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Verploegh ISC, Conidi A, El Hassnaoui H, Verhoeven FAM, Korporaal AL, Ntafoulis I, van den Hout MCGN, Brouwer RWW, Lamfers MLM, van IJcken WFJ, Huylebroeck D, Leenstra S. BMP4 and Temozolomide Synergize in the Majority of Patient-Derived Glioblastoma Cultures. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:10176. [PMID: 39337661 PMCID: PMC11432198 DOI: 10.3390/ijms251810176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2024] [Revised: 09/16/2024] [Accepted: 09/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
One of the main causes of poor prognoses in patient with glioblastoma (GBM) is drug resistance to current standard treatment, which includes chemoradiation and adjuvant temozolomide (TMZ). In addition, the concept of cancer stem cells provides new insights into therapy resistance and management also in GBM and glioblastoma stem cell-like cells (GSCs), which might contribute to therapy resistance. Bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP4) stimulates astroglial differentiation of GSCs and thereby reduces their self-renewal capacity. Exposure of GSCs to BMP4 may also sensitize these cells to TMZ. A recent phase I trial has shown that local delivery of BMP4 is safe, but a large variation in survival is seen in these treated patients and in features of their cultured tumors. We wanted to combine TMZ and BMP4 (TMZ + BMP4) therapy and assess the inter-tumoral variability in response to TMZ + BMP4 in patient-derived GBM cultures. A phase II trial could then benefit a larger group of patients than those treated with BMP4 only. We first show that simultaneous treatment with TMZ + BMP4 is more effective than sequential treatment. Second, when applying our optimized treatment protocol, 70% of a total of 20 GBM cultures displayed TMZ + BMP4 synergy. This combination induces cellular apoptosis and does not inhibit cell proliferation. Comparative bulk RNA-sequencing indicates that treatment with TMZ + BMP4 eventually results in decreased MAPK signaling, in line with previous evidence that increased MAPK signaling is associated with resistance to TMZ. Based on these results, we advocate further clinical trial research to test patient benefit and validate pathophysiological hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris S. C. Verploegh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (I.S.C.V.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Conidi
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hoesna El Hassnaoui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (I.S.C.V.)
| | - Floor A. M. Verhoeven
- Department of Neurosurgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (I.S.C.V.)
| | - Anne L. Korporaal
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ioannis Ntafoulis
- Department of Neurosurgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (I.S.C.V.)
| | - Mirjam C. G. N. van den Hout
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Center for Biomics, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rutger W. W. Brouwer
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Center for Biomics, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martine L. M. Lamfers
- Department of Neurosurgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (I.S.C.V.)
| | - Wilfred F. J. van IJcken
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Center for Biomics, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Danny Huylebroeck
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sieger Leenstra
- Department of Neurosurgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (I.S.C.V.)
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Mejias Rivera L, Shore EM, Mourkioti F. Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Heterotopic Ossification in Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva. Biomedicines 2024; 12:779. [PMID: 38672135 PMCID: PMC11048698 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12040779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is a debilitating genetic disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of heterotopic ossification (HO) formation in muscles, tendons, and ligaments. FOP is caused by a missense mutation in the ACVR1 gene (activin A receptor type I), an important signaling receptor involved in endochondral ossification. The ACVR1R206H mutation induces increased downstream canonical SMAD-signaling and drives tissue-resident progenitor cells with osteogenic potential to participate in endochondral HO formation. In this article, we review aberrant ACVR1R206H signaling and the cells that give rise to HO in FOP. FOP mouse models and lineage tracing analyses have been used to provide strong evidence for tissue-resident mesenchymal cells as cellular contributors to HO. We assess how the underlying mutation in FOP disrupts muscle-specific dynamics during homeostasis and repair, with a focus on muscle-resident mesenchymal cells known as fibro-adipogenic progenitors (FAPs). Accumulating research points to FAPs as a prominent HO progenitor population, with ACVR1R206H FAPs not only aberrantly differentiating into chondro-osteogenic lineages but creating a permissive environment for bone formation at the expense of muscle regeneration. We will further discuss the emerging role of ACVR1R206H FAPs in muscle regeneration and therapeutic targeting of these cells to reduce HO formation in FOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loreilys Mejias Rivera
- Cell and Molecular Biology, Genetics and Epigenetics Graduate Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Center for Research in FOP and Related Disorders, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Eileen M. Shore
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Center for Research in FOP and Related Disorders, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Foteini Mourkioti
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Musculoskeletal Program, Penn Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Du R, Wen L, Niu M, Zhao L, Guan X, Yang J, Zhang C, Liu H. Activin receptors in human cancer: Functions, mechanisms, and potential clinical applications. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 222:116061. [PMID: 38369212 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Activins are members of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily and act as key regulators in various physiological processes, such as follicle and embryonic development, as well as in multiple human diseases, including cancer. They have been established to signal through three type I and two type II serine/threonine kinase receptors, which, upon ligand binding, form a final signal-transducing receptor complex that activates downstream signaling and governs gene expression. Recent research highlighted the dysregulation of the expression or activity of activin receptors in multiple human cancers and their critical involvement in cancer progression. Furthermore, expression levels of activin receptors have been associated with clinicopathological features and patient outcomes across different cancers. However, there is currently a paucity of comprehensive systematic reviews of activin receptors in cancer. Thus, this review aimed to consolidate existing knowledge concerning activin receptors, with a primary emphasis on their signaling cascade and emerging biological functions, regulatory mechanisms, and potential clinical applications in human cancers in order to provide novel perspectives on cancer prognosis and targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruochen Du
- First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, PR China; Department of Laboratory Animal Center, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Liqi Wen
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Cancer, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, PR China; Shanxi Province Clinical Medical Research Center for Precision Medicine of Head and Neck Cancer, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Min Niu
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Cancer, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, PR China; Shanxi Province Clinical Medical Research Center for Precision Medicine of Head and Neck Cancer, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Liting Zhao
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Cancer, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, PR China; Shanxi Province Clinical Medical Research Center for Precision Medicine of Head and Neck Cancer, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Xiaoya Guan
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Cancer, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, PR China; Shanxi Province Clinical Medical Research Center for Precision Medicine of Head and Neck Cancer, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Jiao Yang
- Department of Anatomy, the Basic Medical School of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Chunming Zhang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Cancer, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, PR China; Shanxi Province Clinical Medical Research Center for Precision Medicine of Head and Neck Cancer, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, PR China; Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, PR China.
| | - Hongliang Liu
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Cancer, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, PR China; Shanxi Province Clinical Medical Research Center for Precision Medicine of Head and Neck Cancer, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, PR China; First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, PR China; Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, the Basic Medical School of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, PR China.
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Hochi H, Kubota S, Takigawa M, Nishida T. Dual roles of cellular communication network factor 6 (CCN6) in the invasion and metastasis of oral cancer cells to bone via binding to BMP2 and RANKL. Carcinogenesis 2023; 44:695-707. [PMID: 37590989 PMCID: PMC10692700 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgad057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The acquisition of motility via epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and osteoclast induction are essential for the invasion and metastasis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) to bone. However, the molecule suppressing both EMT and osteoclastogenesis is still unknown. In this study, we found that cellular communication network factor 6 (CCN6) was less produced in a human OSCC cell line, HSC-3 with mesenchymal phenotype, than in HSC-2 cells without it. Notably, CCN6 interacted with bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) and suppressed the cell migration of HSC-3 cells stimulated by BMP2. Moreover, knockdown of CCN6 in HSC-2 cells led to the promotion of EMT and enhanced the effect of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) on the promotion of EMT. Furthermore, CCN6 combined with BMP2 suppressed EMT. These results suggest that CCN6 strongly suppresses EMT in cooperation with BMP2 and TGF-β. Interestingly, CCN6 combined with BMP2 increased the gene expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) in HSC-2 and HSC-3 cells. Additionally, CCN6 interacted with RANKL, and CCN6 combined with RANKL suppressed RANKL-induced osteoclast formation. In metastatic lesions, increasing BMP2 due to the bone destruction led to interference with binding of CCN6 to RANKL, which results in the promotion of bone metastasis of OSCC cells due to continuous osteoclastogenesis. These findings suggest that CCN6 plays dual roles in the suppression of EMT and in the promotion of bone destruction of OSCC in primary and metastatic lesions, respectively, through cooperation with BMP2 and interference with RANKL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Hochi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kubota
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
| | - Masaharu Takigawa
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Okayama University Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
| | - Takashi Nishida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
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Anwar S, Yokota T. Navigating the Complex Landscape of Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva: From Current Paradigms to Therapeutic Frontiers. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:2162. [PMID: 38136984 PMCID: PMC10742611 DOI: 10.3390/genes14122162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is an enigmatic, ultra-rare genetic disorder characterized by progressive heterotopic ossification, wherein soft connective tissues undergo pathological transformation into bone structures. This incapacitating process severely limits patient mobility and poses formidable challenges for therapeutic intervention. Predominantly caused by missense mutations in the ACVR1 gene, this disorder has hitherto defied comprehensive mechanistic understanding and effective treatment paradigms. This write-up offers a comprehensive overview of the contemporary understanding of FOP's complex pathobiology, underscored by advances in molecular genetics and proteomic studies. We delve into targeted therapy, spanning genetic therapeutics, enzymatic and transcriptional modulation, stem cell therapies, and innovative immunotherapies. We also highlight the intricate complexities surrounding clinical trial design for ultra-rare disorders like FOP, addressing fundamental statistical limitations, ethical conundrums, and methodological advancements essential for the success of interventional studies. We advocate for the adoption of a multi-disciplinary approach that converges bench-to-bedside research, clinical expertise, and ethical considerations to tackle the challenges of ultra-rare diseases like FOP and comparable ultra-rare diseases. In essence, this manuscript serves a dual purpose: as a definitive scientific resource for ongoing and future FOP research and a call to action for innovative solutions to address methodological and ethical challenges that impede progress in the broader field of medical research into ultra-rare conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Toshifumi Yokota
