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Chung HC, Keiller DR, Swain PM, Chapman SL, Roberts JD, Gordon DA. Responsiveness to endurance training can be partly explained by the number of favorable single nucleotide polymorphisms an individual possesses. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288996. [PMID: 37471354 PMCID: PMC10358902 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiorespiratory fitness is a key component of health-related fitness. It is a necessary focus of improvement, especially for those that have poor fitness and are classed as untrained. However, much research has shown individuals respond differentially to identical training programs, suggesting the involvement of a genetic component in individual exercise responses. Previous research has focused predominantly on a relatively low number of candidate genes and their overall influence on exercise responsiveness. However, examination of gene-specific alleles may provide a greater level of understanding. Accordingly, this study aimed to investigate the associations between cardiorespiratory fitness and an individual's genotype following a field-based endurance program within a previously untrained population. Participants (age: 29 ± 7 years, height: 175 ± 9 cm, mass: 79 ± 21 kg, body mass index: 26 ± 7 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to either a training (n = 21) or control group (n = 24). The training group completed a periodized running program for 8-weeks (duration: 20-30-minutes per session, intensity: 6-7 Borg Category-Ratio-10 scale rating, frequency: 3 sessions per week). Both groups completed a Cooper 12-minute run test to estimate cardiorespiratory fitness at baseline, mid-study, and post-study. One thousand single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were assessed via saliva sample collections. Cooper run distance showed a significant improvement (0.23 ± 0.17 km [11.51 ± 9.09%], p < 0.001, ES = 0.48 [95%CI: 0.16-0.32]), following the 8-week program, whilst controls displayed no significant changes (0.03 ± 0.15 km [1.55 ± 6.98%], p = 0.346, ES = 0.08, [95%CI: -0.35-0.95]). A significant portion of the inter-individual variation in Cooper scores could be explained by the number of positive alleles a participant possessed (r = 0.92, R2 = 0.85, p < 0.001). These findings demonstrate the relative influence of key allele variants on an individual's responsiveness to endurance training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry C. Chung
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Essex, United Kingdom
- Cambridge Centre for Sport & Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Don R. Keiller
- School of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick M. Swain
- Department of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Shaun L. Chapman
- Cambridge Centre for Sport & Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- HQ Army Recruiting and Initial Training Command, United Kingdom Ministry of Defence, Upavon, United Kingdom
| | - Justin D. Roberts
- Cambridge Centre for Sport & Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Dan A. Gordon
- Cambridge Centre for Sport & Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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2
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Pouresmaeili F, Kamalidehghan B, Kamarehei M, Goh YM. A comprehensive overview on osteoporosis and its risk factors. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2018; 14:2029-2049. [PMID: 30464484 PMCID: PMC6225907 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s138000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a bone disorder with remarkable changes in bone biologic material and consequent bone structural distraction, affecting millions of people around the world from different ethnic groups. Bone fragility is the worse outcome of the disease, which needs long term therapy and medical management, especially in the elderly. Many involved genes including environmental factors have been introduced as the disease risk factors so far, of which genes should be considered as effective early diagnosis biomarkers, especially for the individuals from high-risk families. In this review, a number of important criteria involved in osteoporosis are addressed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farkhondeh Pouresmaeili
- Infertility and Reproductive Health Research Center (IRHRC), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Medical Genetics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,
| | - Behnam Kamalidehghan
- Medical Genetics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,
- Medical Genetics Center, National Institute of Genetics Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran,
| | - Maryam Kamarehei
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran,
| | - Yong Meng Goh
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Malaysia
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3
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Hegarty KG, Drummond FJ, Daly M, Shanahan F, Molloy MG. GREB1 genetic variants are associated with bone mineral density in Caucasians. J Bone Miner Metab 2018; 36:189-199. [PMID: 28293781 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-017-0823-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Gaining an understanding of factors contributing to bone quality is key to the development of effective preventative treatments for osteoporosis and reduction in osteoporotic fractures. Oestrogen is a strong regulator of bone remodelling which maintains skeletal structural integrity. The growth regulation by oestrogen in breast cancer 1 (GREB1) gene, with an as yet undefined function, is an early response gene in the oestrogen-regulated pathway. Suggestive evidence of linkage with bone mineral density (BMD) variation has been reported with D2S168, located telomeric of GREB1. The aim of this study was to determine if genetic variation within GREB1 was associated with BMD variation at two sites with high fracture rates-the lumbar spine (LS) and the femoral neck (FN). Informative GREB1 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (n = 12) were selected for genotyping and tested for association in a family-based dataset (n = 508 individuals from 229 families). Significantly associated SNPs were tested further in a postmenopausal dataset from the same geographic region (n = 477 individuals). One intronic SNP, rs5020877, was significantly associated with LS and FN BMD in the family-based dataset (P ≤ 0.005). The association was not observed in the postmenopausal dataset (P > 0.017); however, rs10929757 was significantly associated with FN BMD (P = 0.006). Markers, rs5020877 and rs10929757, were constituent SNPs in one GREB1 linkage disequilibrium block, although not historically correlated (r 2 = 0.07). Our findings suggest that GREB1 is a novel gene target for osteoporosis genetics and needs to be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin G Hegarty
