaying numerous cysts in 4 animals and superior brachygnathism in 2 animals. Histopathologically, kidneys of 4 animals displayed cystic dilation of the renal tubules. In addition, abundant cytoplasmic vacuoles with a diameter ranging from 2 to 10 μm in neurons of the central and peripheral nervous system, hepatocytes, thyroid follicular epithelial cells, pancreatic islets of Langerhans and renal tubular cells were found in 2 springbok neonates indicative of an additional storage disease. Ultrastructurally, round electron-lucent vacuoles, up to 4 μm in diameter, were present in neurons. Enzymatic analysis of liver and kidney tissue of 1 affected springbok revealed a reduced activity of total hexosaminidase (Hex) with relatively increased HexA activity at the same level of total Hex, suggesting a hexosaminidase defect. Pedigree analysis suggested a monogenic autosomal recessive inheritance for both diseases. In summary, related springboks showed 2 different changes resembling both polycystic kidney and a GM2 gangliosidosis similar to the human Sandhoff disease. Whether the simultaneous occurrence of these 2 entities represents an incidental finding or has a genetic link needs to be investigated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Herder
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - M Kummrow
- Erlebnis-Zoo Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - T Leeb
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Genetics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - A C Sewell
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - F Hansmann
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - A Lehmbecker
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - P Wohlsein
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - W Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
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Gotardo A, Pavanelli E, Carvalho H, Lemes K, Arruda R, Kempinas W, Górniak S. Endocrine disrupter action in ruminants: A study of the effects of Ipomoea carnea in adult male goats. Small Rumin Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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28
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Takeda S, Tanaka H, Shimada A, Morita T, Ishihara A, Adilbish A, Delgermaa B, Gungaa O. Cerebellar ataxia suspected to be caused by Oxytropis glabra poisoning in western Mongolian goats. J Vet Med Sci 2014; 76:839-46. [PMID: 24572629 PMCID: PMC4108767 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last five years in western Mongolia, a neurological disorder and
resultant economic loss have developed in goats, sheep, cattle and horses: association of
the disease with ingestion of Oxytropis glabra, a toxic plant, was
suggested. Affected goats showed neurological signs, including ataxia, incoordination,
hind limb paresis, fine head tremor and nystagmus. Three goats, one with moderate clinical
signs and the other two with severe clinical signs, were necropsied and examined to
describe and characterize the histologic, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural lesions.
Although no gross pathological changes were observed in a variety of organs including the
central nervous system of these goats, microscopic examination of the cerebellum
demonstrated degenerative changes in all these goats, such as vacuolar changes and loss of
Purkinje cells, torpedo formation in the granular layer, increased number of spheroids in
the cerebellar medulla, and loss of axons and myelin sheaths of Purkinje cells. The
chemical analysis of the dried plant detected 0.02–0.05% (dry weight basis) of
swainsonine. This is the first report describing the clinical and pathological findings in
Mongolian goats suspected to be affected by O. glabra poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Takeda
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
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Experimental intoxication of guinea pigs with Ipomoea carnea: Behavioural and neuropathological alterations. Toxicon 2013; 76:28-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.08.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Potential degradation of swainsonine by intracellular enzymes of Arthrobacter sp. HW08. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:2161-71. [PMID: 24240642 PMCID: PMC3847719 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5112161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Swainsonine (SW) is a toxin produced by locoweeds and harmful to the livestock industry. Degrading SW by Arthrobacter sp. HW08 was demonstrated as a promising way to deal with SW poisoning. However, it is unknown which part of the subcellular enzymes in Arthrobacter sp. HW08 is responsible for biodegrading SW and whether the metabolites are atoxic. In this study, intracellular and extracellular enzymes of Arthrobacter sp. HW08 were isolated and their enzyme activity was evaluated. The metabolites were fed to mice, and physiological and histological properties of the treated mice were investigated. The results showed that only intracellular enzyme of Arthrobacter sp. HW08 (IEHW08) could degrade SW efficiently. Compared with mice in SW treatment group, mice in SW + IEHW08 treatment group (1) increased their body weights; (2) showed higher number of platelets and lower number of white blood cells; (3) decreased the levels of creatinine, urea nitrogen, alanine transaminase and aspartate aminotransferase in serum; (4) reduced the number of vacuolated cells in cerebellum, liver and kidney. All these data demonstrate that IEHW08 was potentially safe for mice, while keeping the capacity of degrading SW. This study indicates a possible application of IEHW08 as an additive in the livestock industry to protect animals from SW poisoning.