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada;
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K S M, Gupta A. Challenges in Diagnosing Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva: A Case Report. JBJS Case Connect 2023; 13:01709767-202312000-00005. [PMID: 37797171 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.cc.23.00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
CASE A 5-year-old boy presented with multiple bony swellings in the dorsal spine region, restricted left shoulder movement, and a previous misdiagnosis of hereditary multiple exostoses (HMEs) resulting in unnecessary excision of the right scapular lesion. Clinical examination revealed hallux valgus, brachydactyly, and limited neck movement. Radiography and computed tomography confirmed a diagnosis of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP). CONCLUSION This case report underscores the importance of accurate diagnosis and differentiation between FOP and HME. Hallux valgus, brachydactyly, and restricted neck movement suggested FOP. It is paramount for orthopaedic surgeons to exclude rare disorders before performing any interventions. Biopsies or resections of bone formation areas should be avoided for patients with FOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghashyama K S
- Nanavati Max Superspeciality Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Maekawa H, Jin Y, Nishio M, Kawai S, Nagata S, Kamakura T, Yoshitomi H, Niwa A, Saito MK, Matsuda S, Toguchida J. Recapitulation of pro-inflammatory signature of monocytes with ACVR1A mutation using FOP patient-derived iPSCs. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2022; 17:364. [PMID: 36131296 PMCID: PMC9494870 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-022-02506-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is a rare genetic disease characterized by progressive heterotopic ossification (HO) in soft tissues due to a heterozygous mutation of the ACVR1A gene (FOP-ACVR1A), which erroneously transduces the BMP signal by Activin-A. Although inflammation is known to trigger HO in FOP, the role of FOP-ACVR1A on inflammatory cells remains to be elucidated. RESULTS We generated immortalized monocytic cell lines from FOP-iPSCs (FOP-ML) and mutation rescued iPSCs (resFOP-ML). Cell morphology was evaluated during the monocyte induction and after immortalization. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) was performed to evaluate the cell surface markers CD14 and CD16 on MLs. MLs were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide or Activin-A and the gene expression was evaluated by quantitative PCR and microarray analysis. Histological analysis was performed for HO tissue obtained from wild type mice and FOP-ACVR1A mice which conditionally express human mutant ACVR1A gene by doxycycline administration. Without any stimulation, FOP-ML showed the pro-inflammatory signature of CD16+ monocytes with an upregulation of INHBA gene, and treatment of resFOP-ML with Activin-A induced an expression profile mimicking that of FOP-ML at baseline. Treatment of FOP-ML with Activin-A further induced the inflammatory profile with an up-regulation of inflammation-associated genes, of which some, but not all, of which were suppressed by corticosteroid. Experiments using an inhibitor for TGFβ or BMP signal demonstrated that Activin-A-induced genes such as CD16 and CCL7, were regulated by both signals, indicating Activin-A transduced dual signals in FOP-ML. A comparison with resFOP-ML identified several down-regulated genes in FOP-ML including LYVE-1, which is known to suppress matrix-formation in vivo. The down-regulation of LYVE-1 in HO tissues was confirmed in FOP model mice, verifying the significance of the in vitro experiments. CONCLUSION These results indicate that FOP-ML faithfully recapitulated the phenotype of primary monocytes of FOP and the combination with resFOP-ML is a useful tool to investigate molecular events at the initial inflammation stage of HO in FOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotsugu Maekawa
- Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yonghui Jin
- Department of Regeneration Sciences and Engineering, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Megumi Nishio
- Department of Regeneration Sciences and Engineering, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kawai
- Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sanae Nagata
- Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kamakura
- Department of Regeneration Sciences and Engineering, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yoshitomi
- Department of Regeneration Sciences and Engineering, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akira Niwa
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Megumu K Saito
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shuichi Matsuda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Junya Toguchida
- Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. .,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. .,Department of Regeneration Sciences and Engineering, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. .,Department of Fundamental Cell Technology, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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Nagar G, Mittal P, Gupta SRR, Pahuja M, Sanger M, Mishra R, Singh A, Singh IK. Multi-omics therapeutic perspective on ACVR1 gene: from genetic alterations to potential targeting. Brief Funct Genomics 2022; 22:123-142. [PMID: 36003055 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elac026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Activin A receptor type I (ACVR1), a transmembrane serine/threonine kinase, belongs to the transforming growth factor-β superfamily, which signals via phosphorylating the downstream effectors and SMAD transcription factors. Its central role in several biological processes and intracellular signaling is well known. Genetic variation in ACVR1 has been associated with a rare disease, fibrodysplasia ossificans progressive, and its somatic alteration is reported in rare cancer diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma. Furthermore, altered expression or variation of ACVR1 is associated with multiple pathologies such as polycystic ovary syndrome, congenital heart defects, diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis, posterior fossa ependymoma and other malignancies. Recent advancements have witnessed ACVR1 as a potential pharmacological target, and divergent promising approaches for its therapeutic targeting have been explored. This review highlights the structural and functional characteristics of receptor ACVR1, associated signaling pathways, genetic variants in several diseases and cancers, protein-protein interaction, gene expression, regulatory miRNA prediction and potential therapeutic targeting approaches. The comprehensive knowledge will offer new horizons and insights into future strategies harnessing its therapeutic potential.
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BMP Signaling Pathway in Dentin Development and Diseases. Cells 2022; 11:cells11142216. [PMID: 35883659 PMCID: PMC9317121 DOI: 10.3390/cells11142216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BMP signaling plays an important role in dentin development. BMPs and antagonists regulate odontoblast differentiation and downstream gene expression via canonical Smad and non-canonical Smad signaling pathways. The interaction of BMPs with their receptors leads to the formation of complexes and the transduction of signals to the canonical Smad signaling pathway (for example, BMP ligands, receptors, and Smads) and the non-canonical Smad signaling pathway (for example, MAPKs, p38, Erk, JNK, and PI3K/Akt) to regulate dental mesenchymal stem cell/progenitor proliferation and differentiation during dentin development and homeostasis. Both the canonical Smad and non-canonical Smad signaling pathways converge at transcription factors, such as Dlx3, Osx, Runx2, and others, to promote the differentiation of dental pulp mesenchymal cells into odontoblasts and downregulated gene expressions, such as those of DSPP and DMP1. Dysregulated BMP signaling causes a number of tooth disorders in humans. Mutation or knockout of BMP signaling-associated genes in mice results in dentin defects which enable a better understanding of the BMP signaling networks underlying odontoblast differentiation and dentin formation. This review summarizes the recent advances in our understanding of BMP signaling in odontoblast differentiation and dentin formation. It includes discussion of the expression of BMPs, their receptors, and the implicated downstream genes during dentinogenesis. In addition, the structures of BMPs, BMP receptors, antagonists, and dysregulation of BMP signaling pathways associated with dentin defects are described.
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Activin-A Induces Early Differential Gene Expression Exclusively in Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts from Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva Patients. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9060629. [PMID: 34205844 PMCID: PMC8229991 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9060629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva (FOP) is a rare genetic disease characterized by heterotopic ossification (HO). It is caused by mutations in the Activin receptor type 1 (ACVR1) gene, resulting in enhanced responsiveness to ligands, specifically to Activin-A. Though it has been shown that capturing Activin-A protects against heterotopic ossification in animal models, the exact underlying mechanisms at the gene expression level causing ACVR1 R206H-mediated ossifications and progression are thus far unknown. We investigated the early transcriptomic changes induced by Activin-A of healthy control and patient-derived periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PLF) isolated from extracted teeth by RNA sequencing analysis. To study early differences in response to Activin-A, periodontal ligament fibroblasts from six control teeth and from six FOP patient teeth were cultured for 24 h without and with 50 ng/mL Activin-A and analyzed with RNA sequencing. Pathway analysis on genes upregulated by Activin-A in FOP cells showed an association with pathways involved in, among others, Activin, TGFβ, and BMP signaling. Differential gene expression induced by Activin-A was exclusively seen in the FOP cells. Median centered supervised gene expression analysis showed distinct clusters of up- and downregulated genes in the FOP cultures after stimulation with Activin-A. The upregulated genes with high fold changes like SHOC2, TTC1, PAPSS2, DOCK7, and LOX are all associated with bone metabolism. Our open-ended approach to investigating the early effect of Activin-A on gene expression in control and FOP PLF shows that the molecule exclusively induces differential gene expression in FOP cells and not in control cells.
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Ventura F, Williams E, Ikeya M, Bullock AN, ten Dijke P, Goumans MJ, Sanchez-Duffhues G. Challenges and Opportunities for Drug Repositioning in Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9020213. [PMID: 33669809 PMCID: PMC7922784 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9020213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is an ultrarare congenital disease that progresses through intermittent episodes of bone formation at ectopic sites. FOP patients carry heterozygous gene point mutations in activin A receptor type I ACVR1, encoding the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) type I serine/threonine kinase receptor ALK2, termed activin receptor-like kinase (ALK)2. The mutant ALK2 displays neofunctional responses to activin, a closely related BMP cytokine that normally inhibits regular bone formation. Moreover, the mutant ALK2 becomes hypersensitive to BMPs. Both these activities contribute to enhanced ALK2 signalling and endochondral bone formation in connective tissue. Being a receptor with an extracellular ligand-binding domain and intrinsic intracellular kinase activity, the mutant ALK2 is a druggable target. Although there is no approved cure for FOP yet, a number of clinical trials have been recently initiated, aiming to identify a safe and effective treatment for FOP. Among other targeted approaches, several repurposed drugs have shown promising results. In this review, we describe the molecular mechanisms underlying ALK2 mutation-induced aberrant signalling and ectopic bone formation. In addition, we recapitulate existing in vitro models to screen for novel compounds with a potential application in FOP. We summarize existing therapeutic alternatives and focus on repositioned drugs in FOP, at preclinical and clinical stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesc Ventura
- Department de Ciències Fisiològiques, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBELL, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Eleanor Williams
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; (E.W.); (A.N.B.)
| | - Makoto Ikeya
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan;
| | - Alex N. Bullock
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; (E.W.); (A.N.B.)