- Department of Medicine, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Frances J Drummond
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Mary Daly
- Department of Medicine, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Fergus Shanahan
- Department of Medicine, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Michael G Molloy
- Department of Rheumatology and Medicine, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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4
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Teti A, Econs MJ. Osteopetroses, emphasizing potential approaches to treatment. Bone 2017; 102:50-59. [PMID: 28167345 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Osteopetroses are a heterogeneous group of rare genetic bone diseases sharing the common hallmarks of reduced osteoclast activity, increased bone mass and high bone fragility. Osteoclasts are bone resorbing cells that contribute to bone growth and renewal through the erosion of the mineralized matrix. Alongside the bone forming activity by osteoblasts, osteoclasts allow the skeleton to grow harmonically and maintain a healthy balance between bone resorption and formation. Osteoclast impairment in osteopetroses prevents bone renewal and deteriorates bone quality, causing atraumatic fractures. Osteopetroses vary in severity and are caused by mutations in a variety of genes involved in bone resorption or in osteoclastogenesis. Frequent signs and symptoms include osteosclerosis, deformity, dwarfism and narrowing of the bony canals, including the nerve foramina, leading to hematological and neural failures. The disease is autosomal, with only one extremely rare form associated so far to the X-chromosome, and can have either recessive or dominant inheritance. Recessive ostepetroses are generally lethal in infancy or childhood, with a few milder forms clinically denominated intermediate osteopetroses. Dominant osteopetrosis is so far associated only with mutations in the CLCN7 gene and, although described as a benign form, it can be severely debilitating, although not at the same level as recessive forms, and can rarely result in reduced life expectancy. Severe osteopetroses due to osteoclast autonomous defects can be treated by Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant (HSCT), but those due to deficiency of the pro-osteoclastogenic cytokine, RANKL, are not suitable for this procedure. Likewise, it is unclear as to whether HSCT, which has high intrinsic risks, results in clinical improvement in autosomal dominant osteopetrosis. Therefore, there is an unmet medical need to identify new therapies and studies are currently in progress to test gene and cell therapies, small interfering RNA approach and novel pharmacologic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Teti
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, via Vetoio-Coppito 2, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Michael J Econs
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University, 1120 W. Michigan St., Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, 1120 W. Michigan St., Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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5
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Aref-Eshghi E, Zhang Y, Liu M, Harper PE, Martin G, Furey A, Green R, Sun G, Rahman P, Zhai G. Genome-wide DNA methylation study of hip and knee cartilage reveals embryonic organ and skeletal system morphogenesis as major pathways involved in osteoarthritis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2015; 16:287. [PMID: 26453558 PMCID: PMC4600269 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-015-0745-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Evidence suggests that epigenetics plays a role in osteoarthrits (OA). The aim of the study was to describethe genome wide DNA methylation changes in hip and knee OA and identify novel genes and pathwaysinvolved in OA by comparing the DNA methylome of the hip and knee osteoarthritic cartilage tissues withthose of OA-free individuals. Methods Cartilage samples were collected from hip or knee joint replacement patients either due to primary OA or hip fractures as controls. DNA was extracted from the collected cartilage and assayed by Illumina Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip array, which allows for the analysis of >480,000 CpG sites. Student T-test was conducted for each CpG site and those sites with at least 10 % methylation difference and a p value <0.0005 were defined as differentially methylated regions (DMRs) for OA. A sub-analysis was also done for hip and knee OA separately. DAVID v6.7 was used for the functional annotation clustering of the DMR genes. Clustering analysis was done using multiple dimensional scaling and hierarchical clustering methods. Results The study included 5 patients with hip OA, 6 patients with knee OA and 7 hip cartilage samples from OA-free individuals. The comparisons of hip, knee and combined hip/knee OA patients with controls resulted in 26, 72, and 103 DMRs, respectively. The comparison between hip and knee OA revealed 67 DMRs. The overall number of the sites after considering the overlaps was 239, among which 151 sites were annotated to 145 genes. One-fifth of these genes were reported in previous studies. The functional annotation clustering of the identified genes revealed clusters significantly enriched in skeletal system morphogenesis and development. The analysis revealed significant difference among OA and OA-free cartilage, but less different between hip OA and knee OA. Conclusions We found that a number of CpG sites and genes across the genome were differentially methylated in OA patients, a remarkable portion of which seem to be involved in potential etiologic mechanisms of OA. Genes involved in skeletal developmental pathways and embryonic organ morphogenesis may be a potential area for further OA studies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12891-015-0745-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erfan Aref-Eshghi
- Discipline of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada.
| | - Yuhua Zhang
- Discipline of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada.
| | - Ming Liu
- Discipline of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada.
| | - Patricia E Harper
- Discipline of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada.
| | - Glynn Martin
- Division of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada.
| | - Andrew Furey
- Division of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada.
| | - Roger Green
- Discipline of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada.
| | - Guang Sun
- Disicpline of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada.
| | - Proton Rahman
- Disicpline of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada.
| | - Guangju Zhai
- Discipline of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada. .,Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK.
