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Chen MY, Zhao FL, Chu WL, Bai MR, Zhang DM. A review of tamoxifen administration regimen optimization for Cre/loxp system in mouse bone study. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115045. [PMID: 37379643 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene knockout is a technique routinely used in basic experimental research, particularly in mouse skeletal and developmental studies. Tamoxifen-induced Cre/loxp system is known for its temporal and spatial precision and commonly utilized by researchers. However, tamoxifen has been shown its side effects on affecting the phenotype of mouse bone directly. This review aimed to optimize tamoxifen administration regimens including its dosage and duration, to identify an optimal induction strategy that minimizes potential side effects while maintaining recombination efficacy. This study will help researchers in designing gene knockout experiments in bone when using tamoxifen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fu-Lin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wen-Lin Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ming-Ru Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - De-Mao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Wong SK, Mohamad NV, Jayusman PA, Shuid AN, Ima-Nirwana S, Chin KY. The use of selective estrogen receptor modulators on bone health in men. Aging Male 2019; 22:89-101. [PMID: 29508640 DOI: 10.1080/13685538.2018.1448058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) represent a class of drugs that act as agonist or antagonist for estrogen receptor in a tissue-specific manner. The SERMs drugs are initially used for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Bone health in prostate cancer patients has become a significant concern, whereby patients undergo androgen deprivation therapy is often associated with deleterious effects on bone. Previous preclinical and epidemiological findings showed that estrogens play a dominant role in improving bone health as compared to testosterone in men. Therefore, this evidence-based review aims to assess the available evidence derived from animal and human studies on the effects of SERMs on the male skeletal system. The effects of SERMs on bone mineral density (BMD)/content (BMC), bone histomorphometry, bone turnover, bone strength and fracture risk have been summarized in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sok Kuan Wong
- a Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine , Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia , Cheras , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - Nur-Vaizura Mohamad
- a Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine , Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia , Cheras , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - Putri Ayu Jayusman
- a Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine , Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia , Cheras , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Nazrun Shuid
- a Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine , Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia , Cheras , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - Soelaiman Ima-Nirwana
- a Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine , Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia , Cheras , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - Kok-Yong Chin
- a Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine , Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia , Cheras , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
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3
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Mouse Genetic Analysis of Bone Marrow Stem Cell Niches: Technological Pitfalls, Challenges, and Translational Considerations. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 9:1343-1358. [PMID: 29056332 PMCID: PMC5829346 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of mouse genetic tools has made a significant contribution to the understanding of skeletal and hematopoietic stem cell niches in bone marrow (BM). However, many experimental designs (e.g., selections of marker genes, target vector constructions, and choices of reporter murine strains) have unavoidable technological limitations and bias, which lead to experimental discrepancies, data reproducibility issues, and frequent data misinterpretation. Consequently, there are a number of conflicting views relating to fundamental biological questions, including origins and locations of skeletal and hematopoietic stem cells in the BM. In this report, we systematically unravel complicated data interpretations via comprehensive analyses of technological benefits, pitfalls, and challenges in frequently used mouse models and discuss their translational relevance to human stem cell biology. Particularly, we emphasize the important roles of using large human genomic data-informatics in facilitating genetic analyses of mouse models and resolving existing controversies in mouse and human BM stem cell biology.
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Chen KG, Johnson KR, McKay RDG, Robey PG. Concise Review: Conceptualizing Paralogous Stem-Cell Niches and Unfolding Bone Marrow Progenitor Cell Identities. Stem Cells 2017; 36:11-21. [PMID: 28948674 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Lineage commitment and differentiation of skeletal stem cells/bone marrow stromal cells (SSCs/BMSCs, often called bone marrow-derived "mesenchymal stem/stromal" cells) offer an important opportunity to study skeletal and hematopoietic diseases, and for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Currently, many studies in this field have relied on cell lineage tracing methods in mouse models, which have provided a significant advancement in our knowledge of skeletal and hematopoietic stem-cell niches in bone marrow (BM). However, there is a lack of agreement in numerous fundamental areas, including origins of various BM stem-cell niches, cell identities, and their physiological roles in the BM. In order to resolve these issues, we propose a new hypothesis of "paralogous" stem-cell niches (PSNs); that is, progressively altered parallel niches within an individual species throughout the life span of the organism. A putative PSN code seems to be plausible based on analysis of transcriptional signatures in two representative genes that encode Nes-GFP and leptin receptors, which are frequently used to monitor SSC lineage development in BM. Furthermore, we suggest a dynamic paralogous BM niche (PBMN) model that elucidates the coupling and uncoupling mechanisms between BM stem-cell niches and their zones of active regeneration during different developmental stages. Elucidation of these PBMNs would enable us to resolve the existing controversies, thus paving the way to achieving precision regenerative medicine and pharmaceutical applications based on these BM cell resources. Stem Cells 2018;36:11-21.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kory R Johnson