| | - Peter ten Dijke
- Oncode Institute and Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | - Marie-José Goumans
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Cardiovascular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | - Gonzalo Sanchez-Duffhues
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Cardiovascular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands;
- Correspondence:
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12
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Seong CH, Chiba N, Kusuyama J, Subhan Amir M, Eiraku N, Yamashita S, Ohnishi T, Nakamura N, Matsuguchi T. Bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9) directly induces Notch effector molecule Hes1 through the SMAD signaling pathway in osteoblasts. FEBS Lett 2020; 595:389-403. [PMID: 33264418 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 9 is one of the most osteogenic BMPs, but its mechanism of action has not been fully elucidated. Hes1, a transcriptional regulator with a basic helix-loop-helix domain, is a well-known effector of Notch signaling. Here, we find that BMP9 induces periodic increases of Hes1 mRNA and protein expression in osteoblasts, presumably through an autocrine negative feedback mechanism. BMP9-mediated Hes1 induction is significantly inhibited by an ALK inhibitor and overexpression of Smad7, an inhibitory Smad. Luciferase and ChIP assays revealed that two Smad-binding sites in the 5' upstream region of the mouse Hes1 gene are essential for transcriptional activation by BMP9. Thus, our data indicate that BMP9 induces Hes1 expression in osteoblasts via the Smad signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Hwan Seong
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Japan.,Department of Oral Biochemistry, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Japan
| | - Norika Chiba
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Japan
| | - Joji Kusuyama
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Japan.,Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Muhammad Subhan Amir
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Japan.,Department of Oral Biochemistry, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Japan.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Nahoko Eiraku
- Department of Periodontology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Japan
| | - Sachiko Yamashita
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Ohnishi
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Japan
| | - Norifumi Nakamura
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Matsuguchi
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Japan
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13
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Influence of the TGF-β Superfamily on Osteoclasts/Osteoblasts Balance in Physiological and Pathological Bone Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207597. [PMID: 33066607 PMCID: PMC7589189 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The balance between bone forming cells (osteoblasts/osteocytes) and bone resorbing cells (osteoclasts) plays a crucial role in tissue homeostasis and bone repair. Several hormones, cytokines, and growth factors-in particular the members of the TGF-β superfamily such as the bone morphogenetic proteins-not only regulate the proliferation, differentiation, and functioning of these cells, but also coordinate the communication between them to ensure an appropriate response. Therefore, this review focuses on TGF-β superfamily and its influence on bone formation and repair, through the regulation of osteoclastogenesis, osteogenic differentiation of stem cells, and osteoblasts/osteoclasts balance. After introducing the main types of bone cells, their differentiation and cooperation during bone remodeling and fracture healing processes are discussed. Then, the TGF-β superfamily, its signaling via canonical and non-canonical pathways, as well as its regulation by Wnt/Notch or microRNAs are described and discussed. Its important role in bone homeostasis, repair, or disease is also highlighted. Finally, the clinical therapeutic uses of members of the TGF-β superfamily and their associated complications are debated.
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14
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She D, Li R, Fang P, Zong G, Xue Y, Zhang K. Serum osteocalcin level is associated with the mortality in Chinese patients with Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva aged ≤18 years at diagnosis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2020; 21:152. [PMID: 32143615 PMCID: PMC7060591 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-020-3170-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is an ultra-rare genetic disorder characterized by extraskeletal heterotopic ossification. It is well recognized that FOP can lead to a devastating condition of disability. However, the mortality rate of FOP patients in China and risk factors for mortality are still largely unclear. Methods We conducted a retrospective research on a cohort of 65 cases of FOP patients in China from 2008 to 2018. We reviewed medical records of these FOP patients to retrieve information such as date of birth/death, gender, clinical features, genotypes and biochemical parameters and analyze the correlation of these parameters with the mortality. Results 92.3% (60/65 cases) patients were classic FOP patients, 3.1% (2/65 cases) were FOP-plus and 4.6% (3/65 cases) were FOP variants. 9 cases of this cohort were dead during the ten-year period, and the overall mortality rate was 13.8%. c.617G > A mutation was confirmed in all non-survivors. In FOP patients≤18 years at diagnosis, non-survivors demonstrated significantly lower blood osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase levels compared with survivors (P < 0.05), and spearman correlation and logistic regression analysis indicated that serum osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase levels were negatively correlated with the mortality. Furthermore, the receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis showed serum osteocalcin had the largest area under the curve of 0.855 among four biochemical parameters, and serum osteocalcin < 65.9 ng/ml displayed a good capacity to discriminate the non-survivors from survivors in FOP patients aged 18 years and younger at diagnosis. Conclusions Our findings showed that the mortality rate of FOP was 13.8% in China. Serum OC level was negatively correlated with the mortality in Chinese FOP patients ≤18 years at diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dunmin She
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tongji Hospital of Tongji University, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 389, Xincun Road, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Ran Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tongji Hospital of Tongji University, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 389, Xincun Road, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Ping Fang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tongji Hospital of Tongji University, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 389, Xincun Road, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Guannan Zong
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tongji Hospital of Tongji University, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 389, Xincun Road, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Ying Xue
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tongji Hospital of Tongji University, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 389, Xincun Road, Shanghai, 200065, China.
| | - Keqin Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tongji Hospital of Tongji University, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 389, Xincun Road, Shanghai, 200065, China.
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15
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Schoenmaker T, Botman E, Sariyildiz M, Micha D, Netelenbos C, Bravenboer N, Kelder A, Eekhoff EMW, De Vries TJ. Activin-A Induces Fewer, but Larger Osteoclasts From Monocytes in Both Healthy Controls and Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva Patients. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:501. [PMID: 32760351 PMCID: PMC7371852 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva (FOP) is a rare genetic disease characterized by heterotopic ossification (HO) that occurs in muscle tissue, tendons, and ligaments. The disease is caused by mutations in the Activin receptor type I (ACVR1) gene resulting in enhanced responsiveness to Activin-A. Binding of this molecule to the mutated receptor induces HO. Bone metabolism normally requires the coupled action of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which seems to be disturbed during HO. We hypothesize that Activin-A may also counteract the formation of osteoclasts in FOP patients. In this study we investigated the effect of Activin-A on osteoclast differentiation of CD14+ monocytes from FOP patients and healthy controls. The lymphocytic and monocytic cell populations were determined by FACS analysis. Expression of the mutated R206H receptor was assessed and confirmed by allele specific PCR. The effect of Activin-A on osteoclastogenesis was assessed by counting the number and size of multinucleated cells. Osteoclast activity was determined by culturing the cells on Osteo Assay plates. The influence of Activin-A on expression of various osteoclast related genes was studied with QPCR. Blood from FOP patients contained similar percentages of classical, intermediate, or non-classical monocytes as healthy controls. Addition of Activin-A to the osteoclastogenesis cultures resulted in fewer osteoclasts in both control and FOP cultures. The osteoclasts formed in the presence of Activin-A were, however, much larger and more active compared to the cultures without Activin-A. This effect was tempered when the Activin-A inhibitor follistatin was added to the Activin-A containing cultures. Expression of osteoclast specific genes Cathepsin K and TRAcP was upregulated, gene expression of osteoclastogenesis related genes M-CSF and DC-STAMP was downregulated by Activin-A. Since Activin-A is a promising target for inhibiting the formation of HO in FOP, it is important to know its effects on both osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Our study shows that Activin-A induces fewer, but larger and more active osteoclasts independent of the presence of the mutated ACVR1 receptor. When considering FOP as an Activin-A driven disease that acts locally, our findings suggest that Activin-A could cause a more pronounced local resorption by larger osteoclasts. Thus, when targeting Activin-A in patients with neutralizing antibodies, HO formation could potentially be inhibited, and osteoclastic activity could be slightly reduced, but then performed dispersedly by more and smaller osteoclasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ton Schoenmaker
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Ton Schoenmaker
| | - Esmée Botman
- Department of Internal Medicine Section Endocrinology, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Merve Sariyildiz
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dimitra Micha
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Coen Netelenbos
- Department of Internal Medicine Section Endocrinology, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nathalie Bravenboer
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Angele Kelder
- Department of Hematology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - E. Marelise W. Eekhoff
- Department of Internal Medicine Section Endocrinology, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Teun J. De Vries
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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16
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Valer JA, Sánchez-de-Diego C, Pimenta-Lopes C, Rosa JL, Ventura F. ACVR1 Function in Health and Disease. Cells 2019; 8:cells8111366. [PMID: 31683698 PMCID: PMC6912516 DOI: 10.3390/cells8111366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Activin A receptor type I (ACVR1) encodes for a bone morphogenetic protein type I receptor of the TGFβ receptor superfamily. It is involved in a wide variety of biological processes, including bone, heart, cartilage, nervous, and reproductive system development and regulation. Moreover, ACVR1 has been extensively studied for its causal role in fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP), a rare genetic disorder characterised by progressive heterotopic ossification. ACVR1 is linked to different pathologies, including cardiac malformations and alterations in the reproductive system. More recently, ACVR1 has been experimentally validated as a cancer driver gene in diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG), a malignant childhood brainstem glioma, and its function is being studied in other cancer types. Here, we review ACVR1 receptor function and signalling in physiological and pathological processes and its regulation according to cell type and mutational status. Learning from different functions and alterations linked to ACVR1 is a key step in the development of interdisciplinary research towards the identification of novel treatments for these pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Antonio Valer
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Cristina Sánchez-de-Diego
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Carolina Pimenta-Lopes
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jose Luis Rosa
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Francesc Ventura
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain.
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17
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Waddell EA, Viveiros JM, Robinson EL, Sharoni MA, Latcheva NK, Marenda DR. Extramacrochaetae promotes branch and bouton number via the sequestration of daughterless in the cytoplasm of neurons. Dev Neurobiol 2019; 79:805-818. [PMID: 31581354 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The Class I basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins are highly conserved transcription factors that are ubiquitously expressed. A wealth of literature on Class I bHLH proteins has shown that these proteins must homodimerize or heterodimerize with tissue-specific HLH proteins in order to bind DNA at E-box consensus sequences to control tissue-specific transcription. Due to its ubiquitous expression, Class I bHLH proteins are also extensively regulated posttranslationally, mostly through dimerization. Previously, we reported that in addition to its role in promoting neurogenesis, the Class I bHLH protein daughterless also functions in mature neurons to restrict axon branching and synapse number. Here, we show that part of the molecular logic that specifies how daughterless functions in neurogenesis is also conserved in neurons. We show that the Type V HLH protein extramacrochaetae (Emc) binds to and represses daughterless function by sequestering daughterless to the cytoplasm. This work provides initial insights into the mechanisms underlying the function of daughterless and Emc in neurons while providing a novel understanding of how Emc functions to restrict daughterless activity within the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward A Waddell
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Erin L Robinson
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michal A Sharoni
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nina K Latcheva
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Daniel R Marenda
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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18
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The role of Activin A in fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva: a prominent mediator. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20190377. [PMID: 31341010 PMCID: PMC6680371 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20190377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterotopic ossification (HO) is the aberrant formation of mature, lamellar bone in nonosseous tissue. Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is a rare and devastating genetic disorder that causes progressive HO in the ligaments, tendons, and muscles throughout the body. FOP is attributed to an autosomal mutation in activin receptor-like kinase 2 (ALK2), a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) type I receptor. Initial studies show that mutant ALK2 drives HO by constitutively activating the BMP signaling pathway. Recently, mutant ALK2 has been shown to transduce Smad1/5 signaling and enhance chondrogenesis, calcification in response to Activin A, which normally signals through Smad2/3 and inhibits BMP signaling pathway. Furthermore, Activin A induces heterotopic bone formation via mutant ALK2, while inhibition of Activin A blocks spontaneous and trauma-induced HO. In this manuscript, we describe the molecular mechanism of the causative gene ALK2 in FOP, mainly focusing on the prominent role of Activin A in HO. It reveals a potential strategy for prevention and treatment of FOP by inhibition of Activin A. Further studies are needed to explore the cellular and molecular mechanisms of Activin A in FOP in more detail.