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Costa SZ, Nespoli PB, Bezerra Júnior PS, Nogueira VA, Driemeier D, Boabaid FM, Peixoto PV, Armién AM, França TN. Avaliação lectino-histoquímica de fígado e rim de ovinos com fotossensibilização causada por Brachiaria decumbens. PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2013000800001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Embora sejam as forrageiras mais importantes para a pecuária de corte (bovinocultura de corte) no Brasil, em certas épocas ou condições, Brachiaria spp. podem ser tóxicas e causar surtos de fotossensibilização hepatógena que determinam significativas perdas econômicas. Animais que se alimentam em pastos de Brachiaria spp. comumente apresentam macrófagos espumosos isolados ou agrupados, além de cristais no interior de ductos biliares. Saponinas esteroidais têm sido identificadas nestes cristais e são responsabilizadas por lesar o fígado levando ao acúmulo de filoeritrina. Por vezes, imagens negativas desses cristais podem estar presentes no citoplasma de macrófagos espumosos. A patogênese de formação e o tipo de material armazenado nas células espumosas ainda são desconhecidos. A técnica de lectino-histoquímica visa auxiliar na detecção desses macrófagos e, consequentemente, no diagnóstico, além de identificar quais os resíduos de açúcares específicos que estão presentes no citoplasma das células espumosas. Assim, este trabalho teve por objetivo identificar quais lectinas são mais indicadas na detecção de saponinas esteroidais no fígado e rim de ovinos com fotossensibilização causada por Brachiaria decumbens. Fragmentos de fígado e rim de quinze ovinos, de ambos os sexos e idade variável, oriundos de Conceição do Mato Dentro, Minas Gerais, e um ovino mantido em pastagem livre de Brachiaria spp. foram avaliados pela técnica de lectino-histoquímica. Quatorze lectinas foram utilizadas (Con-A, DBA, SBA, PNA, SJA, RCA-I, UEA-I, WGA, SWGA, GSL, PSA, PHA-L, PHA-E e LCA). Verificou-se que, no fígado de ovinos com fotossensibilização provocada pela ingestão de Brachiaria decumbens, a lectina PNA apresentou especificidade e acentuada reatividade aos macrófagos espumosos, bem como especificidade e leve reatividade aos hepatócitos; a lectina WGA teve especificidade e moderada reatividade aos macrófagos espumosos do fígado e especificidade e leve reatividade aos hepatócitos; e as lectinas SBA, GSL e LCA apresentaram especificidade e moderada reatividade aos macrófagos espumosos, entretanto, não foram específicas para hepatócitos. No rim dos ovinos, a lectina PNA foi a que apresentou maior reatividade. Avaliações lectino-histoquímicas ainda não haviam sido realizadas em fígado e rim de ovinos com fotossensibilização provocada por Brachiaria spp.
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Adrien MDL, Riet-Correa G, Oliveira CAD, Pfister JA, Cook D, Souza EG, Riet-Correa F, Schild AL. Conditioned food aversion to Ipomoea carnea var. fistulosa induced by Baccharis coridifolia in goats. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2013000800009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Baccharis coridifolia is a plant that induces strong conditioned food aversion in ruminants. This research aimed to induce a conditioned food aversion to Ipomoea carnea var. fistulosa in goats, using B. coridifolia as an aversive agent, and to compare the aversion induced by this plant with the aversion induced by lithium chloride (LiCl). Thirteen goats were allotted into two groups: Group 1 with six goats was averted with 175mg/kg of body weight of LiCl and Group 2 with seven goats was averted with 0,25g/kg of bw of dried B. coridifolia. All goats were averted on day 1 after the ingestion of I. carnea. The aversion procedure with LiCl or B. coridifolia in goats from Groups 1 and 2, respectively, was repeated in those goats that again consumed the plant during tests on days 2, 3, and 7. The goats of both groups were challenged in pens on 23 and 38 days after the last day of aversion and challenged in the pasture on days 11, 15, 18, 20, 22, 25, 27 and 29 after the last day of aversion. After this period goats were challenged every 15 days on pasture until the 330º day after the last day of aversion (7th day). Two goats from Group 1 ingested I. carnea on the first day of the pasture challenge, 4 days after the last day of aversive conditioning in the pen. In addition, another goat in Group 1 started to consume the plant on day 18, and other two goats ate it on day 20. One goat in Group 1 that had never eaten I. carnea died on day 155. One goat from Group 2 started to ingest I. carnea on the first day of the pasture challenge, and a second goat started to consume this plant on day 182. At the end of the experiment, on day 330, the other five goats averted with B. coridifolia remained averted. These results suggest that B. coridifolia or an active compound from the plant could be used to induce aversion to toxic plants. Using B. coridifolia would be cheaper and, particularly in flocks with large number of animals, possibly easier than using LiCl, which requires the use of oral gavage and qualified personnel for its implementation.