- Information Technology and Bioinformatics Program, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ronald D G McKay
- The Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Pamela G Robey
- Skeletal Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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5
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Gingery A, Iwaniec UT, Subramaniam M, Turner RT, Pitel KS, McGovern RM, Reid JM, Marler RJ, Ingle JN, Goetz MP, Hawse JR. Skeletal and Uterotrophic Effects of Endoxifen in Female Rats. Endocrinology 2017; 158:3354-3368. [PMID: 28977607 PMCID: PMC5659691 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Endoxifen, the primary active metabolite of tamoxifen, is currently being investigated as a novel endocrine therapy for the treatment of breast cancer. Tamoxifen is a selective estrogen receptor modulator that elicits potent anti-breast cancer effects. However, long-term use of tamoxifen also induces bone loss in premenopausal women and is associated with an increased risk of endometrial cancer in postmenopausal women. For these reasons, we have used a rat model system to comprehensively characterize the impact of endoxifen on the skeleton and uterus. Our results demonstrate that endoxifen elicits beneficial effects on bone in ovary-intact rats and protects against bone loss following ovariectomy. Endoxifen is also shown to reduce bone turnover in both ovary-intact and ovariectomized rats at the cellular and biochemical levels. With regard to the uterus, endoxifen decreased uterine weight but maintained luminal epithelial cell height in ovariectomized animals. Within luminal epithelial cells, endoxifen resulted in differential effects on the expression levels of estrogen receptors α and β as well as multiple other genes previously implicated in regulating epithelial cell proliferation and hypertrophy. These studies analyze the impact of extended endoxifen exposure on both bone and uterus using a Food and Drug Administration-recommended animal model. Although endoxifen is a more potent breast cancer agent than tamoxifen, the results of the present study demonstrate that endoxifen does not induce bone loss in ovary-intact rats and that it elicits partial agonistic effects on the uterus and skeleton in ovariectomized animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Gingery
- Division of Orthopedic Research, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Urszula T. Iwaniec
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
| | - Malayannan Subramaniam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Russell T. Turner
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
| | - Kevin S. Pitel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Renee M. McGovern
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Joel M. Reid
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Ronald J. Marler
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona 85259
| | - James N. Ingle
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | | | - John R. Hawse
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
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Jardí F, Laurent MR, Dubois V, Khalil R, Deboel L, Schollaert D, Van Den Bosch L, Decallonne B, Carmeliet G, Claessens F, Vanderschueren D. A shortened tamoxifen induction scheme to induce CreER recombinase without side effects on the male mouse skeleton. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 452:57-63. [PMID: 28504114 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The selective estrogen receptor modulator tamoxifen exerts estrogen agonistic or antagonistic actions on several tissues, including bone. The off-target effects of tamoxifen are one of the most widely recognized pitfalls of tamoxifen-inducible Cre recombinases (CreERs), potentially confounding the phenotypic findings. Still, the validation of tamoxifen induction schemes that minimize the side effects of the drug has not been addressed. Here, we compared the side effects on the skeleton and other androgen-responsive targets of a shortened tamoxifen regimen (2 doses of 190 mg/kg body weight by oral gavage) to a standard protocol (4 doses) and determined their efficiency in inducing CreER-mediated gene deletion. In addition, both a vehicle- and a 10-dose group, which served as a positive control for tamoxifen side effects, were also included. For this purpose, we generated male mice with a floxed androgen receptor (AR) and a neuron-specifically expressed CreER. Treatment with two doses of tamoxifen was the only regimen that did not diminish androgenic bioactivity, as assessed by both seminal vesicles and levator ani/bulbocavernosus muscle weights and serum testosterone concentrations. Similarly, trabecular and cortical femoral bone structure were dramatically altered by both the standard and high-dose protocols but not by the shortened version. Serum osteocalcin and bone-gene expression analyses confirmed the absence of effects on bone by 2 doses of tamoxifen. This protocol decreased AR mRNA levels efficiently and specifically in the nervous system. Thus, we optimized a protocol for tamoxifen-induced CreER gene deletion in mice without off-target effects on bone and male reproductive organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferran Jardí
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 PO Box 902, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michaël R Laurent
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 PO Box 901, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 PO Box 7003, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vanessa Dubois
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 PO Box 901, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; INSERM UMR1011, University of Lille and Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Rougin Khalil
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 PO Box 902, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ludo Deboel
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 PO Box 902, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dieter Schollaert
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 PO Box 902, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ludo Van Den Bosch