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19
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Gupta A, Zimmermann MT, Wang H, Broski SM, Sigafoos AN, Macklin SK, Urrutia RA, Clark KJ, Atwal PS, Pignolo RJ, Klee EW. Molecular characterization of known and novel ACVR1 variants in phenotypes of aberrant ossification. Am J Med Genet A 2019; 179:1764-1777. [PMID: 31240838 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) is a disorder principally characterized by calcification and ossification of spinal ligaments and entheses. Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is a rare autosomal dominant disabling disorder characterized by progressive ossification of skeletal muscle, fascia, tendons, and ligaments. These conditions manifest phenotypic overlap in the ossification of tendons and ligaments. We describe herein a patient with DISH, exhibiting heterotopic ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament where clinical whole exome sequencing identified a variant within ACVR1, a gene implicated in FOP. This variant, p.K400E, is a novel variant, not identified previously, and occurs in a highly conserved region across orthologs. We used sequence-based predicative algorithms, molecular modeling, and molecular dynamics simulations, to test the potential for p.K400E to alter the structure and dynamics of ACVR1. We applied the same modeling and simulation methods to established FOP variants, to identify the detailed effects that they have on the ACVR1 protein, as well as to act as positive controls against which the effects of p.K400E could be evaluated. Our in silico molecular analyses support p.K400E as altering the behavior of ACVR1. In addition, functional testing to measure the effect of this variant on BMP-pSMAD 1/5/8 target genes was carried out which revealed this variant to cause increased ID1 and Msx2 expression compared with the wild-type receptor. This analysis supports the potential for the variant of uncertain significance to contribute to the patient's phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Gupta
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Michael T Zimmermann
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Haitao Wang
- Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Ashley N Sigafoos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Raul A Urrutia
- Laboratory of Epigenetics and Chromatin Dynamics, Epigenomics Translational Program, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Karl J Clark
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Robert J Pignolo
- Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Eric W Klee
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Health Sciences Research, Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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20
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Wu J, Ren B, Shi F, Hua P, Lin H. BMP and mTOR signaling in heterotopic ossification: Does their crosstalk provide therapeutic opportunities? J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:12108-12122. [PMID: 30989716 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Heterotopic ossification (HO) refers to the pathological formation of ectopic bone in soft tissues, it occurs following severe trauma or in patients with a rare genetic disorder known as fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. The pathological process of HO formation is a two-step mechanism: inflammation and destruction of connective tissues, followed by bone formation. The latter is further subdivided into three stages: fibroproliferation/angiogenesis, chondrogenesis, and osteogenesis. Currently, therapeutic options for HO are limited. New potential therapeutics will most likely arise from a more detailed understanding of the signaling pathways implicated in each stage of ectopic bone formation and molecular targets that may be effective at both the early and late stages of HO. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling is believed to play a key role in the overall HO process. Recently, the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway has received attention as a critical pathway for chondrogenesis, osteogenesis, and HO. Inhibition of mTOR signaling has been shown to block trauma-induced and genetic HO. Intriguingly, recent studies have revealed crosstalk between mTOR and BMP signaling. Moreover, mTOR has emerged as a factor involved in the early hypoxic and inflammatory stages of HO. We will summarize the current knowledge of the roles of mTOR and BMP signaling in HO, with a particular focus on the crosstalk between mTOR and BMP signaling. We also discuss the activation of AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK) by the most widely used drug for type 2 diabetes, metformin, which exerts a dual negative regulatory effect on mTOR and BMP signaling, suggesting that metformin is a promising drug treatment for HO. The discovery of an mTOR-BMP signaling network may be a potential molecular mechanism of HO and may represent a novel therapeutic target for the pharmacological control of HO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Wu
- Jiangxi Medical School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangx, China.,Nanchang Joint Programme, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Bowen Ren
- Jiangxi Medical School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangx, China.,Nanchang Joint Programme, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Fuli Shi
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogens and Molecular Pathology and Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ping Hua
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogens and Molecular Pathology and Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hui Lin
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogens and Molecular Pathology and Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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21
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Schoenmaker T, Wouters F, Micha D, Forouzanfar T, Netelenbos C, Eekhoff EMW, Bravenboer N, de Vries TJ. The effect of Activin-A on periodontal ligament fibroblasts-mediated osteoclast formation in healthy donors and in patients with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:10238-10247. [PMID: 30417373 PMCID: PMC6587553 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is a genetic disease characterized by heterotopic ossification (HO). The disease is caused by a mutation in the activin receptor type 1 (ACVR1) gene that enhances this receptor's responsiveness to Activin‐A. Binding of Activin‐A to the mutated ACVR1 receptor induces osteogenic differentiation. Whether Activin‐A also affects osteoclast formation in FOP is not known. Therefore we investigated its effect on the osteoclastogenesis‐inducing potential of periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PLF) from teeth of healthy controls and patients with FOP. We used western blot analysis of phosphorylated SMAD3 (pSMAD3) and quantitative polymerase chain reaction to assess the effect of Activin‐A on the PLF. PLF‐induced osteoclast formation and gene expression were studied by coculturing control and FOP PLF with CD14‐positive osteoclast precursor cells from healthy donors. Osteoclast formation was also assessed in control CD14 cultures stimulated by macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (M‐CSF) and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa‐B ligand (RANK‐L). Although Activin‐A increased activation of the pSMAD3 pathway in both control and FOP PLF, it increased ACVR1, FK binding protein 12 (FKBP12), an inhibitor of DNA binding 1 protein (ID‐1) expression only in FOP PLF. Activin‐A inhibited PLF mediated osteoclast formation albeit only significantly when induced by FOP PLF. In these cocultures, it reduced M‐CSF and dendritic cell‐specific transmembrane protein (DC‐STAMP) expression. Activin‐A also inhibited osteoclast formation in M‐CSF and RANK‐L mediated monocultures of CD14+ cells by inhibiting their proliferation. This study brings new insight on the role of Activin A in osteoclast formation, which may further add to understanding FOP pathophysiology; in addition to the known Activin‐A‐mediated HO, this study shows that Activin‐A may also inhibit osteoclast formation, thereby further promoting HO formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ton Schoenmaker
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fenne Wouters
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dimitra Micha
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Forouzanfar
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Coen Netelenbos
- Internal Medicine, Endocrinology Section, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E Marelise W Eekhoff
- Internal Medicine, Endocrinology Section, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nathalie Bravenboer
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Teun J de Vries
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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22
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Grafe I, Alexander S, Peterson JR, Snider TN, Levi B, Lee B, Mishina Y. TGF-β Family Signaling in Mesenchymal Differentiation. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:a022202. [PMID: 28507020 PMCID: PMC5932590 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a022202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can differentiate into several lineages during development and also contribute to tissue homeostasis and regeneration, although the requirements for both may be distinct. MSC lineage commitment and progression in differentiation are regulated by members of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family. This review focuses on the roles of TGF-β family signaling in mesenchymal lineage commitment and differentiation into osteoblasts, chondrocytes, myoblasts, adipocytes, and tenocytes. We summarize the reported findings of cell culture studies, animal models, and interactions with other signaling pathways and highlight how aberrations in TGF-β family signaling can drive human disease by affecting mesenchymal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Grafe
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Stefanie Alexander
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Jonathan R Peterson
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Taylor Nicholas Snider
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Benjamin Levi
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Brendan Lee
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Yuji Mishina
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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23
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Martin EC, Qureshi AT, Llamas CB, Boos EC, King AG, Krause PC, Lee OC, Dasa V, Freitas MA, Forsberg JA, Elster EA, Davis TA, Gimble JM. Trauma induced heterotopic ossification patient serum alters mitogen activated protein kinase signaling in adipose stem cells. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:7035-7044. [PMID: 29377109 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Post-traumatic heterotopic ossification (HO) is the formation of ectopic bone in non-osseous structures following injury. The precise mechanism for bone development following trauma is unknown; however, early onset of HO may involve the production of pro-osteogenic serum factors. Here we evaluated serum from a cohort of civilian and military patients post trauma to determine early induction gene signatures in orthopaedic trauma induced HO. To test this, human adipose derived stromal/stem cells (hASCs) were stimulated with human serum from patients who developed HO following trauma and evaluated for a gene panel with qPCR. Pathway gene analysis ontology revealed that hASCs stimulated with serum from patients who developed HO had altered gene expression in the activator protein 1 (AP1) and AP1 transcriptional targets pathways. Notably, there was a significant repression in FOS gene expression in hASCs treated with serum from individuals with HO. Furthermore, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway was activated in hASCs following serum exposure from individuals with HO. Serum from both military and civilian patients with trauma induced HO had elevated downstream genes associated with the MAPK pathways. Stimulation of hASCs with known regulators of osteogenesis (BMP2, IL6, Forskolin, and WNT3A) failed to recapitulate the gene signature observed in hASCs following serum stimulation, suggesting non-canonical mechanisms for gene regulation in trauma induced HO. These findings provide new insight for the development of HO and support ongoing work linking the systemic response to injury with wound specific outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Martin
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Ammar T Qureshi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Claire B Llamas
- Tulane University School of Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Elaine C Boos
- Department of Orthopaedics, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Andrew G King
- Department of Orthopaedics, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Peter C Krause
- Department of Orthopaedics, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Olivia C Lee
- Department of Orthopaedics, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Vinod Dasa
- Department of Orthopaedics, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Michael A Freitas
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jonathan A Forsberg
- Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences-Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Eric A Elster
- Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences-Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Thomas A Davis
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland.,Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences-Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - J M Gimble
- Tulane University School of Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana.,Departments of Medicine, Structural and Cellular Biology, & Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana.,LaCell LLC, New Orleans, Louisiana
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24
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Han X, Chen H, Huang D, Chen H, Fei L, Cheng C, Huang H, Yuan GC, Guo G. Mapping human pluripotent stem cell differentiation pathways using high throughput single-cell RNA-sequencing. Genome Biol 2018; 19:47. [PMID: 29622030 PMCID: PMC5887227 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-018-1426-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) provide powerful models for studying cellular differentiations and unlimited sources of cells for regenerative medicine. However, a comprehensive single-cell level differentiation roadmap for hPSCs has not been achieved. RESULTS We use high throughput single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq), based on optimized microfluidic circuits, to profile early differentiation lineages in the human embryoid body system. We present a cellular-state landscape for hPSC early differentiation that covers multiple cellular lineages, including neural, muscle, endothelial, stromal, liver, and epithelial cells. Through pseudotime analysis, we construct the developmental trajectories of these progenitor cells and reveal the gene expression dynamics in the process of cell differentiation. We further reprogram primed H9 cells into naïve-like H9 cells to study the cellular-state transition process. We find that genes related to hemogenic endothelium development are enriched in naïve-like H9. Functionally, naïve-like H9 show higher potency for differentiation into hematopoietic lineages than primed cells. CONCLUSIONS Our single-cell analysis reveals the cellular-state landscape of hPSC early differentiation, offering new insights that can be harnessed for optimization of differentiation protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Han
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Institute of Hematology, The 1st Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China.,Stem Cell Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Haide Chen
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China. .,Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China. .,College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Daosheng Huang
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Stem Cell Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Huidong Chen
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China
| | - Lijiang Fei
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Stem Cell Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chen Cheng
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - He Huang
- Institute of Hematology, The 1st Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China.,Stem Cell Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Guo-Cheng Yuan
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Guoji Guo
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China. .,Institute of Hematology, The 1st Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China. .,Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China. .,Stem Cell Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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25
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Barruet E, Hsiao EC. Application of human induced pluripotent stem cells to model fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. Bone 2018; 109:162-167. [PMID: 28716551 PMCID: PMC5767535 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is a genetic condition characterized by massive heterotopic ossification. FOP patients have mutations in the Activin A type I receptor (ACVR1), a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptor. FOP is a progressive and debilitating disease characterized by bone formation flares that often occur after trauma. Since it is often difficult or impossible to obtain large amounts of tissue from human donors due to the risks of inciting more heterotopic bone formation, human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) provide an attractive source for establishing in vitro disease models and for applications in drug screening. hiPSCs have the ability to self-renew, allowing researchers to obtain large amounts of starting material. hiPSCs also have the potential to differentiate into any cell type in the body. In this review, we discuss how the application of hiPSC technology to studying FOP has changed our perspectives on FOP disease pathogenesis. We also consider ongoing challenges and emerging opportunities for the use of human iPSCs in drug discovery and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Barruet
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine and the Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States.