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Jocković N, Fischer W, Brandsch M, Brandt W, Dräger B. Inhibition of human intestinal α-glucosidases by calystegines. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:5550-5557. [PMID: 23697377 DOI: 10.1021/jf4010737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Calystegines are polyhydroxylated nortropane alkaloids found in Convolvulaceae, Solanaceae, and other plant families. These plants produce common fruits and vegetables. The calystegine structures resemble sugars and suggest interaction with enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism. Maltase and sucrase are α-glucosidases contributing to human carbohydrate degradation in the small intestine. Inhibition of these enzymes by orally administered drugs is one option for treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2. In this study, inhibition of maltase and sucrase by calystegines A3 and B2 purified from potatoes was investigated. In silico docking studies confirmed binding of both calystegines to the active sites of the enzymes. Calystegine A3 showed low in vitro enzyme inhibition; calystegine B2 inhibited mainly sucrose activity. Both compounds were not transported by Caco-2 cells indicating low systemic availability. Vegetables rich in calystegine B2 should be further investigated as possible components of a diet preventing a steep increase in blood glucose after a carbohydrate-rich meal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nebojša Jocković
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Sciences I, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg , Hoher Weg 8, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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Pimentel LA, Maia LA, Carvalho FKDL, Campos EM, Pfister JA, Cook D, Medeiros RM, Riet-Correa F. Aversão alimentar condicionada para o controle da intoxicação por Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa em caprinos. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2013000600005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A aversão alimentar condicionada é uma técnica que pode ser utilizada em animais para evitar a ingestão de plantas tóxicas. O presente estudo teve como objetivo testar a eficiência e durabilidade da aversão alimentar condicionada em caprinos para evitar o consumo de Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa. Foram utilizados 14 caprinos jovens da raça Moxotó, que foram adaptados ao consumo da planta. Inicialmente foi administrada I. carnea subsp. fistulosa dessecada e triturada misturada à ração concentrada por 30 dias e, posteriormente, foi fornecida a planta verde por mais 10 dias. Para constatação da adaptação ao consumo da planta os caprinos foram colocados a pastar em um piquete de 510 m² onde tinha sido plantada I. carnea subsp. fistulosa em uma área de 30m² (10 plantas/m²). No 42º dia de experimento, após a constatação do consumo espontâneo os animais receberam a planta verde individualmente na baia por alguns minutos, e todos os animais que consumiam qualquer quantidade da planta foram tratados com uma solução de LiCl na dose 175mg por kg de peso vivo. Este procedimento repetiu-se por mais dois dias. Posteriormente, os caprinos foram divididos em dois grupos: Grupo 1 com seis animais, quatro deles avertidos e dois não avertidos (facilitadores); e o Grupo 2, com oito caprinos, todos avertidos. Para constatar a eficiência e duração da aversão e a influência de animais facilitadores na durabilidade da aversão, os caprinos foram colocados a pastar, em dias alternados, três dias por semana, durante duas horas, no piquete plantado com I. carnea subsp. fistulosa. Por 12 meses os animais foram monitorados durante o pastejo, identificando-se o consumo e a preferência dos animais pelas plantas presentes no piquete. No Grupo 1 tanto os caprinos avertidos quanto os não avertidos iniciaram a ingerir a planta em 1-6 semanas e gradualmente foram aumentando a planta consumida, mas nunca a ingeriram exclusivamente. Nenhum caprino do Grupo 2 iniciou a ingestão da planta durante os 12 meses de experimento. Após esse período a área do piquete destinada ao plantio de I. carnea subsp. fistulosa foi ampliada para 80m² e os animais foram novamente introduzidos, com tempo de pastejo na área aumentado para quatro horas durante cinco dias na semana. Nesta fase todos os caprinos do Grupo 1 ingeriram a planta em grande quantidade. Os caprinos do Grupo 2 iniciaram gradualmente a ingerir a planta e a aversão se extinguiu, em todos os animais, após dois meses. A concentração de swainsonina em I. carnea subsp. fistulosa foi de 0,052±0,05% (média±SD). Conclui-se que a aversão alimentar condicionada é eficiente para evitar a ingestão de I. carnea subsp. fistulosa. No entanto, a duração da mesma depende, entre outras coisas, da quantidade de planta presente na área de pastoreio e do tempo de exposição e se extingue rapidamente por facilitação social.
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Pimentel LA, Maia LA, Campos ÉM, Dantas AF, Medeiros RM, Pfister JA, Cook D, Riet-Correa F. Aversão alimentar condicionada no controle de surtos de intoxicações por Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa e Turbina cordata em caprinos. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2012000800005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A aversão alimentar condicionada é uma técnica que pode ser utilizada em animais para evitar a ingestão de plantas tóxicas. A técnica foi utilizada em uma fazenda para controlar a intoxicação por Turbina cordata e em outra para Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa. Os caprinos eram presos à noite, e na manhã do dia seguinte lhes era ofertada a planta verde, recém-colhida, por dez minutos. Os caprinos que ingerissem qualquer quantidade da planta eram identificados, pesados e tratados com LiCl na dose de 175mg/kg peso vivo através de sonda esofágica. No rebanho da fazenda na que havia T. cordata a técnica foi aplicada a cada dois meses durante o período em que a planta é encontrada. Durante todo o experimento, de dezembro de 2009 a abril de 2011 não ocorreu nenhum novo caso de intoxicação no rebanho e diminuiu gradualmente o número de animais avertidos e a quantidade de planta que ingeriam os mesmos durante o processo de aversão. Na fazenda na que ocorria intoxicação por I. carnea a maioria de rebanho foi avertido em dezembro de 2010, 15-20 dias antes do início das chuvas, e os animais não ingeriram a planta espontaneamente no campo até setembro-outubro de 2011, durante o período da seca, quando havia extrema carência de forragem e iniciaram a ingerir a planta no campo. Posteriormente, apesar de três tratamentos aversivos com 21 dias de intervalo, os animais continuaram a ingerir a planta e ocorreram casos clínicos. A técnica de aversão alimentar condicionada demonstrou ser eficiente e viável para o controle da intoxicação por T. cordata. Para a intoxicação por I. carnea a técnica impediu a ingestão da planta somente durante a época de chuvas, mas não durante a seca, quando há pouca disponibilidade de forragem. A diferença nos resultados com as duas plantas é, aparentemente, resultante das condições epidemiológicas diferentes nas que ocorrem as intoxicações. T. cordata desaparece durante a maior parte do período de seca. A planta rebrota e fica verde durante o fim de seca, quando diminui a oferta de forragem, por curto espaço de tempo, permanecendo verde durante a época de chuvas. I. carnea, por crescer próximas as fontes de água, em áreas húmidas, permanece verde durante todo o período da seca, quando é maior a escassez de forragem, favorecendo desta forma a ingestão da planta pelos animais.