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6
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Palagano E, Blair HC, Pangrazio A, Tourkova I, Strina D, Angius A, Cuccuru G, Oppo M, Uva P, Van Hul W, Boudin E, Superti-Furga A, Faletra F, Nocerino A, Ferrari MC, Grappiolo G, Monari M, Montanelli A, Vezzoni P, Villa A, Sobacchi C. Buried in the Middle but Guilty: Intronic Mutations in the TCIRG1 Gene Cause Human Autosomal Recessive Osteopetrosis. J Bone Miner Res 2015; 30:1814-21. [PMID: 25829125 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal recessive osteopetrosis (ARO) is a rare genetic bone disease with genotypic and phenotypic heterogeneity, sometimes translating into delayed diagnosis and treatment. In particular, cases of intermediate severity often constitute a diagnostic challenge and represent good candidates for exome sequencing. Here, we describe the tortuous path to identification of the molecular defect in two siblings, in which osteopetrosis diagnosed in early childhood followed a milder course, allowing them to reach the adult age in relatively good conditions with no specific therapy. No clearly pathogenic mutation was identified either with standard amplification and resequencing protocols or with exome sequencing analysis. While evaluating the possible impact of a 3'UTR variant on the TCIRG1 expression, we found a novel single nucleotide change buried in the middle of intron 15 of the TCIRG1 gene, about 150 nucleotides away from the closest canonical splice site. By sequencing a number of independent cDNA clones covering exons 14 to 17, we demonstrated that this mutation reduced splicing efficiency but did not completely abrogate the production of the normal transcript. Prompted by this finding, we sequenced the same genomic region in 33 patients from our unresolved ARO cohort and found three additional novel single nucleotide changes in a similar location and with a predicted disruptive effect on splicing, further confirmed in one of them at the transcript level. Overall, we identified an intronic region in TCIRG1 that seems to be particularly prone to splicing mutations, allowing the production of a small amount of protein sufficient to reduce the severity of the phenotype usually associated with TCIRG1 defects. On this basis, we would recommend including TCIRG1 not only in the molecular work-up of severe infantile osteopetrosis but also in intermediate cases and carefully evaluating the possible effects of intronic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Palagano
- UOS/IRGB, Milan Unit, National Research Council (CNR), Milan, Italy.,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Harry C Blair
- Veteran's Affairs Medical Center and Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Alessandra Pangrazio
- UOS/IRGB, Milan Unit, National Research Council (CNR), Milan, Italy.,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Irina Tourkova
- Veteran's Affairs Medical Center and Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dario Strina
- UOS/IRGB, Milan Unit, National Research Council (CNR), Milan, Italy.,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Andrea Angius
- CRS4, Science and Technology Park Polaris, Piscina Manna, Pula, Italy.,Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), Monserrato, Italy
| | - Gianmauro Cuccuru
- CRS4, Science and Technology Park Polaris, Piscina Manna, Pula, Italy
| | - Manuela Oppo
- CRS4, Science and Technology Park Polaris, Piscina Manna, Pula, Italy
| | - Paolo Uva
- CRS4, Science and Technology Park Polaris, Piscina Manna, Pula, Italy
| | - Wim Van Hul
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Eveline Boudin
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Andrea Superti-Furga
- Department of Pediatrics, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Flavio Faletra
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Agostino Nocerino
- Clinica Pediatrica, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria "S Maria della Misericordia", Udine, Italy
| | - Matteo C Ferrari
- Hip and Prosthetic Replacement Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Guido Grappiolo
- Hip and Prosthetic Replacement Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Marta Monari
- Clinical Investigation Laboratory, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Montanelli
- Clinical Investigation Laboratory, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Paolo Vezzoni
- UOS/IRGB, Milan Unit, National Research Council (CNR), Milan, Italy.,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Anna Villa
- UOS/IRGB, Milan Unit, National Research Council (CNR), Milan, Italy.,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Cristina Sobacchi
- UOS/IRGB, Milan Unit, National Research Council (CNR), Milan, Italy.,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
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7
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Yu T, Yu Y, Wang J, Yin L, Zhou Y, Ying D, Huang R, Chen H, Wu S, Shen Y, Fu Q, Chen F. Identification of TCIRG1 and CLCN7 gene mutations in a patient with autosomal recessive osteopetrosis. Mol Med Rep 2014; 9:1191-6. [PMID: 24535484 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.1955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteopetrosis is a heritable bone disorder that exhibits highly clinical and genetical heterogeneity, and is caused by defective osteoclastic resorption. The three main forms are the autosomal recessive severe (ARO), the intermediate autosomal and the autosomal dominant benign osteopetrosis forms. In the present study, the clinical, biochemical and radiological manifestations were described in a patient with osteopetrosis. Sequence analysis identified the compound heterozygous mutations, c.909C>A (p.Tyr303X) and c.2008C>T (p.Arg670X), in TCIRG1, and a heterozygous splicing mutation, c.1798‑1G>T, in the chloride channel 7 gene (CLCN7). Two aberrant forms of the CLCN7 transcripts, c.1798_1883 (exon 20) deletion predicted to cause p.Leu601GlyfsX13, and the c.1798_1821 deletion, the first 24 bp of the exon 20, predicted to cause p.Gly600_Gln607del, were detected by further analysis of the splicing patterns in the leukocytes. The patient's asymptomatic mother carried the TCIRG1 c.909C>A (p.Tyr303X) and CLCN7 c.1798‑1G>T mutations, while the asymptomatic father carried the TCIRG1 c.2008C>T (p.Arg670X) mutation only. The patient was finally diagnosed with ARO on the basis of clinical and biochemical parameters, radiological changes and genetic defects. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of a patient with osteopetrosis who carries TCIRG1 and CLCN7 mutations. In addition, among the three mutations, TCIRG1 c.909C>A and CLCN7 c.1798‑1G>T were novel mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Yongguo Yu
- Institute of Pediatric Translational Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Lei Yin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Yunfang Zhou
- Rare Diseases Outpatient Clinic, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Daming Ying
- Rare Diseases Outpatient Clinic, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Rongkui Huang
- Rare Diseases Outpatient Clinic, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Huijin Chen
- Rare Diseases Outpatient Clinic, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Shenmei Wu
- Rare Diseases Outpatient Clinic, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Yongnian Shen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Qihua Fu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Fuxiang Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
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8