| | - Edward C Hsiao
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine and the Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States.
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26
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de Vries TJ, Schoenmaker T, Micha D, Hogervorst J, Bouskla S, Forouzanfar T, Pals G, Netelenbos C, Eekhoff EMW, Bravenboer N. Periodontal ligament fibroblasts as a cell model to study osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis in fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. Bone 2018; 109:168-177. [PMID: 28705683 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva (FOP) is a progressive disease characterized by periods of heterotopic ossification of soft connective tissues, including ligaments. Though progress has been made in recent years in unraveling the underlying mechanism, patient-derived cell models are necessary to test potential treatment options. Periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PLF) from extracted teeth can be used to study deviant bone modeling processes in vitro since these cells are derived from genuine ligaments. They further provide a tool to study the hitherto unknown role of the bone morphogenesis protein receptor type 1 (BMPR-1) Activin A type 1 receptor ACVR1-R206H mutation in osteoclastogenesis. To further validate this potential model, osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis was studied in the presence of TGF-β/activin receptor inhibitor GW788388. Control and FOP fibroblasts (n=6 of each) were used in osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis assays in the absence or presence of TGF-β/activin receptor inhibitor GW788388. For osteogenesis, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, alizarin red staining for mineralization and qPCR for expression of osteogenic markers was assessed. TRACP staining, multinuclearity and expression of osteoclastogenesis markers were used as a measure of osteoclast formation. FOP fibroblasts cultured in osteogenic medium displayed a trend of higher ALP activity at 7days. Gene expression of ALP from FOP fibroblasts was significantly higher at 3days. Mineralization was similar at 21days for both groups. GW788388 did not influence mineral deposition in both groups. Osteoclast formation was inhibited by GW788388 on plastic for both controls and FOP. On cortical bone slices, however, osteoclast formation was significantly lowered by GW788388, only in FOP cultures. qPCR revealed strong expression of RANKL at 7days and a significant decline at 14 and 21days in both FOP and control cultures. In contrast to the osteoclastogenesis results, the RANKL/OPG ratio was higher in the presence of GW788388, only in FOP cultures. TGF-β expression was significantly higher at 14 and 21days compared to 7days, possibly signifying a role in later stages of osteoclast formation. Addition of GW788388 strongly decreased TGF-β expression. Our study shows that periodontal ligament fibroblasts from FOP patients displayed at most slightly enhanced in vitro osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis. This model could be useful to elucidate molecular mechanisms leading to heterotopic ossification in FOP such as in the presence of specific ACVR1-R206H activators as Activin A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teun J de Vries
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Ton Schoenmaker
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dimitra Micha
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jolanda Hogervorst
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Siham Bouskla
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Forouzanfar
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard Pals
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Coen Netelenbos
- Internal Medicine, Endocrinology Section, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E Marelise W Eekhoff
- Internal Medicine, Endocrinology Section, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nathalie Bravenboer
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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27
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Kan C, Chen L, Hu Y, Ding N, Lu H, Li Y, Kessler JA, Kan L. Conserved signaling pathways underlying heterotopic ossification. Bone 2018; 109:43-48. [PMID: 28455214 PMCID: PMC5801212 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2017.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Heterotopic ossification (HO), a serious disorder of extra-skeletal bone formation, occurs as a common complication of trauma or in rare genetic disorders. Many conserved signaling pathways have been implicated in HO; however, the exact underlying molecular mechanisms for many forms of HO are still unclear. The emerging picture is that dysregulation of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling plays a central role in the process, but that other conserved signaling pathways, such as Hedgehog (HH), Wnt/β-catenin and Fibroblast growth factors (FGF), are also involved, either through cross-talk with BMP signaling or through other independent mechanisms. Deep understanding of the conserved signaling pathways is necessary for the effective prevention and treatment of HO. In this review, we update and integrate recent progress in this area. Hopefully, our discussion will point to novel promising, druggable loci for further translational research and successful clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Kan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Lijun Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yangyang Hu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Na Ding
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Haimei Lu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yuyun Li
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - John A Kessler
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Lixin Kan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, China; Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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28
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Cappato S, Giacopelli F, Ravazzolo R, Bocciardi R. The Horizon of a Therapy for Rare Genetic Diseases: A "Druggable" Future for Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19040989. [PMID: 29587443 PMCID: PMC5979309 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19040989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is a rare genetic condition characterized by progressive extra-skeletal ossification leading to cumulative and severe disability. FOP has an extremely variable and episodic course and can be induced by trauma, infections, iatrogenic harms, immunization or can occur in an unpredictable way, without any recognizable trigger. The causative gene is ACVR1, encoding the Alk-2 type I receptor for bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). The signaling is initiated by BMP binding to a receptor complex consisting of type I and II molecules and can proceed into the cell through two main pathways, a canonical, SMAD-dependent signaling and a p38-mediated cascade. Most FOP patients carry the recurrent R206H substitution in the receptor Glycine-Serine rich (GS) domain, whereas a few other mutations are responsible for a limited number of cases. Mutations cause a dysregulation of the downstream BMP-dependent pathway and make mutated ACVR1 responsive to a non-canonical ligand, Activin A. There is no etiologic treatment for FOP. However, many efforts are currently ongoing to find specific therapies targeting the receptor activity and the downstream aberrant pathway at different levels or targeting cellular components and/or processes that are important in modifying the local environment leading to bone neo-formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Cappato
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy.
| | - Francesca Giacopelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy.
| | - Roberto Ravazzolo
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy.
| | - Renata Bocciardi
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy.
- UOC Genetica Medica, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy.