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Gotardo AT, Schumaher BH, Pfister JA, Traldi AS, Maiorka PC, Spinosa HS, Górniak SL. The Use of Ultrasonography to Study Teratogenicity in Ruminants: Evaluation of Ipomoea carnea in Goats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 95:289-95. [DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.21017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- André T. Gotardo
- Research Centre for Veterinary Toxicology (CEPTOX), Department of Pathology; School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences; University of São Paulo; Pirassununga; São Paulo; Brazil
| | - Breno H. Schumaher
- Superior Baptist School of the Amazon (ESBAM); School of Veterinary Medicine; Manaus; Amazonas; Brazil
| | | | - Anneliese S. Traldi
- Department of Animal Reproduction; School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences; University of São Paulo; Pirassununga; São Paulo; Brazil
| | - Paulo C. Maiorka
- Research Centre for Veterinary Toxicology (CEPTOX), Department of Pathology; School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences; University of São Paulo; Pirassununga; São Paulo; Brazil
| | - Helenice S. Spinosa
- Research Centre for Veterinary Toxicology (CEPTOX), Department of Pathology; School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences; University of São Paulo; Pirassununga; São Paulo; Brazil
| | - Silvana L. Górniak
- Research Centre for Veterinary Toxicology (CEPTOX), Department of Pathology; School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences; University of São Paulo; Pirassununga; São Paulo; Brazil
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Pedroso PM, Colodel EM, Seitz AL, Correa GL, Soares MP, Driemeier D. Pathological findings in fetuses of goats and cattle poisoned by Sida carpinifolia (Malvaceae). PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2012000300008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In Brazil, the consumption of Sida carpinifolia by livestock has been associated with neurological diseases linked to lysosomal storage disorders. This paper describes the pathological findings in two caprine fetuses from dams that were experimentally poisoned with S. carpinifolia. The goats were orally dosed with 10 and 13g/kg of a paste of green chopped S. carpinifolia for 30 days and were observed for an additional 15 days period after the last dosage with the plant; thereafter they were euthanized and necropsied. The dams showed only slight clinical signs. The study also includes the findings in one bovine fetus from a naturally S. carpinifolia poisoned cow which showed mild incoordination, generalized tremors, staggering, and frequent falls. The cow was euthanized and necropsied. While there were no significant histopathological changes in the goats, in the cow vacuolation of Purkinje neurons of the cerebellum, pancreatic acinar cells, and thyroid follicular cells were observed. The main microscopic changes observed in the caprine and bovine fetuses were vacuolation in the epithelium of renal tubules, thyroid follicular cells, and Purkinje neurons of the cerebellum. Transmission electron microscopy of sections from CNS of the cow and its fetus revealed vacuoles containing fine granular material surrounded by membrane. Lectin-histochemistry of CNS sections from goat fetuses marked lightly to sWGA lectins, WGA, and Con-A.
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Ríos EE, Cholich LA, Gimeno EJ, Guidi MG, Acosta de Pérez OC. Experimental poisoning of goats by Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa in Argentina: a clinic and pathological correlation with special consideration on the central nervous system. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2012000100007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa, aguapei or mandiyura, is responsible for lysosomal storage in goats. The shrub contains several alkaloids, mainly swansonine which inhibits lysosomal α-mannosidase and Golgi mannosidase II. Poisoning occurs by inhibition of these hydrolases. There is neuronal vacuolation, endocrine dysfunction, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal injury, and immune disorders. Clinical signs and pathology of the experimental poisoning of goats by Ipomoea carnea in Argentina are here described. Five goats received fresh leaves and stems of Ipomoea. At the beginning, the goats did not consume the plant, but later, it was preferred over any other forage. High dose induced rapid intoxication, whereas with low doses, the course of the toxicosis was more protracted. The goats were euthanized when they were recumbent. Cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla oblongata, pons and colliculi, were routinely processed for histology. In nine days, the following clinical signs developed: abnormal fascies, dilated nostrils and abnormal postures of the head, cephalic tremors and nystagmus, difficulty in standing. Subsequently, the goats had a tendency to fall, always to the left, with spastic convulsions. There was lack in coordination of voluntary movements due to Purkinje and deep nuclei neurons damage. The cochlear reflex originated hyperreflexia, abnormal posture, head movements and tremors. The withdrawal reflex produced flexor muscles hypersensitivity at the four legs, later depression and stupor. Abnormal responses to sounds were related to collicular lesions. Thalamic damage altered the withdrawal reflex, showing incomplete reaction. The observed cervical hair bristling was attributed to a thalamic regulated nociceptive response. Depression may be associated with agonists of lysergic acid contained in Ipomoea. These clinical signs were correlated with lesions in different parts of the CNS.