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Stauber T, Weinert S, Jentsch TJ. Cell biology and physiology of CLC chloride channels and transporters. Compr Physiol 2013; 2:1701-44. [PMID: 23723021 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c110038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Proteins of the CLC gene family assemble to homo- or sometimes heterodimers and either function as Cl(-) channels or as Cl(-)/H(+)-exchangers. CLC proteins are present in all phyla. Detailed structural information is available from crystal structures of bacterial and algal CLCs. Mammals express nine CLC genes, four of which encode Cl(-) channels and five 2Cl(-)/H(+)-exchangers. Two accessory β-subunits are known: (1) barttin and (2) Ostm1. ClC-Ka and ClC-Kb Cl(-) channels need barttin, whereas Ostm1 is required for the function of the lysosomal ClC-7 2Cl(-)/H(+)-exchanger. ClC-1, -2, -Ka and -Kb Cl(-) channels reside in the plasma membrane and function in the control of electrical excitability of muscles or neurons, in extra- and intracellular ion homeostasis, and in transepithelial transport. The mainly endosomal/lysosomal Cl(-)/H(+)-exchangers ClC-3 to ClC-7 may facilitate vesicular acidification by shunting currents of proton pumps and increase vesicular Cl(-) concentration. ClC-3 is also present on synaptic vesicles, whereas ClC-4 and -5 can reach the plasma membrane to some extent. ClC-7/Ostm1 is coinserted with the vesicular H(+)-ATPase into the acid-secreting ruffled border membrane of osteoclasts. Mice or humans lacking ClC-7 or Ostm1 display osteopetrosis and lysosomal storage disease. Disruption of the endosomal ClC-5 Cl(-)/H(+)-exchanger leads to proteinuria and Dent's disease. Mouse models in which ClC-5 or ClC-7 is converted to uncoupled Cl(-) conductors suggest an important role of vesicular Cl(-) accumulation in these pathologies. The important functions of CLC Cl(-) channels were also revealed by human diseases and mouse models, with phenotypes including myotonia, renal loss of salt and water, deafness, blindness, leukodystrophy, and male infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Stauber
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie FMP and Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin MDC, Berlin, Germany
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9
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Bollerslev J, Henriksen K, Nielsen MF, Brixen K, Van Hul W. Autosomal dominant osteopetrosis revisited: lessons from recent studies. Eur J Endocrinol 2013; 169:R39-57. [PMID: 23744590 DOI: 10.1530/eje-13-0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Systematic studies of autosomal dominant osteopetrosis (ADO) were followed by the identification of underlying mutations giving unique possibilities to perform translational studies. What was previously designated ADO1 turned out to be a high bone mass phenotype caused by a missense mutation in the first propeller of LRP5, a region of importance for binding inhibitory proteins. Thereby, ADO1 cannot be regarded as a classical form of osteopetrosis but must now be considered a disease of LRP5 activation. ADO (Albers-Schönberg disease, or previously ADO2) is characterized by increased number of osteoclasts and a defect in the chloride transport system (ClC-7) of importance for acidification of the resorption lacuna (a form of Chloride Channel 7 Deficiency Osteopetrosis). Ex vivo studies of osteoclasts from ADO have shown that cells do form normally but have reduced resorption capacity and an expanded life span. Bone formation seems normal despite decreased osteoclast function. Uncoupling of formation from resorption makes ADO of interest for new strategies for treatment of osteoporosis. Recent studies have integrated bone metabolism in whole-body energy homeostasis. Patients with ADO may have decreased insulin levels indicating importance beyond bone metabolism. There seems to be a paradigm shift in the treatment of osteoporosis. Targeting ClC-7 might introduce a new principle of dual action. Drugs affecting ClC-7 could be antiresorptive, still allowing ongoing bone formation. Inversely, drugs affecting the inhibitory site of LRP5 might stimulate bone formation and inhibit resorption. Thereby, these studies have highlighted several intriguing treatment possibilities, employing novel modes of action, which could provide benefits to the treatment of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Bollerslev
- Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Medical Clinic B, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, N-0027 Oslo, Norway.
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10
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Duncan EL, Danoy P, Kemp JP, Leo PJ, McCloskey E, Nicholson GC, Eastell R, Prince RL, Eisman JA, Jones G, Sambrook PN, Reid IR, Dennison EM, Wark J, Richards JB, Uitterlinden AG, Spector TD, Esapa C, Cox RD, Brown SDM, Thakker RV, Addison KA, Bradbury LA, Center JR, Cooper C, Cremin C, Estrada K, Felsenberg D, Glüer CC, Hadler J, Henry MJ, Hofman A, Kotowicz MA, Makovey J, Nguyen SC, Nguyen TV, Pasco JA, Pryce K, Reid DM, Rivadeneira F, Roux C, Stefansson K, Styrkarsdottir U, Thorleifsson G, Tichawangana R, Evans DM, Brown MA. Genome-wide association study using extreme truncate selection identifies novel genes affecting bone mineral density and fracture risk. PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1001372. [PMID: 21533022 PMCID: PMC3080863 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1001372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 03/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporotic fracture is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Low bone mineral density (BMD) is a major predisposing factor to fracture and is known to be highly heritable. Site-, gender-, and age-specific genetic effects on BMD are thought to be significant, but have largely not been considered in the design of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of BMD to date. We report here a GWAS using a novel study design focusing on women of a specific age (postmenopausal women, age 55-85 years), with either extreme high or low hip BMD (age- and gender-adjusted BMD z-scores of +1.5 to +4.0, n = 1055, or -4.0 to -1.5, n = 900), with replication in cohorts of women drawn from the general population (n = 20,898). The study replicates 21 of 26 known BMD-associated genes. Additionally, we report suggestive association of a further six new genetic associations in or around the genes CLCN7, GALNT3, IBSP, LTBP3, RSPO3, and SOX4, with replication in two independent datasets. A novel mouse model with a loss-of-function mutation in GALNT3 is also reported, which has high bone mass, supporting the involvement of this gene in BMD determination. In addition to identifying further genes associated with BMD, this study confirms the efficiency of extreme-truncate selection designs for quantitative trait association studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L. Duncan
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland,
Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Patrick Danoy
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland,
Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - John P. Kemp
- Medical Research Council Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational
Epidemiology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J. Leo
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland,
Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Eugene McCloskey
- Academic Unit of Bone Metabolism, Metabolic Bone Centre, University of
Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Geoffrey C. Nicholson
- The University of Melbourne, Department of Clinical and Biomedical
Sciences: Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Richard Eastell
- Academic Unit of Bone Metabolism, Metabolic Bone Centre, University of
Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Richard L. Prince
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia,
Perth, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital,
Perth, Australia
| | - John A. Eisman
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, St. Vincent's Hospital Campus,
University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Graeme Jones
- Menzies Research Institute, University of Tasmania, Hobart,
Australia
| | - Philip N. Sambrook
- Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney,
Sydney, Australia
| | - Ian R. Reid
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New
Zealand
| | - Elaine M. Dennison
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, Southampton,
United Kingdom
| | - John Wark
- University of Melbourne Department of Medicine and Bone and Mineral
Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - J. Brent Richards
- Departments of Medicine, Human Genetics, Epidemiology and Biostatistics,
Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal,
Canada
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College
London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andre G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Internal Medicine and Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center,
Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tim D. Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College
London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Esapa
- Medical Research Council Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell Science and
Innovation Campus, Harwell, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford
Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Oxford,
Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Roger D. Cox
- Medical Research Council Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell Science and