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29
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Jung JW, Yoon SM, Kim S, Jeon YH, Yoon BH, Yang SG, Kim MK, Choe S, Kuo MMC. Bone morphogenetic protein-9 is a potent growth inhibitor of hepatocellular carcinoma and reduces the liver cancer stem cells population. Oncotarget 2018; 7:73754-73768. [PMID: 27650540 PMCID: PMC5342011 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological role of BMP-9 signaling in liver cancer remains dubious. To explore the potential use of BMP-9 signaling for anti-cancer therapy, we used recombinant human BMP-9, which we referred to as MB109, to study the effect on growth of fifteen hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines. MB109 effectively inhibits the proliferation of nine HCC cells in vitro. The anti-proliferative effect was found to be induced by turning on p21 signaling, which caused survivin suppression and G0/G1 cell cycle arrest. ID3 was identified to be the mediator of the MB109-induced p21 expression. Blocking the activity of p38 MAPK diminished ID3 and p21 expression, indicating that MB109 signals through a p38 MAPK/ID3/p21 pathway to arrest cell cycle progression. Moreover, prolonged MB109 treatment suppressed the expression of five prominent liver cancer stem cell (LCSC) markers, including CD44, CD90, AFP, GPC3 and ANPEP. Xenograft model confirmed the anti-tumor and LCSC-suppression capability of MB109 in vivo. Contrary to ongoing efforts of suppressing BMP-9 signaling to inhibit angiogenesis of cancer tissue, these results demonstrate an unexpected therapeutic potential of MB109 to stimulate BMP-9 signaling for anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Woo Jung
- Protein Engineering Laboratory, Joint Center for Biosciences, Songdo Smart Valley, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 406-840, South Korea.,Current address: Interdisciplinary Program in Genetic Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - So-Mi Yoon
- Protein Engineering Laboratory, Joint Center for Biosciences, Songdo Smart Valley, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 406-840, South Korea
| | - Subin Kim
- Protein Engineering Laboratory, Joint Center for Biosciences, Songdo Smart Valley, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 406-840, South Korea
| | - Yun-Hui Jeon
- Protein Engineering Laboratory, Joint Center for Biosciences, Songdo Smart Valley, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 406-840, South Korea
| | - Byung-Hak Yoon
- Protein Engineering Laboratory, Joint Center for Biosciences, Songdo Smart Valley, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 406-840, South Korea
| | - Su-Geun Yang
- Department of New Drug Development, School of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 400-712, South Korea
| | - Min Kyoung Kim
- Department of New Drug Development, School of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 400-712, South Korea
| | - Senyon Choe
- Protein Engineering Laboratory, Joint Center for Biosciences, Songdo Smart Valley, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 406-840, South Korea.,Drug Discovery Collaboratory, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States of America
| | - Mario Meng-Chiang Kuo
- Protein Engineering Laboratory, Joint Center for Biosciences, Songdo Smart Valley, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 406-840, South Korea.,Drug Discovery Collaboratory, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States of America.,Current address: Polaris Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, United States of America
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30
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MacFarlane EG, Haupt J, Dietz HC, Shore EM. TGF-β Family Signaling in Connective Tissue and Skeletal Diseases. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:cshperspect.a022269. [PMID: 28246187 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a022269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family of signaling molecules, which includes TGF-βs, activins, inhibins, and numerous bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and growth and differentiation factors (GDFs), has important functions in all cells and tissues, including soft connective tissues and the skeleton. Specific TGF-β family members play different roles in these tissues, and their activities are often balanced with those of other TGF-β family members and by interactions with other signaling pathways. Perturbations in TGF-β family pathways are associated with numerous human diseases with prominent involvement of the skeletal and cardiovascular systems. This review focuses on the role of this family of signaling molecules in the pathologies of connective tissues that manifest in rare genetic syndromes (e.g., syndromic presentations of thoracic aortic aneurysm), as well as in more common disorders (e.g., osteoarthritis and osteoporosis). Many of these diseases are caused by or result in pathological alterations of the complex relationship between the TGF-β family of signaling mediators and the extracellular matrix in connective tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Gallo MacFarlane
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Julia Haupt
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104.,Center for Research in FOP and Related Disorders, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Harry C Dietz
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 21205
| | - Eileen M Shore
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104.,Center for Research in FOP and Related Disorders, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104.,Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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31
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The traumatic bone: trauma-induced heterotopic ossification. Transl Res 2017; 186:95-111. [PMID: 28668522 PMCID: PMC6715128 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Heterotopic ossification (HO) is a common occurrence after multiple forms of extensive trauma. These include arthroplasties, traumatic brain and spinal cord injuries, extensive burns in the civilian setting, and combat-related extremity injuries in the battlefield. Irrespective of the form of trauma, heterotopic bone is typically endochondral in structure and is laid down via a cartilaginous matrix. Once formed, the heterotopic bone typically needs to be excised surgically, which may result in wound healing complications, in addition to a risk of recurrence. Refinements of existing diagnostic modalities, like micro- and nano-CT are being adapted toward early intervention. Trauma-induced HO is a consequence of aberrant wound healing, systemic and local immune system activation, infections, extensive vascularization, and innervation. This intricate molecular crosstalk culminates in activation of stem cells that initiate heterotopic endochondral ossification. Development of animal models recapitulating the unique traumatic injuries has greatly facilitated the mechanistic understanding of trauma-induced HO. These same models also serve as powerful tools to test the efficacy of small molecules which specifically target the molecular pathways underlying ectopic ossification. This review summarizes the recent advances in the molecular understanding, diagnostic and treatment modalities in the field of trauma-induced HO.
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32
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Vijayan V, Gupta S, Gupta S. Bone morphogenetic protein-5, a key molecule that mediates differentiation in MC3T3E1 osteoblast cell line. Biofactors 2017; 43:558-566. [PMID: 28497879 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein-5 (BMP-5) is a member of the TGF receptor-β family with osteoinductive property. However, its physiological role in osteoblast differentiation is not defined. This study highlights the importance of BMP-5 in MC3T3E1 osteoblast differentiation. Pre-osteoblasts exposed to osteogenic media (ascorbic acid, 50 µg/ml and β-glycerophosphate, 10 mM) showed high protein expression of BMP-5 in cell lysates and cell culture supernatants, which peaked during early time-points of differentiation and declined with onset of mineralization. Attenuation of endogenous BMP-5 protein expression by RNA interference downregulated the expression of type I collagen (COLIA1), an early osteoblast differentiation marker but not osteocalcin, a late osteoblast differentiation marker. Further experiments to analyze the cell signaling components revealed that BMP-5 modulates COLIA1 expression via p38-Runx2 axis involving Runx2 (Ser19) phosphorylation. These effects were also observed when recombinant BMP-5 was added to pre-osteoblast cultures reinforcing the fact that BMP-5 is a modulator of COLIA1 expression. We conclude that BMP-5 has stage-specific role to play during MC3T3E1 osteoblast differentiation in part by autocrine p38/Runx2/COLIA1 signaling. © 2017 BioFactors, 43(4):558-566, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viji Vijayan
- Molecular Sciences Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110 067, India
| | - Sakshi Gupta
- Molecular Sciences Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110 067, India
| | - Sarika Gupta
- Molecular Sciences Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110 067, India
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Pang J, Zuo Y, Chen Y, Song L, Zhu Q, Yu J, Shan C, Cai Z, Hao J, Kaplan FS, Shore EM, Zhang K. ACVR1-Fc suppresses BMP signaling and chondro-osseous differentiation in an in vitro model of Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. Bone 2016; 92:29-36. [PMID: 27492611 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2016.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is a rare and devastating genetic disease of heterotopic endochondral ossification (HEO), and currently no effective therapies are available for this disease. A recurrent causative heterozygous mutation (c.617 G>A; R206H) for FOP was identified in activin receptor type IA (ACVR1), a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) type I receptor. This mutation aberrantly activates the BMP-Smad1/5/8 signaling pathway and leads to HEO in FOP patients. Here we report development of a soluble recombinant ACVR1-Fc fusion protein by combining the extracellular domain of human wild type ACVR1 and the Fc portion of human immunoglobulin gamma 1 (IgG1). The ACVR1-Fc fusion protein significantly down-regulated the dysregulated BMP signaling caused by the FOP ACVR1 mutation and effectively suppressed chondro-osseous differentiation in a previously described cellular FOP model, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) that were infected with adenovirus-ACVR1R206H (HUVECR206H). This ACVR1-Fc fusion protein holds great promise for prevention and treatment of HEO in FOP and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Pang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Zuo
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Kanda Biotech Company, Shanghai, China
| | - Lige Song
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine Shanghai, China
| | - Chang Shan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine Shanghai, China
| | | | - Jijun Hao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Frederick S Kaplan
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery (FSK & EMS), Medicine (FSK), and Genetics (EMS) and the Center for Research in FOP and Related Disorders (FSK & EMS), The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Eileen M Shore
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery (FSK & EMS), Medicine (FSK), and Genetics (EMS) and the Center for Research in FOP and Related Disorders (FSK & EMS), The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Keqin Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine Shanghai, China.
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Kawao N, Yano M, Tamura Y, Okumoto K, Okada K, Kaji H. Role of osteoclasts in heterotopic ossification enhanced by fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva-related activin-like kinase 2 mutation in mice. J Bone Miner Metab 2016. [PMID: 26204847 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-015-0701-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is a disorder of skeletal malformations and progressive heterotopic ossification. The constitutively activating mutation (R206H) of the bone morphogenetic protein type 1 receptor, activin-like kinase 2 (ALK2), is responsible for the pathogenesis of FOP. Although transfection of the causal mutation of FOP into myoblasts enhances osteoclast formation by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), the role of osteoclasts in heterotopic ossification is unknown. We therefore examined the effects of alendronate, SB431542 and SB203580 on heterotopic ossification induced by the causal mutation of FOP. Total bone mineral content as well as numbers of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinucleated and alkaline phosphatase (ALP)-positive cells in heterotopic bone were significantly higher in muscle tissues implanted with ALK2 (R206H)-transfected mouse myoblastic C2C12 cells than in the tissues implanted with empty vector-transfected cells in nude mice. Alendronate, an aminobisphosphonate, did not affect total mineral content or numbers of TRAP-positive multinucleated and ALP-positive cells in heterotopic bone, which were enhanced by the implantation of ALK2 (R206H)-transfected C2C12 cells, although it significantly decreased serum levels of cross-linked C-telopeptide of type I collagen, a bone resorption index. Moreover, neither SB431542, an inhibitor of TGF-β receptor type I kinase, nor SB203580, an inhibitor of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, affected the increase in heterotopic ossification due to the implantation of ALK2 (R206H)-transfected C2C12 cells. In conclusion, the present study indicates that osteoclast inhibition does not affect heterotopic ossification enhanced by FOP-related mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Kawao
- Department of Physiology and Regenerative Medicine, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohnohigashi, Osakasayama, 589-8511, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masato Yano
- Department of Physiology and Regenerative Medicine, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohnohigashi, Osakasayama, 589-8511, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yukinori Tamura
- Department of Physiology and Regenerative Medicine, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohnohigashi, Osakasayama, 589-8511, Osaka, Japan
| | - Katsumi Okumoto
- Life Science Research Institute, Kinki University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Okada
- Department of Physiology and Regenerative Medicine, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohnohigashi, Osakasayama, 589-8511, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kaji
- Department of Physiology and Regenerative Medicine, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohnohigashi, Osakasayama, 589-8511, Osaka, Japan.
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An investigation of BMP-7 mediated alterations to BMP signalling components in human tenocyte-like cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29703. [PMID: 27406972 PMCID: PMC4942578 DOI: 10.1038/srep29703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of tendon re-tears post-surgery is an ever present complication. It is suggested that the application of biological factors, such as bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP-7), can reduce complication rates by promoting tenogenic characteristics in in vitro studies. However, there remains a dearth of information in regards to the mechanisms of BMP-7 signalling in tenocytes. Using primary human tenocyte-like cells (hTLCs) from the supraspinatus tendon the BMP-7 signalling pathway was investigated: induction of the BMP associated Smad pathway and non-Smad pathways (AKT, p38, ERK1/2 and JNK); alterations in gene expression of BMP-7 associated receptors, Smad pathway components, Smad target gene (ID1) and tenogenic marker scleraxis. BMP-7 increases the expression of specific BMP associated receptors, BMPR-Ib and BMPR-II, and Smad8. Additionally, BMP-7 activates significantly Smad1/5/8 and slightly p38 pathways as indicated by an increase in phosphorylation and proven by inhibition experiments, where p-ERK1/2 and p-JNK pathways remain mainly unresponsive. Furthermore, BMP-7 increases the expression of the Smad target gene ID1, and the tendon specific transcription factor scleraxis. The study shows that tenocyte-like cells undergo primarily Smad8 and p38 signalling after BMP-7 stimulation. The up-regulation of tendon related marker genes and matrix proteins such as Smad8/9, scleraxis and collagen I might lead to positive effects of BMP-7 treatment for rotator cuff repair, without significant induction of osteogenic and chondrogenic markers.