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Mendonça FS, Albuquerque RF, Evêncio-Neto J, Freitas SH, Dória RGS, Boabaid FM, Driemeier D, Gardner DR, Riet-Correa F, Colodel EM. Alpha-mannosidosis in goats caused by the swainsonine-containing plant Ipomoea verbascoidea. J Vet Diagn Invest 2011; 24:90-5. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638711425948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A disease of the nervous system is reported in goats in the semiarid region of northeastern Brazil. Histological examination showed diffuse vacuolation of neurons and epithelial cells of the pancreas, thyroid, renal tubules, and liver. The swainsonine-containing plant Ipomoea verbascoidea was found on both farms where the goats originated. This plant was experimentally administered to 3 goats, inducing clinical signs and histologic lesions similar to those observed in spontaneous cases. On the lectin histochemical analysis, cerebellar cells and pancreatic acinar cells gave positive reactions to Triticum vulgaris agglutinin (WGA), succinylated Triticum vulgaris agglutinin (sWGA), Lens culinaris agglutinin (LCA), Canavalia ensiformis agglutinin (ConA), Pisum sativum agglutinin (PSA), Ricinus communis agglutinin (RCA120), Arachis hypogaea agglutinin (PNA), and Phaseolus vulgaris erythroagglutinin (PHA-E) suggesting storage of α-fucose, α-D-mannose, α-D-glucose, β-D-N-acetyl-glucosamine, N-acetyl-galactosamine, and acetyl-neuraminic acid. This pattern of lectin staining partially agrees with results previously reported for poisoning by swainsonine-containing plants. The chemical analysis of dried leaves of I. verbascoidea detected swainsonine (0.017%), calystegine B1 (0.16%), calystegine B2 (0.05%), and calystegine C1 (0.34%). It is concluded that I. verbascoidea causes α-mannosidosis in goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio S. Mendonça
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil (Mendonça, Albuquerque, Evêncio-Neto)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Cuiabá, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil (Freitas, Dória)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Boabaid, Driemeier)
- Poisonous Plants Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Logan, UT (Gardner)
- Veterinary Hospital, Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Campus of Patos, Patos, Paraíba, Brazil (Riet-Correa)
| | - Raquel F. Albuquerque
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil (Mendonça, Albuquerque, Evêncio-Neto)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Cuiabá, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil (Freitas, Dória)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Boabaid, Driemeier)
- Poisonous Plants Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Logan, UT (Gardner)
- Veterinary Hospital, Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Campus of Patos, Patos, Paraíba, Brazil (Riet-Correa)
| | - Joaquim Evêncio-Neto
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil (Mendonça, Albuquerque, Evêncio-Neto)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Cuiabá, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil (Freitas, Dória)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Boabaid, Driemeier)
- Poisonous Plants Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Logan, UT (Gardner)
- Veterinary Hospital, Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Campus of Patos, Patos, Paraíba, Brazil (Riet-Correa)
| | - Sílvio H. Freitas
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil (Mendonça, Albuquerque, Evêncio-Neto)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Cuiabá, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil (Freitas, Dória)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Boabaid, Driemeier)
- Poisonous Plants Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Logan, UT (Gardner)
- Veterinary Hospital, Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Campus of Patos, Patos, Paraíba, Brazil (Riet-Correa)
| | - Renata G. S. Dória
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil (Mendonça, Albuquerque, Evêncio-Neto)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Cuiabá, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil (Freitas, Dória)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Boabaid, Driemeier)
- Poisonous Plants Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Logan, UT (Gardner)
- Veterinary Hospital, Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Campus of Patos, Patos, Paraíba, Brazil (Riet-Correa)
| | - Fabiana M. Boabaid
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil (Mendonça, Albuquerque, Evêncio-Neto)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Cuiabá, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil (Freitas, Dória)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Boabaid, Driemeier)
- Poisonous Plants Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Logan, UT (Gardner)
- Veterinary Hospital, Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Campus of Patos, Patos, Paraíba, Brazil (Riet-Correa)
| | - David Driemeier
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil (Mendonça, Albuquerque, Evêncio-Neto)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Cuiabá, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil (Freitas, Dória)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Boabaid, Driemeier)
- Poisonous Plants Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Logan, UT (Gardner)
- Veterinary Hospital, Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Campus of Patos, Patos, Paraíba, Brazil (Riet-Correa)
| | - Dale R. Gardner
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil (Mendonça, Albuquerque, Evêncio-Neto)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Cuiabá, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil (Freitas, Dória)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Boabaid, Driemeier)