Innovation Campus, Harwell, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Steve D. M. Brown
- Medical Research Council Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell Science and
Innovation Campus, Harwell, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Rajesh V. Thakker
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford
Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Oxford,
Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn A. Addison
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland,
Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Linda A. Bradbury
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland,
Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jacqueline R. Center
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, St. Vincent's Hospital Campus,
University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Cyrus Cooper
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, Southampton,
United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health and Research Biomedical Research Unit,
University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Cremin
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland,
Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Karol Estrada
- Department of Internal Medicine and Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center,
Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dieter Felsenberg
- Centre of Muscle and Bone Research, Charité – University
Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Free and Humboldt University, Berlin,
Germany
| | - Claus-C. Glüer
- Medizinische Physik, Klinik für Diagnostische Radiologie,
Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Johanna Hadler
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland,
Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Internal Medicine and Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center,
Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark A. Kotowicz
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Barwon Health, Geelong,
Australia
| | - Joanna Makovey
- Institute of Bone Joint Research, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore
Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sing C. Nguyen
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South
Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Tuan V. Nguyen
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, St. Vincent's Hospital Campus,
University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South
Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Julie A. Pasco
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Karena Pryce
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland,
Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David M. Reid
- Division of Applied Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United
Kingdom
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Internal Medicine and Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center,
Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Roux
- Rheumatology Department, AP-HP Cochin Hospital – Paris-Descartes
University, Paris, France
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland
- University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | - Rumbidzai Tichawangana
- The University of Melbourne, Department of Clinical and Biomedical
Sciences: Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - David M. Evans
- Medical Research Council Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational
Epidemiology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew A. Brown
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland,
Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
- National Institute for Health and Research Biomedical Research Unit,
University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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11
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Li WF, Hou SX, Yu B, Li MM, Férec C, Chen JM. Genetics of osteoporosis: accelerating pace in gene identification and validation. Hum Genet 2009; 127:249-85. [PMID: 20101412 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-009-0773-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is characterized by low bone mineral density and structural deterioration of bone tissue, leading to an increased risk of fractures. It is the most common metabolic bone disorder worldwide, affecting one in three women and one in eight men over the age of 50. In the past 15 years, a large number of genes have been reported as being associated with osteoporosis. However, only in the past 4 years we have witnessed an accelerated pace in identifying and validating osteoporosis susceptibility loci. This increase in pace is mostly due to large-scale association studies, meta-analyses, and genome-wide association studies of both single nucleotide polymorphisms and copy number variations. A comprehensive review of these developments revealed that, to date, at least 15 genes (VDR, ESR1, ESR2, LRP5, LRP4, SOST, GRP177, OPG, RANK, RANKL, COLIA1, SPP1, ITGA1, SP7, and SOX6) can be reasonably assigned as confirmed osteoporosis susceptibility genes, whereas, another >30 genes are promising candidate genes. Notably, confirmed and promising genes are clustered in three biological pathways, the estrogen endocrine pathway, the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway, and the RANKL/RANK/OPG pathway. New biological pathways will certainly emerge when more osteoporosis genes are identified and validated. These genetic findings may provide new routes toward improved therapeutic and preventive interventions of this complex disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Feng Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, General Hospital of the People's Liberation Army, 100037 Beijing, China
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12
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Giroux S, Rousseau F. Genes and osteoporosis: time for a change in strategy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.2217/ijr.09.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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14
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Xiong Q, Jiao Y, Hasty KA, Canale ST, Stuart JM, Beamer WG, Deng HW, Baylink D, Gu W. Quantitative trait loci, genes, and polymorphisms that regulate bone mineral density in mouse. Genomics 2009; 93:401-14. [PMID: 19150398 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2008.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2008] [Revised: 11/26/2008] [Accepted: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
This is an in silico analysis of data available from genome-wide scans. Through analysis of QTL, genes and polymorphisms that regulate BMD, we identified 82 BMD QTL, 191 BMD-associated (BMDA) genes, and 83 genes containing known BMD-associated polymorphisms (BMDAP). The catalogue of all BMDA/BMDAP genes and relevant literatures are provided. In total, there are substantially more BMDA/BMDAP genes in regions of the genome where QTL have been identified than in non-QTL regions. Among 191 BMDA genes and 83 BMDAP genes, 133 and 58 are localized in QTL regions, respectively. The difference was still noticeable for the chromosome distribution of these genes between QTL and non-QTL regions. These results have allowed us to generate an integrative profile of QTL, genes, polymorphisms that determine BMD. These data could facilitate more rapid and comprehensive identification of causal genes underlying the determination of BMD in mouse and provide new insights into how BMD is regulated in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Xiong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery - Campbell Clinic and Pathology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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15