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36
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Trauma-induced heterotopic bone formation and the role of the immune system: A review. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2016; 80:156-65. [PMID: 26491794 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000000883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Extremity trauma, spinal cord injuries, head injuries, and burn injuries place patients at high risk of pathologic extraskeletal bone formation. This heterotopic bone causes severe pain, deformities, and joint contractures. The immune system has been increasingly implicated in this debilitating condition. This review summarizes the various roles immune cells and inflammation play in the formation of ectopic bone and highlights potential areas of future investigation and treatment. Cell types in both the innate and adaptive immune system such as neutrophils, macrophages, mast cells, B cells, and T cells have all been implicated as having a role in ectopic bone formation through various mechanisms. Many of these cell types are promising areas of therapeutic investigation for potential treatment. The immune system has also been known to also influence osteoclastogenesis, which is heavily involved in ectopic bone formation. Chronic inflammation is also known to have an inhibitory role in the formation of ectopic bone, whereas acute inflammation is necessary for ectopic bone formation.
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37
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Matsumoto Y, Ikeya M, Hino K, Horigome K, Fukuta M, Watanabe M, Nagata S, Yamamoto T, Otsuka T, Toguchida J. New Protocol to Optimize iPS Cells for Genome Analysis of Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva. Stem Cells 2016; 33:1730-42. [PMID: 25773749 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Successful in vitro disease-recapitulation using patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) requires two fundamental technical issues: appropriate control cells and robust differentiation protocols. To investigate fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP), a rare genetic disease leading to extraskeletal bone formation through endochondral ossification, gene-corrected (rescued) iPSC clones (resFOP-iPSC) were generated from patient-derived iPSC (FOP-iPSC) as genetically matched controls, and the stepwise induction method of mesenchymal stromal cells (iMSCs) through neural crest cell (NCC) lineage was used to recapitulate the disease phenotype. FOP-iMSCs possessing enhanced chondrogenic ability were transcriptionally distinguishable from resFOP-iMSCs and activated the SMAD1/5/8 and SMAD2/3 pathways at steady state. Using this method, we identified MMP1 and PAI1 as genes responsible for accelerating the chondrogenesis of FOP-iMSCs. These data indicate that iMSCs through NCC lineage are useful for investigating the molecular mechanism of FOP and corresponding drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Matsumoto
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Makoto Ikeya
- Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kyosuke Hino
- Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,iPS Cell-Based Drug Discovery Group, Innovative Drug Discovery Laboratories, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Horigome
- Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,iPS Cell-Based Drug Discovery Group, Innovative Drug Discovery Laboratories, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, Osaka, Japan
| | - Makoto Fukuta
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Makoto Watanabe
- Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Life Science Research Center, Technology Research Laboratory, Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sanae Nagata
- Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Department of Reprogramming Science, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takanobu Otsuka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Junya Toguchida
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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38
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Kaplan FS, Pignolo RJ, Shore EM. Granting immunity to FOP and catching heterotopic ossification in the Act. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 49:30-6. [PMID: 26706149 PMCID: PMC4898187 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The progressive transformation of one organ system into another is a fundamental signature of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP), the most catastrophic form of extraskeletal bone formation in humans. In all affected individuals, FOP is caused by heterozygous missense gain-of-function mutations in Activin receptor A type I (ACVR1), a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) type I receptor. Loss of autoinhibition of the mutant receptor (mACVR1) results in dysregulated BMP pathway signaling, and is necessary for the myriad developmental features of FOP, but does not appear sufficient to induce the episodic flare-ups that lead to disabling post-natal heterotopic endochondral ossification (HEO) and that are a hallmark of the disease. Post-natal FOP flare-ups strongly implicate an underlying immunological trigger involving inflammation and the innate immune system. Recent studies implicate canonical and non-canonical TGFβ/BMP family ligands in the amplification of mACVR1 signaling leading to the formation of FOP lesions and resultant HEO. BMP and Activin ligands that stimulate mACVR1 signaling also have critical regulatory functions in the immune system. Cross-talk between the morphogenetic and immunological pathways that regulate tissue maintenance and wound healing identifies potential robust therapeutic targets for FOP. Here we review current evidence for an immunological trigger for flare-ups and HEO in FOP, propose a working schema for the pathophysiology of observed phenomena, and highlight outstanding questions under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick S Kaplan
- The Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Perelman School of Medicine of The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; The Department of Medicine, The Perelman School of Medicine of The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; The Center for Research in FOP & Related Disorders, The Perelman School of Medicine of The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Robert J Pignolo
- The Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Perelman School of Medicine of The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; The Department of Medicine, The Perelman School of Medicine of The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; The Center for Research in FOP & Related Disorders, The Perelman School of Medicine of The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Eileen M Shore
- The Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Perelman School of Medicine of The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; The Department of Genetics, The Perelman School of Medicine of The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; The Center for Research in FOP & Related Disorders, The Perelman School of Medicine of The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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39
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Sánchez-Duffhues G, Hiepen C, Knaus P, Ten Dijke P. Bone morphogenetic protein signaling in bone homeostasis. Bone 2015; 80:43-59. [PMID: 26051467 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are cytokines belonging to the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily. They play multiple functions during development and tissue homeostasis, including regulation of the bone homeostasis. The BMP signaling pathway consists in a well-orchestrated manner of ligands, membrane receptors, co-receptors and intracellular mediators, that regulate the expression of genes controlling the normal functioning of the bone tissues. Interestingly, BMP signaling perturbation is associated to a variety of low and high bone mass diseases, including osteoporosis, bone fracture disorders and heterotopic ossification. Consistent with these findings, in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that BMPs have potent effects on the activity of cells regulating bone function, suggesting that manipulation of the BMP signaling pathway may be employed as a therapeutic approach to treat bone diseases. Here we review the recent advances on BMP signaling and bone homeostasis, and how this knowledge may be used towards improved diagnosis and development of novel treatment modalities. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Muscle Bone Interactions".
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Sánchez-Duffhues
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Hiepen
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Brandenburg School of Regenerative Therapies (BSRT), Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Petra Knaus
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Brandenburg School of Regenerative Therapies (BSRT), Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Peter Ten Dijke
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands.
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40
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Culbert AL, Chakkalakal SA, Theosmy EG, Brennan TA, Kaplan FS, Shore EM. Alk2 regulates early chondrogenic fate in fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva heterotopic endochondral ossification. Stem Cells 2014; 32:1289-300. [PMID: 24449086 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling is a critical regulator of cartilage differentiation and endochondral ossification. Gain-of-function mutations in ALK2, a type I BMP receptor, cause the debilitating disorder fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) and result in progressive heterotopic (extraskeletal) endochondral ossification within soft connective tissues. Here, we used murine mesenchymal progenitor cells to investigate the contribution of Alk2 during chondrogenic differentiation and heterotopic endochondral ossification (HEO). Alk2(R206H/+) (gain-of-function), Alk2(CKO) (loss-of-function), and wild-type mouse embryonic fibroblasts were evaluated for chondrogenic potential. Chondrogenic differentiation was accelerated in Alk2(R206H/+) cells, due in part to enhanced sensitivity to BMP ligand. In vivo, Alk2(R206H/+) cells initiated robust HEO and recruited wild-type cell contribution. Despite expression of other type I BMP receptors (Alk3 and Alk6), chondrogenesis of Alk2(CKO) cells was severely impaired by absence of Alk2 during early differentiation. Alk2 is therefore a direct regulator of cartilage formation and mediates chondrogenic commitment of progenitor cells. These data establish that at least one effect of ALK2 gain-of-function mutations in FOP patients is enhanced chondrogenic differentiation which supports formation of heterotopic endochondral bone. This establishes ALK2 as a plausible therapeutic target during early chondrogenic stages of lesion formation for preventing heterotopic bone formation in FOP and other conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andria L Culbert
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Center for Research in FOP and Related Disorders, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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41
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The revolution in human monogenic disease mapping. Genes (Basel) 2014; 5:792-803. [PMID: 25198531 PMCID: PMC4198931 DOI: 10.3390/genes5030792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The successful completion of the Human Genome Project (HGP) was an unprecedented scientific advance that has become an invaluable resource in the search for genes that cause monogenic and common (polygenic) diseases. Prior to the HGP, linkage analysis had successfully mapped many disease genes for monogenic disorders; however, the limitations of this approach were particularly evident for identifying causative genes in rare genetic disorders affecting lifespan and/or reproductive fitness, such as skeletal dysplasias. In this review, we illustrate the challenges of mapping disease genes in such conditions through the ultra-rare disorder fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) and we discuss the advances that are being made through current massively parallel (“next generation”) sequencing (MPS) technologies.