- Poisonous Plants Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Logan, UT (Gardner)
- Veterinary Hospital, Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Campus of Patos, Patos, Paraíba, Brazil (Riet-Correa)
| | - Franklin Riet-Correa
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil (Mendonça, Albuquerque, Evêncio-Neto)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Cuiabá, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil (Freitas, Dória)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Boabaid, Driemeier)
- Poisonous Plants Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Logan, UT (Gardner)
- Veterinary Hospital, Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Campus of Patos, Patos, Paraíba, Brazil (Riet-Correa)
| | - Edson M. Colodel
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil (Mendonça, Albuquerque, Evêncio-Neto)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Cuiabá, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil (Freitas, Dória)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Boabaid, Driemeier)
- Poisonous Plants Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Logan, UT (Gardner)
- Veterinary Hospital, Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Campus of Patos, Patos, Paraíba, Brazil (Riet-Correa)
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Oliveira Júnior CAD, Riet-Correa F, Duarte MD, Cerqueira VD, Araújo CV, Riet-Correa G. Sinais clínicos, lesões e alterações produtivas e reprodutivas em caprinos intoxicados por Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa (Convolvulaceae) que deixaram de ingerir a planta. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2011001100003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
O objetivo deste trabalho foi acompanhar a evolução clínica, o desempenho produtivo e reprodutivo e descrever as lesões de caprinos intoxicados por Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa após a retirada dos locais onde ocorre a planta. Para isso foram utilizados 37 caprinos, divididos em 4 grupos. O Grupo 1 era composto por 14 caprinos adquiridos em uma propriedade onde ocorria a planta e que apresentavam condição corporal ruim e sinais clínicos nervosos da intoxicação, que variavam de discretos a acentuados. O Grupo 2 era composto por 10 cabras adquiridas em uma propriedade onde não ocorria a planta e também apresentavam condição corporal ruim. O Grupo 3 era composto por dois caprinos com sinais clínicos da intoxicação, que foram abatidos na fazendo onde tinham se intoxicado. O Grupo 4 era composto por 11 caprinos que serviram como controle para o estudo das lesões macroscópicas e histológicas. Os animais dos Grupos 1 e 2 foram avaliados por um período de 12 meses em uma propriedade localizada no município de Castanhal, onde não ocorre a planta. Durante esse período os animais recebiam o mesmo manejo. Seis meses após, os animais do Grupo 1 continuavam com condição corporal ruim, pelo áspero, maior susceptibilidade à infestações por parasitas gastrintestinais e permaneciam com sinais nervosos. Nos animais que apresentavam sinais nervosos discretos houve diminuição desses sinais, principalmente do tremor de intenção, que passou a ser menos perceptível. Nesse mesmo período os caprinos do Grupo 2 ganharam, em média, 13 kg. Das 8 cabras do Grupo 1 que permaneceram na propriedade experimental somente 4 emprenharam e pariram, sendo que 3 cabritos morreram logo após o nascimento, enquanto que todas as cabras do Grupo 2 emprenharam e pariram cabritos sadios. Nos encéfalos dos caprinos do Grupo 1, 3 e 4 foram realizados estudos histológico, morfológico e morfométrico. Macroscopicamente dois animais apresentaram atrofia cerebelar. No estudo morfométrico, as principais alterações histológicas observadas nos animais dos Grupos 1 e 3 foram diminuição dos neurônios de Purkinje do cerebelo. Conclui-se que caprinos cronicamente intoxicados por I. carnea que deixam de ingerir a planta apresentam sinais permanentes, mesmo que diminuídos de intensidade, fraco desempenho produtivo e reprodutivo e alta susceptibilidade aos parasitas gastrintestinais. Sugere-se que os produtores ao iniciar um plano de controle da intoxicação eliminem todos os animais que em um prazo de até 15 dias não apresentam regressão total dos sinais. O sinal permanente mais frequente é o tremor de intenção, associado à perda de neurônios de Purkinje, que poderia ser o principal responsável pela desnutrição dos animais e as conseqüentes falhas reprodutivas e maior susceptibilidade às parasitoses gastrintestinais.
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Spontaneous poisoning of goats by the plant Ipomoea sericophylla (Convolvulaceae) in Brazil – a case report. ACTA VET BRNO 2011. [DOI: 10.2754/avb201180020235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to report a neurological disease in goats caused by the plant I. sericophylla. The epidemiology, clinical signs, histological findings and the results of the lectin histochemistry analysis of a nervous cells and epithelial cells are also reported. Five goats that remained with neurological signs were examined in more detail. Two goats were necropsied. Histological lesions consisted of neurons with thin cytoplasm vacuolation, presence of axonal spheroids and vacuolation in pancreatic acinar cells, thyroid folliculars cells, hepatocytes and renal tubular cells. On lectin-histochemical analysis, cerebellar cells, pancreatic acinar cells and follicular thyroid cells showed positive staining for Concanavalia ensiformis, Triticum vulgaris, succinylated Triticum vulgaris and Lens culinares, which indicate the storage of α-D-mannose, α-D-glucose, β-D-N-acetyl-glucosamine, and acetyl-neuraminic acid. It is concluded that I. sericophylla is an important toxic plant that causes lysosomal storage disease in goats at semi-arid region of Pernambuco, Brazil.