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Chu K, Koller DL, Ichikawa S, Snyder R, Curry L, Lai D, Austin A, Xuei X, Edenberg HJ, Hui SL, Foroud TM, Peacock M, Econs MJ. CLCN7 polymorphisms and bone mineral density in healthy premenopausal white women and in white men. Bone 2008; 43:995-8. [PMID: 18755304 PMCID: PMC2657035 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2008.07.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2008] [Revised: 07/21/2008] [Accepted: 07/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mutations in the chloride channel 7 gene (CLCN7) cause osteopetrosis, and polymorphisms of CLCN7 in the non-disease allele are associated with penetrance of the autosomal dominant osteopetrosis (ADO) phenotype. Studies have also shown an association between CLCN7 polymorphisms and bone mineral density (BMD) in women. However, there is no study to date that has examined whether CLCN7 polymorphisms underlie normal variation of peak BMD in healthy premenopausal white women and in white men. METHODS Six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and one variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphism in the CLCN7 gene were genotyped. Association was tested between CLCN7 gene polymorphisms and both lumbar spine and femoral neck BMD. Healthy premenopausal white sisters (age 33.1+/-7.2, n=1692) and healthy white brothers (age 33.6+/-10.9, n=715) were studied. RESULTS No significant association between CLCN7 gene polymorphisms and BMD at the lumbar spine or femoral neck was found in white women or white men. CONCLUSIONS Genetic variation in the CLCN7 gene is not a major contributor to the variability in peak BMD at the femoral neck and lumber spine in healthy premenopausal white women and in white men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Chu
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Daniel L Koller
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Shoji Ichikawa
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Richard Snyder
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Leah Curry
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Dongbing Lai
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Anthony Austin
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Xiaoling Xuei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Howard J Edenberg
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Siu L Hui
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Tatiana M Foroud
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Munro Peacock
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Michael J Econs
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
- Corresponding author: Michael J. Econs, MD, FACP, FACE, Glenn W. Irwin, Jr., Professor of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Director: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Indiana University School of Medicine, 541 North Clinical Dr., CL 459, Indianapolis, IN 46202, Tel: 317-278-0682, FAX: 317-278-0658, E-mail:
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16
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Bone resorption inhibitor alendronate normalizes the reduced bone thickness of TRPV5(-/-) mice. J Bone Miner Res 2008; 23:1815-24. [PMID: 18597625 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.080613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
TRPV5 is a Ca(2+)-selective channel involved in transcellular Ca(2+) absorption expressed in kidney and in the ruffled border of osteoclasts. Studies in hypercalciuric TRPV5 knockout (TRPV5(-/-)) mice, which display significantly increased vitamin D levels, showed that TRPV5 ablation increases number and size of osteoclasts but impairs osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. The latter is not in line with the observed decreased bone thickness in TRPV5(-/-) mice. Bisphosphonates also inhibit osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of alendronate on the expression of the Ca(2+) transporters in bone, kidney, and duodenum and, importantly, the bone phenotype in TRPV5(-/-) mice. Wildtype (TRPV5(+/+)) and TRPV5(-/-) mice were treated during 10 wk with 2 mg/kg alendronate or vehicle weekly and housed in metabolic cages at the end of treatment. Urine and blood samples were taken for biochemical analysis, and duodenum, kidney, and femur were sampled. Expression of Ca(2+) transporters and osteoclast ruffled border transporters in bone and cultured osteoclasts was determined by QPCR analysis. Femurs were scanned using muCT, and resorption pit assays were performed in bone marrow cultures isolated from TRPV5(+/+) and TRPV5(-/-) mice. Alendronate treatment enhanced bone thickness in TRPV5(+/+) mice but also normalized the disturbed bone morphometry parameters in TRPV5(-/-) mice. Bone TRPV5 expression was specifically enhanced by alendronate, whereas the expression of Ca(2+) transporters in kidney and intestine was not altered. The expression of the osteoclast ruffled border membrane proteins chloride channel 7 (CLC-7) and the vacuolar H(+)-ATPase did not differ between both genotypes, but alendronate significantly enhanced the expression and PTH levels in TRPV5(-/-) mice. The expression of TRPV5, CLC-7, and H(+)-ATPase in osteoclast cultures was not affected by alendronate. The number of resorption pits was reduced in TRPV5(-/-) bone marrow cultures, but the response to vitamin D was similar to that in TRPV5(+/+) cultures. The alendronate-induced upregulation of TRPV5 in bone together with the decreased resorptive capacity of TRPV5(-/-) osteoclasts in vitro suggests that TRPV5 has an important role in osteoclast function. However, our data indicate that significant bone resorption still occurs in TRPV5(-/-) mice, because alendronate treatment normalized bone thickness in these mice. Thus, TRPV5(-/-) mice are able to rescue the resulting defect in osteoclast-mediated bone resorption, possibly mediated by the long-term hypervitaminosis D or other (non)hormonal compensatory mechanisms.
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Abstract
Bone is a dynamic organ constantly remodeled to support calcium homeostasis and structural needs. The osteoclast is the cell responsible for removing both the organic and inorganic components of bone. It is derived from hematopoietic progenitors in the macrophage lineage and differentiates in response to the tumor necrosis factor family cytokine receptor activator of NF kappa B ligand. alpha v beta 3 integrin mediates cell adhesion necessary for polarization and formation of an isolated, acidified resorptive microenvironment. Defects in osteoclast function, whether genetic or iatrogenic, may increase bone mass but lead to poor bone quality and a high fracture risk. Pathological stimulation of osteoclast formation and resorption occurs in postmenopausal osteoporosis, inflammatory arthritis, and metastasis of tumors to bone. In these diseases, osteoclast activity causes bone loss that leads to pain, deformity, and fracture. Thus, osteoclasts are critical for normal bone function, but their activity must be controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah V Novack
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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18
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Väänänen HK, Laitala-Leinonen T. Osteoclast lineage and function. Arch Biochem Biophys 2008; 473:132-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2008.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2008] [Revised: 03/27/2008] [Accepted: 03/28/2008] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Jentsch TJ. CLC chloride channels and transporters: from genes to protein structure, pathology and physiology. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 43:3-36. [PMID: 18307107 DOI: 10.1080/10409230701829110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
CLC genes are expressed in species from bacteria to human and encode Cl(-)-channels or Cl(-)/H(+)-exchangers. CLC proteins assemble to dimers, with each monomer containing an ion translocation pathway. Some mammalian isoforms need essential beta -subunits (barttin and Ostm1). Crystal structures of bacterial CLC Cl(-)/H(+)-exchangers, combined with transport analysis of mammalian and bacterial CLCs, yielded surprising insights into their structure and function. The large cytosolic carboxy-termini of eukaryotic CLCs contain CBS domains, which may modulate transport activity. Some of these have been crystallized. Mammals express nine CLC isoforms that differ in tissue distribution and subcellular localization. Some of these are plasma membrane Cl(-) channels, which play important roles in transepithelial transport and in dampening muscle excitability. Other CLC proteins localize mainly to the endosomal-lysosomal system where they may facilitate luminal acidification or regulate luminal chloride concentration. All vesicular CLCs may be Cl(-)/H(+)-exchangers, as shown for the endosomal ClC-4 and -5 proteins. Human diseases and knockout mouse models have yielded important insights into their physiology and pathology. Phenotypes and diseases include myotonia, renal salt wasting, kidney stones, deafness, blindness, male infertility, leukodystrophy, osteopetrosis, lysosomal storage disease and defective endocytosis, demonstrating the broad physiological role of CLC-mediated anion transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Jentsch
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP) and Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Berlin, Germany.