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42
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Wang RN, Green J, Wang Z, Deng Y, Qiao M, Peabody M, Zhang Q, Ye J, Yan Z, Denduluri S, Idowu O, Li M, Shen C, Hu A, Haydon RC, Kang R, Mok J, Lee MJ, Luu HL, Shi LL. Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) signaling in development and human diseases. Genes Dis 2014; 1:87-105. [PMID: 25401122 PMCID: PMC4232216 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 691] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) are a group of signaling molecules that belongs to the Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily of proteins. Initially discovered for their ability to induce bone formation, BMPs are now known to play crucial roles in all organ systems. BMPs are important in embryogenesis and development, and also in maintenance of adult tissue homeostasis. Mouse knockout models of various components of the BMP signaling pathway result in embryonic lethality or marked defects, highlighting the essential functions of BMPs. In this review, we first outline the basic aspects of BMP signaling and then focus on genetically manipulated mouse knockout models that have helped elucidate the role of BMPs in development. A significant portion of this review is devoted to the prominent human pathologies associated with dysregulated BMP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard N. Wang
- The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jordan Green
- The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Zhongliang Wang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medicine, and Gynecology, the Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Youlin Deng
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medicine, and Gynecology, the Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Min Qiao
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medicine, and Gynecology, the Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Michael Peabody
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Qian Zhang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medicine, and Gynecology, the Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jixing Ye
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- School of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhengjian Yan
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medicine, and Gynecology, the Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Sahitya Denduluri
- The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Olumuyiwa Idowu
- The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Melissa Li
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Christine Shen
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Alan Hu
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Rex C. Haydon
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Richard Kang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - James Mok
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Michael J. Lee
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Hue L. Luu
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Lewis L. Shi
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Sheth SB, Santhosh Kumar SN, Sabhlok S, Singh M. Munchmeyer's disease-a rare case report and review of literature. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2014; 43:20140022. [PMID: 24773627 DOI: 10.1259/dmfr.20140022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Munchmeyer's disease is a rare variety of myositis ossificans. It is a significant clinical entity, diagnosing and understanding its pathophysiology can save a patient from spurious medical workups and anxiety of a suspected neoplasm. The number of authentic cases of this disease in the literature is small. The purpose of this article is to present a case of Munchmeyer's disease and review the literature for the same to date. The rare incidence, obscure aetiology, unknown definitive treatment plan and poor prognosis make this condition an enigma.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Sheth
- 1 Gujarat Cleft and Craniofacial Research Institute (The GCCRI), Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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Kaplan FS, Pignolo RJ, Shore EM. From mysteries to medicines: drug development for fibrodysplasia ossificans progressive. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2013; 1:637-649. [PMID: 24800180 DOI: 10.1517/21678707.2013.825208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is the most disabling disorder of skeletal metamorphosis in humans and leads to the formation of a second skeleton of heterotopic bone. Presently, there is no effective treatment. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors discuss heterozygous activating mutations in Activin receptor A, type I/ Activin-like kinase 2 (ACVR1/ALK2), a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) type I receptor that are the genetic cause of FOP and reveal a promising pharmacologic target in the BMP signaling pathway. Despite these germline mutations, episodic disease activation is induced by soft tissue injury and resultant inflammatory triggers that are dependent on responding progenitor cells and a tissue microenvironment that supports heterotopic ossification. EXPERT OPINION Here we review opportunities and challenges for the development of effective therapeutics for FOP. There are many potential approaches that may eventually be used to harness FOP. The long-term treatment of FOP is likely to involve not one, but several concomitant approaches that acknowledge molecular mechanisms involved in the induction and progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick S Kaplan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 ; Department of Medicine, The Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 ; The Center for Research In FOP and Related Disorders; The Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Robert J Pignolo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 ; Department of Medicine, The Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 ; The Center for Research In FOP and Related Disorders; The Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Eileen M Shore
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 ; Department of Genetics, The Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 ; The Center for Research In FOP and Related Disorders; The Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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Kaplan FS, Chakkalakal SA, Shore EM. Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva: mechanisms and models of skeletal metamorphosis. Dis Model Mech 2013; 5:756-62. [PMID: 23115204 PMCID: PMC3484858 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.010280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP; MIM #135100) is a debilitating genetic disorder of connective tissue metamorphosis. It is characterized by malformation of the great (big) toes during embryonic skeletal development and by progressive heterotopic endochondral ossification (HEO) postnatally, which leads to the formation of a second skeleton of heterotopic bone. Individuals with these classic clinical features of FOP have the identical heterozygous activating mutation (c.617G>A; R206H) in the gene encoding ACVR1 (also known as ALK2), a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) type I receptor. Disease activity caused by this ACVR1 mutation also depends on altered cell and tissue physiology that can be best understood in the context of a high-fidelity animal model. Recently, we developed such a knock-in mouse model for FOP (Acvr1R206H/+) that recapitulates the human disease, and provides a valuable new tool for testing and developing effective therapies. The FOP knock-in mouse and other models in Drosophila, zebrafish, chickens and mice provide an arsenal of tools for understanding BMP signaling and addressing outstanding questions of disease mechanisms that are relevant not only to FOP but also to a wide variety of disorders associated with regenerative medicine and tissue metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick S Kaplan
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Hamasaki M, Hashizume Y, Yamada Y, Katayama T, Hohjoh H, Fusaki N, Nakashima Y, Furuya H, Haga N, Takami Y, Era T. Pathogenic mutation of ALK2 inhibits induced pluripotent stem cell reprogramming and maintenance: mechanisms of reprogramming and strategy for drug identification. Stem Cells 2013; 30:2437-49. [PMID: 22949078 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is a rare congenital disorder characterized by progressive ossification of soft tissues. FOP is caused by mutations in activin receptor-like kinase 2 (ALK2) that cause its constitutive activation and result in dysregulation of BMP signaling. Here, we show that generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from FOP-derived skin fibroblasts is repressed because of incomplete reprogramming and inhibition of iPSC maintenance. This repression was mostly overcome by specific suppression of ALK2 expression and treatment with an ALK2 inhibitor, indicating that the inhibition of iPSC generation and maintenance observed in FOP-derived skin fibroblasts results from constitutive activation of ALK2. Using this system, we identified an ALK2 inhibitor as a potential candidate for future drug development. This study highlights the potential of the inhibited production and maintenance of iPSCs seen in diseases as a useful phenotype not only for studying the molecular mechanisms underlying iPS reprogramming but also for identifying drug candidates for future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Hamasaki
- Department of Cell Modulation, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, Japan
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Chen G, Deng C, Li YP. TGF-β and BMP signaling in osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. Int J Biol Sci 2012; 8:272-88. [PMID: 22298955 PMCID: PMC3269610 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.2929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1222] [Impact Index Per Article: 101.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)/bone morphogenic protein (BMP) signaling is involved in a vast majority of cellular processes and is fundamentally important throughout life. TGF-β/BMPs have widely recognized roles in bone formation during mammalian development and exhibit versatile regulatory functions in the body. Signaling transduction by TGF-β/BMPs is specifically through both canonical Smad-dependent pathways (TGF-β/BMP ligands, receptors and Smads) and non-canonical Smad-independent signaling pathway (e.g. p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, MAPK). Following TGF-β/BMP induction, both the Smad and p38 MAPK pathways converge at the Runx2 gene to control mesenchymal precursor cell differentiation. The coordinated activity of Runx2 and TGF-β/BMP-activated Smads is critical for formation of the skeleton. Recent advances in molecular and genetic studies using gene targeting in mice enable a better understanding of TGF-β/BMP signaling in bone and in the signaling networks underlying osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. This review summarizes the recent advances in our understanding of TGF-β/BMP signaling in bone from studies of genetic mouse models and human diseases caused by the disruption of TGF-β/BMP signaling. This review also highlights the different modes of cross-talk between TGF-β/BMP signaling and the signaling pathways of MAPK, Wnt, Hedgehog, Notch, and FGF in osteoblast differentiation and bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiqian Chen
- Institute of Genetics, Life Science College, Zhejiang University, 388 Yuhang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Shore EM. Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva: a human genetic disorder of extraskeletal bone formation, or--how does one tissue become another? WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2012; 1:153-65. [PMID: 22408652 PMCID: PMC3297114 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is a rare human genetic disease in which de novo osteogenesis—a developmental process occurring during embryonic skeletal formation—is induced aberrantly and progressively beginning during early childhood in soft connective tissues. Episodic initiation of spontaneous bone-forming lesions occurs over time, affecting a generally predictable sequence of body locations following a pattern similar to that of the developing embryonic skeleton. The heterotopic (extraskeletal) bone formation in FOP can also be induced by connective tissue injury. At the tissue level, an initial tissue degradation phase is followed by a tissue formation phase during which soft connective tissues are replaced by bone tissue through endochondral osteogenesis. This extraskeletal bone is physiologically normal and develops through the same series of tissue differentiation events that occur during normal embryonic skeletal development. The underlying genetic mutation in FOP alters the signals that regulate induction of cell differentiation leading to bone formation. In addition to postnatal heterotopic ossification, FOP patients show specific malformations of skeletal elements indicating effects on bone formation during embryonic development as well. Nearly all cases of FOP are caused by the identical mutation in the ACVR1 gene that causes a single amino acid substitution, R206H, in the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) type I receptor ACVR1 (formerly known as ALK2). This mutation causes mild constitutive activation of the BMP signaling pathway and identifies ACVR1 as a key regulator of cell fate decisions and bone formation, providing opportunities to investigate previously unrecognized functions for this receptor during tissue development and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen M Shore
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Shore EM, Kaplan FS. Role of altered signal transduction in heterotopic ossification and fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2011; 9:83-8. [PMID: 21340697 PMCID: PMC3433752 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-011-0046-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Heterotopic ossification is a pathologic condition in which bone tissue is formed outside of the skeleton, within soft tissues of the body. The extraskeletal bone that forms in these disorders is normal; the cellular mechanisms that direct cell fate decisions are dysregulated. Patients with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP), a rare human genetic disorder of extensive and progressive heterotopic ossification, have malformations of normal skeletal elements, identifying the causative gene mutation and its relevant signaling pathways as key regulators of skeletal development and of cell fate decisions by adult stem cells. The discovery that mildly activating mutations in ACVR1/ALK2, a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) type I receptor, is the cause of FOP has provided opportunities to identify previously unknown functions for this receptor and for BMP signaling and to develop new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for FOP and other more common forms of heterotopic ossification, as well as tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen M. Shore
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 426 Stemmler Hall, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6081, USA. Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA. The Center for Research in FOP and Related Disorders, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Frederick S. Kaplan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 426 Stemmler Hall, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6081, USA. Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA. The Center for Research in FOP and Related Disorders, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Silverstein Pavilion - Second Floor, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Groppe JC, Wu J, Shore EM, Kaplan FS. In vitro analyses of the dysregulated R206H ALK2 kinase-FKBP12 interaction associated with heterotopic ossification in FOP. Cells Tissues Organs 2011; 194:291-5. [PMID: 21525719 DOI: 10.1159/000324230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A single recurrent mutation in the regulatory subdomain of a bone morphogenetic protein type I receptor kinase has been linked to heterotopic ossification in classic fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP). As a result of a substitution at 1 residue by only 1 other side chain (Arg206His) in just 1 of the 4 type I BMP receptors (ALK2/ACVR1), soft connective tissues progressively metamorphose through an endochondral process into cartilage that is replaced by bone. The substitution of arginine for histidine, also a basic residue yet with the singular property of ionization/protonation over the physiological pH range, led to the hypothesis of an aberrant, pH-sensitive switch mechanism for the ligand-independent activation of BMP signaling through the mutant receptor kinase in patients presenting with classic FOP. To test a potential aspect of the putative pH-dependent mechanism, i.e. loss of autoinhibition of the kinase mediated by the inhibitory protein FKBP12, in vitrointeraction analyses with purified wild-type and R206H ALK2 kinase and FKBP12 proteins were performed. Interactions between the kinases and inhibitory proteins were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively by native gel electrophoresis and HPLC size exclusion chromatography and with an optical biosensor (Octet; ForteBio). Binding of inhibitory protein by the R206H mutant was diminished 3-fold relative to the wild type kinase at a physiological pH, yet below this value (<~7.5) pronounced nonspecific interactions, particularly with the mutant, prevented comparative evaluations. In conclusion, substitution with histidine leads to partial loss of inhibition of the mutant type I receptor through diminished binding of FKBP12, which may act as a gradient reader in morphogenetic contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay C Groppe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Dentistry, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Dallas, Tx, USA.
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