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Armién AG, Tokarnia CH, Peixoto PV, Barbosa JD, Frese K. Clinical and Morphologic Changes in Ewes and Fetuses Poisoned by Ipomoea Carnea Subspecies Fistulosa. J Vet Diagn Invest 2011; 23:221-32. [DOI: 10.1177/104063871102300205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Intoxication with Ipomoea carnea has been reported in goats, sheep, and cattle in tropical regions worldwide. The disease has been characterized only in goats; therefore, the present study was conducted in sheep. Nine animals were fed feed rations that contained 3 different concentrations of Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa. Individual intake varied between 10.5 and 135.2 g of fresh plant per kilogram of body weight (BW) per day. Animals first showed clinical signs between day 43 and day 63. The maximum survival time was 133 days. Sheep presented with weight loss and neurologic abnormalities. Neurologic signs were dominated by marked depression, abnormal behavior, and musculoskeletal weakness, with poorly defined motor and proprioceptive deficits. In mature animals, cytoplasmic vacuolation, consistent with accumulation of secondary lysosomes, affected neurons, astrocytes, exocrine pancreatic acinar epithelia, hepatocytes and Kupffer cells, renal tubular epithelia, thyroid follicular epithelia, cortical adrenal epithelia, endothelia and perivascular cells, and macrophages in lymph nodes and spleen. In the central nervous system, there was axonal degeneration and astrogliosis. Abortion was observed as early as day 22 of the trial. In fetal tissues and placenta of chronically poisoned ewes, cytoplasmic vacuolation was histologically detected in neurons, exocrine pancreatic acinar epithelia, hepatocytes, renal tubular epithelia, and thyroid follicular epithelia. All the sheep developed a glycoprotein storage disease, with lysosomal accumulation of N-glycosidically linked oligosaccharides, which was indistinguishable from that induced by the alkaloid swainsonine alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aníbal G. Armién
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
| | - Carlos H. Tokarnia
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Pasture, Institute of Zootecnia, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paulo Vargas Peixoto
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Pasture, Institute of Zootecnia, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jose D. Barbosa
- Department of Animal Science, Agricultural and Livestock Center, University Federal of Para, Castanhal, Pará, Brazil
| | - Knut Frese
- Institute for Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Guaraná ELDS, Riet-Correa F, Mendonça CLD, Medeiros RM, Costa NDA, Afonso JAB. Intoxicação por Solanum paniculatum (Solanaceae) em bovinos. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2011000100009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Surtos de uma doença neurológica com sinais cerebelares ocorreram em três fazendas da região Agreste do Estado de Pernambuco. A morbidade foi de 3 a 25%, a mortalidade variou de 0 a 20% e a letalidade foi de 0 a 60%. Uma planta que predominava nos pastos das fazendas foi identificada como Solanum paniculatum. Os sinais clínicos apresentados foram de crises periódicas caracterizadas por incoordenação, extensão da cabeça e pescoço, ataxia, hipermetria, tremores de intenção, nistagmo e quedas. As crises eram induzidas pelo teste de levantar a cabeça ou quando os animais eram assustados ou quando aplicado o teste de levantar a cabeça. Alguns animais apresentaram sinais permanentes com alterações posturais, tremores de intenção, andar cambaleante com os membros em abdução e perda progressiva de peso. De dois bovinos que foram necropsiados, um apresentava diminuição de tamanho do cerebelo com marcada atrofia da substância cinzenta. Histologicamente, um dos bovinos apresentou vacuolização fina do pericário das células de Purkinje do cerebelo com marginalização do núcleo. Em algumas áreas havia perda de neurônios de Purkinje com proliferação de astrócitos de Bergmann. Degeneração do tipo Walleriana, com esferoides axonais e vacúolos, alguns contendo macrófagos, foi observada na camada granular do cerebelo, substância branca cerebelar e medula cerebelar. Neurônios vacuolizados e esferóides axonais foram observados também no núcleo gracilis. Em outro bovino com sinais permanentes, que permaneceu por aproximadamente 10 meses sem ter acesso a S. paniculatum, observou-se ausência quase total de células de Purkinje. Havia severa depleção das camadas granular e molecular que se encontravam marcadamente diminuídas de espessura e com rarefação do neurópilo e menor número de células. Considerando que se desconhece o princípio ativo de S. paniculatum e que a planta é largamente utilizada como planta medicinal é necessário alertar para os riscos de intoxicação em humanos.
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Amna A, Abdelgadir E, Adam S. Toxic Effect of Ipomoea carnea Leaves on Wistar Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.3923/jpt.2011.18.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Pedroso PM, Oliveira LGD, Cruz CE, Soares MP, Barreto LR, Driemeier D. Doença do armazenamento lisossomal induzida pelo consumo de Sida carpinifolia em bovinos do Rio Grande do Sul. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2010001000005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Relata-se a intoxicação natural por Sida carpinifolia (guanxuma, chá-da-índia) em bovinos no Rio Grande do Sul. Foram afetados cinco bovinos no período 2001-2008. O quadro clínico foi caracterizado por emagrecimento, incoordenação, dificuldade de locomoção, tremores generalizados, quedas frequentes e morte. Microscopicamente, as principais alterações foram vacuolização dos neurônios de Purkinje do cerebelo, das células acinares do pâncreas e das células foliculares da tireoide. A microscopia eletrônica evidenciou vacúolos com conteúdo finamente granulado e delimitado por membrana. Na lectina-histoquímica, observou-se marcação em neurônios com as lectinas Concanavalia ensiformis (Con-A), Triticum vulgaris (WGA) e Succinyl Triticum vulgaris (sWGA).