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Guo Y, Yang TL, Pan F, Xu XH, Dong SS, Deng HW. Molecular genetic studies of gene identification for osteoporosis. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2008; 3:223-267. [PMID: 30764094 DOI: 10.1586/17446651.3.2.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This review comprehensively summarizes the most important and representative molecular genetics studies of gene identification for osteoporosis published up to the end of September 2007. It is intended to constitute a sequential update of our previously published reviews covering the available data up to the end of 2004. Evidence from candidate gene-association studies, genome-wide linkage and association studies, as well as functional genomic studies (including gene-expression microarray and proteomics) on osteogenesis and osteoporosis, are reviewed separately. Studies of transgenic and knockout mice models relevant to osteoporosis are summarized. The major results of all studies are tabulated for comparison and ease of reference. Comments are made on the most notable findings and representative studies for their potential influence and implications on our present understanding of genetics of osteoporosis. The format adopted by this review should be ideal for accommodating future new advances and studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Guo
- a The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Genetics, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Tie-Lin Yang
- a The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Genetics, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Feng Pan
- a The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Genetics, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Xiang-Hong Xu
- a The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Genetics, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Shan-Shan Dong
- a The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Genetics, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Hong-Wen Deng
- b The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Genetics, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China and Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Basic Medical Sciences, University of Missouri - Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA.
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Del Fattore A, Cappariello A, Teti A. Genetics, pathogenesis and complications of osteopetrosis. Bone 2008; 42:19-29. [PMID: 17936098 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2007.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2007] [Revised: 08/10/2007] [Accepted: 08/11/2007] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human osteopetrosis is a rare genetic disorder caused by osteoclast failure, which ranges widely in severity. In the most severe forms, deficient bone resorption prevents enlargement of bone cavities, impairing development of bone marrow, leading to hematological failure. Closure of bone foramina causes cranial nerve compression with visual and hearing deterioration. Patients also present with osteosclerosis, short stature, malformations and brittle bones. This form is fatal in infancy, has an autosomal recessive inheritance and is cured with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, with a rate of success <50% and unsatisfactory rescue of growth and visual deterioration. It relies on loss-of-function mutations of various genes, including the TCIRG1 gene, encoding for the a3 subunit of the H+ATPase and accounting for >50% of cases, the ClCN7 and the OSTM1 genes, which have closely related function and account for approximately 10% of cases, also presenting with neurodegeneration. Further genes are implicated in rare forms with various severities and association with other syndromes and, recently, the RANKL gene has been found to be mutated in a subset of patients lacking osteoclasts. Autosomal recessive osteopetrosis may also have intermediate severity, with a small number of cases due to loss-of-function mutations of the CAII or the PLEKHM1 genes. Dominant negative mutations of the ClCN7 gene cause the so-called Albers-Schönberg disease, which represents the most frequent and heterogeneous form of osteopetrosis, ranging from asymptomatic to intermediate/severe, thus suggesting additional genetic/environmental determinants affecting penetrance. Importantly, recent work has demonstrated that osteoblasts may also contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease, either because they are affected by intrinsic defects, or because their activity may be enhanced by deregulated osteoclasts abundantly present in most forms. Therapy is presently unsatisfactory and effort is necessary to unravel the gene defects yet unrecognized and identify new treatments to improve symptoms and save life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Del Fattore
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Via Vetoio - Coppito 2, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
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22
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Abstract
Osteoporosis is a common disease with a strong genetic component characterised by reduced bone mass and an increased risk of fragility fractures. Twin and family studies have shown that genetic factors contribute to osteoporosis by influencing bone mineral density (BMD), and other phenotypes that are associated with fracture risk, although the heritability of fracture itself is modest. Linkage studies have identified several quantitative trait loci that regulate BMD but most causal genes remain to be identified. In contrast, linkage studies in monogenic bone diseases have been successful in gene identification, and polymorphisms in many of these genes have been found to contribute to the regulation of bone mass in the normal population. Population-based studies have identified polymorphisms in several candidate genes that have been associated with bone mass or osteoporotic fracture, although individually these polymorphisms only account for a small amount of the genetic contribution to BMD regulation. Environmental factors such as diet and physical activity are also important determinants of BMD, and in some cases specific nutrients have been found to interact with genetic polymorphisms to regulate BMD. From a clinical standpoint, advances in knowledge about the genetic basis of osteoporosis are likely to be important in increasing the understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease; providing new genetic markers with which to assess fracture risk and in identifying genes and pathways that form molecular targets for the design of the next generation of drug treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart H Ralston
- Molecular Medicine Centre, Rheumatic Diseases Unit, Edinburgh University, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
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Abstract
Over the past 10 years, many advances have been made in understanding the mechanisms by which genetic factors regulate susceptibility to osteoporosis. It has become clear from studies in man and experimental animals that different genes regulate BMD at different skeletal sites and in men and women. Linkage studies have identified several chromosomal regions that regulate BMD, but only a few causative genes have been discovered so far using this approach. In contrast, significant advances have been made in identifying the genes that cause monogenic bone diseases, and polymorphic variation is some of these genes has been found to contribute to the genetic regulation of BMD in the normal population. Other genes that have been investigated as possible candidates for susceptibility to osteoporosis because of their role in bone biology, such as vitamin D, have yielded mixed results. Many candidate gene association studies have been underpowered, and meta-analysis has been used to try to confirm or refute potential associations and gain a better estimate of their true effect size in the population. Most of the genetic variants that confer susceptibility to osteoporosis remain to be discovered. It is likely that new techniques such as whole-genome association will provide new insights into the genetic determinants of osteoporosis and will help to identify genes of modest effect size. From a clinical standpoint, genetic variants that are found to predispose to osteoporosis will advance our understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease. They could be developed as diagnostic genetic tests or form molecular targets for design of new drugs for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis and other bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar M E Albagha
- Rheumatology Section, Molecular Medicine Centre, University of Edinburgh School of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, United Kingdom.