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Lysosomal Storage Disease in Two Presumed-Related Springboks (Antidorcas marsupialis). J Zoo Wildl Med 2010; 41:104-10. [DOI: 10.1638/2009-0119.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Cholich L, Gimeno E, Teibler P, Jorge N, Acosta de Pérez O. The guinea pig as an animal model for Ipomoea carnea induced α-mannosidosis. Toxicon 2009; 54:276-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2008] [Revised: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 04/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Oliveira CA, Barbosa JD, Duarte MD, Cerqueira VD, Riet-Correa F, Tortelli FP, Riet-Correa G. Intoxicação por Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa (Convolvulaceae) em caprinos na Ilha do Marajó, Pará. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2009. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2009000700014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa é uma planta que contém swainsonina causando doença de depósito lisossomal em ruminantes, principalmente em caprinos na região Nordeste do Brasil. Para o estudo das plantas tóxicas da Ilha de Marajó, foram visitadas sete propriedades rurais na Ilha de Marajó, seis localizadas no município de Cachoeira do Arari e uma no município de Soure. Em todas as propriedades visitadas as pastagens eram constituídas de campo nativo, tinham pouca disponibilidade de forragem e I. carnea subsp. fistulosa encontrava-se em grande quantidade. Nas três propriedades onde eram criados caprinos foram observados animais com sinais nervosos, incluindo tremores de intenção, aumento da base de sustentação quando em estação, ataxia, hipermetria, nistagmo, paresia espástica ou debilidade, alterações posturais, perda de equilíbrio e quedas. Em duas fazendas a prevalência foi de 32% (23/71) e 100% (32/32) e em outra havia um animal com sinais acentuados e o resto do rebanho, de 19 caprinos, não foi examinado clinicamente. Bovinos, ovinos e bubalinos não foram afetados. Foram eutanasiados e necropsiados seis caprinos que apresentavam sinais clínicos acentuados. Macroscopicamente não foram observadas alterações. Na histologia observou-se vacuolização do pericário de neurônios e do citoplasma de células epiteliais da tireóide, rim, fígado, pâncreas e macrófagos de diversos órgãos. No sistema nervoso central a vacuolização era mais grave nos neurônios de Purkinje do cerebelo e nos neurônios dos núcleos cerebelares e do tronco encefálico. Observaram-se também degeneração walleriana dos axônios e gliose. A alta freqüência da intoxicação nas três fazendas que criavam caprinos sugere que a intoxicação por I. carnea subsp. fistulosa é muito importante para caprinos na Ilha de Marajó, onde há abundante quantidade da planta, que permanece verde durante todo o período seco.
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Furlan FH, Lucioli J, Veronezi LO, Medeiros AL, Barros SS, Traverso SD, Gava A. Spontaneous Lysosomal Storage Disease Caused by Sida carpinifolia (Malvaceae) Poisoning in Cattle. Vet Pathol 2009; 46:343-7. [DOI: 10.1354/vp.46-2-343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Clinical and pathologic findings for the spontaneous poisoning by Sida carpinifolia in cattle are described in this study. A survey on field cases of S. carpinifolia in cattle was carried out on farms of Alto Vale do Itajai, State of Santa Catarina, southern Brazil. Sixteen affected animals were clinically evaluated and 9 were subjected to postmortem examination. The main clinical signs consisted of marching gait, alert gaze, head tremors, and poor growth. Histologic and ultrastructural lesions consisted of vacuolization and distension of neuronal perikarya, mainly from Purkinje cells, and of the cytoplasm of acinar pancreatic and thyroid follicular cells. Clinical signs and lesions varied from mild to severe. Improvement of the clinical signs was observed in cattle after a period of up to 90 days without consuming the plant; however, residual lesions, mainly characterized by axonal spheroids and absence of Purkinje neurons in some areas of the cerebellum, were observed in these cases. It is concluded that the natural chronic consumption of S. carpinifolia was the etiologic cause of storage disease in cattle in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. H. Furlan
- Department of Clinic and Pathology, Center of Agroveterinarian Sciences, Santa Catarina State University, Lages; Brazil
| | - J. Lucioli
- Department of Clinic and Pathology, Center of Agroveterinarian Sciences, Santa Catarina State University, Lages; Brazil
| | - L. O. Veronezi
- Department of Clinic and Pathology, Center of Agroveterinarian Sciences, Santa Catarina State University, Lages; Brazil
| | | | - S. S. Barros
- Department of Pathology, Veterinary School, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - S. D. Traverso
- Department of Clinic and Pathology, Center of Agroveterinarian Sciences, Santa Catarina State University, Lages; Brazil
| | - A. Gava
- Department of Clinic and Pathology, Center of Agroveterinarian Sciences, Santa Catarina State University, Lages; Brazil
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