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McGuigan FEA, Macdonald HM, Bassiti A, Farmer R, Bear S, Stewart A, Black A, Fraser WD, Welsh F, Reid DM, Ralston SH. Large-scale population-based study shows no association between common polymorphisms of the TGFB1 gene and BMD in women. J Bone Miner Res 2007; 22:195-202. [PMID: 17059371 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.061016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The TGFB1 gene is a strong functional candidate for regulating genetic susceptibility to osteoporosis. We studied five common polymorphisms of TGFB1 in relation to osteoporosis-related phenotypes in a population-based cohort of 2975 British women, but found no significant association with bone mass, bone loss, bone markers, or fracture. INTRODUCTION The gene encoding TGFB1 is a strong functional candidate for genetic susceptibility to osteoporosis. Several polymorphisms have been identified in TGFB1, and previous work has suggested that allelic variants of TGFB1 may regulate BMD and susceptibility to osteoporotic fracture. MATERIALS AND METHODS We studied the relationship between common polymorphisms of TGFB1 and several osteoporosis-related phenotypes including BMD at the lumbar spine and femoral neck, measured by DXA; bone loss over a 6-year period; biochemical markers of bone turnover (urinary free deoxypyridinoline and free pyridinoline/creatinine ratio and serum N-terminal propeptide of type 1 collagen), and fractures in a population-based study of 2975 women from the United Kingdom. Participants were genotyped for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the TGFB1 promoter (G-800A; rs1800468; C-509T; rs1800469), exon 1 (T29C; rs1982073 and G74C; rs1982073); and exon 5 (C788T; rs1800471) on PCR-generated fragments of genomic DNA. Haplotypes were constructed from genotype data using the PHASE software program, and genotypes and haplotypes were related to the phenotypes of interest using general linear model ANOVA, with correction for confounding factors including age, height, weight, menopausal status, hormone replacement therapy (HRT) use, physical activity score, and dietary calcium intake. RESULTS The polymorphisms were in strong linkage disequilibrium, and four common haplotypes accounted for >95% of alleles at the locus. There was no association between individual SNPs and BMD, bone loss, or biochemical markers of bone turnover. Haplotype analysis showed a nominally significant association with femoral neck BMD (p = 0.042) and with incident osteoporotic fracture (p = 0.013), but these were not significant after correcting for multiple testing. CONCLUSIONS Common polymorphic variants of the TGFB1 gene did not influence BMD or bone loss in this population.
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Ferrari S. Single gene mutations and variations affecting bone turnover and strength: a selective 2006 update. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1138/20060240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Ralston SH, de Crombrugghe B. Genetic regulation of bone mass and susceptibility to osteoporosis. Genes Dev 2006; 20:2492-506. [PMID: 16980579 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1449506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a common disease with a strong genetic component characterized by reduced bone mass and increased risk of fragility fractures. Twin and family studies have shown that the heritability of bone mineral density (BMD) and other determinants of fracture risk-such as ultrasound properties of bone, skeletal geometry, and bone turnover-is high, although heritability of fracture is modest. Many different genetic variants of modest effect size are likely to contribute to the regulation of these phenotypes by interacting with environmental factors such as diet and exercise. Linkage studies in rare Mendelian bone diseases have identified several previously unknown genes that play key roles in regulating bone mass and bone turnover. In many instances, subtle polymorphisms in these genes have also been found to regulate BMD in the general population. Although there has been extensive progress in identifying the genetic variants that regulate susceptibility to osteoporosis, most of the genes and genetic variants that regulate bone mass and susceptibility to osteoporosis remain to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart H Ralston
- Rheumatic Diseases Unit, Molecular Medicine Centre, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom.
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Huang QY, Kung AWC. Genetics of osteoporosis. Mol Genet Metab 2006; 88:295-306. [PMID: 16762578 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2006.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2006] [Revised: 04/12/2006] [Accepted: 04/12/2006] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a common disease with a strong genetic component. In recent years, some progress has been made in understanding the genetic basis of osteoporosis. Genetic factors contribute to osteoporosis by influencing not only bone mineral density but also bone size, bone quality, and bone turnover. Meta-analysis has been used to define the role of several candidate genes in osteoporosis. Some quantitative trait loci that regulate bone mass identified by linkage studies in humans and experimental animals have been replicated in multiple populations. Genes that cause monogenic bone diseases also contribute to regulation of bone mass in the normal population. Genome-wide association studies and functional genomics approaches have recently begun to apply to genetic studies of osteoporosis. In the future, not only single gene but also the entire gene networks involved in osteoporosis and regulation of bone mass will systematically be discovered through integrative genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Yang Huang
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China.
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