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research and KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Brigitte Decallonne
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 PO Box 902, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Geert Carmeliet
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 PO Box 902, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frank Claessens
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 PO Box 901, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dirk Vanderschueren
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 PO Box 902, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Iravani M, Lagerquist M, Ohlsson C, Sävendahl L. Regulation of bone growth via ligand-specific activation of estrogen receptor alpha. J Endocrinol 2017; 232:403-410. [PMID: 27999091 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Estrogens are well known for their capacity to promote bone maturation and at high doses to induce growth plate closure and thereby stop further growth. High-dose estrogen treatment has therefore been used to limit growth in extremely tall girls. However, recent data suggest that this treatment may have severe side effects, including increased risk of cancer and reduced fertility. We hypothesized that estrogenic effects in bone are mediated via ERα signaling. Twelve-week-old ovariectomized female C57BL/6 mice were subcutaneously injected for 4 weeks with E2 or selective ERα (PPT) or ERβ (DPN) agonists. After killing, tibia and femur lengths were measured, and growth plate morphology was analyzed. E2- and PPT-treated mice had shorter tibiae and femur bones when compared to vehicle-treated controls, whereas animals treated with DPN had similar bone lengths compared to controls. Growth plate height and hypertrophic zone height were reduced in animals treated with E2 or PPT but not in those treated with DPN, supporting that the effect was mediated via ERα. Moreover, PCNA staining revealed suppressed proliferation of chondrocytes in the tibia growth plate in PPT- or E2-treated mice compared to controls. Our data show that estrogenic effects on bone growth and growth plate maturation are mainly mediated via ERα. Our findings may have direct implications for the development of new and more selective treatment modalities of extreme tall stature using selective estrogen receptor modulators that may have low side effects than high-dose E2 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Iravani
- Department of Women's and Children's HealthKarolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marie Lagerquist
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis ResearchInstitute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis ResearchInstitute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lars Sävendahl
- Department of Women's and Children's HealthKarolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Shimo T, Yoshioka N, Nakamura M, Ibaragi S, Okui T, Kunisada Y, Masui M, Yao M, Kishimoto K, Yoshida S, Nishiyama A, Kamioka H, Sasaki A. Orthognathic surgery during breast cancer treatment-A case report. Int J Surg Case Rep 2017; 31:30-34. [PMID: 28095342 PMCID: PMC5238599 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2016.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In recent years, patients with orthognathic surgery in middle-aged and elderly people have come to be a more frequent occurrence. Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in woman worldwide, and its prevalence rate is steadily increasing. PRESENTATION OF CASE We report a case of a 47-year-old Japanese woman in whom left-side breast cancer (Stage 1) was unexpectedly found just before orthognathic surgery in April 2012. Breast-conserving surgery was performed (estrogen receptor+, progesterone receptor+, HER2 -, surgical margin+, sentinel lymph node +) that May. From June to August docetaxel (75mg/m2) and cyclophosphamide (600mg/m2) were administrated four times every 21days and thereafter radiotherapy (total 60Gy) was completed. The cancer surgeon declared the prognosis good and the patient had a strong desire to undergo orthognathic surgery, so in November we performed a bimaxillary osteotomy, and administration of tamoxifen began 6 weeks after the osteotomy. DISCUSSION There are breast cancer cases in which the prognosis is sufficiently good for a planned orthognathic surgery to proceed. Good communication among surgeons and the patient is important. CONCLUSION We experienced a case in which breast cancer was found just before the orthognathic surgery; we performed a bimaxillary osteotomy, including follow-up tamoxifen administration, during breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Shimo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8525, Japan.
| | - Norie Yoshioka
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nakamura
- Department of Orthodontics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
| | - Soichiro Ibaragi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Okui
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
| | - Yuki Kunisada
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
| | - Masanori Masui
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
| | - Mayumi Yao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
| | - Koji Kishimoto
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
| | - Shoko Yoshida
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Nishiyama
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kamioka
- Department of Orthodontics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
| | - Akira Sasaki
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
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Current Knowledge, Drug-Based Therapeutic Options and Future Directions in Managing Osteoporosis. Clin Rev Bone Miner Metab 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12018-016-9207-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Bonano VI, Yokoyama-Yasunaka JKU, Miguel DC, Jones SA, Dodge JA, Uliana SRB. Discovery of SyntheticLeishmaniaInhibitors by Screening of a 2-Arylbenzothiophene Library. Chem Biol Drug Des 2013; 83:289-96. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vivian I. Bonano
- Departamento de Parasitologia; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas; Universidade de São Paulo; São Paulo SP 05508-900 Brazil
| | | | - Danilo C. Miguel
- Departamento de Parasitologia; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas; Universidade de São Paulo; São Paulo SP 05508-900 Brazil
| | - Scott A. Jones
- Lilly Research Laboratories; Eli Lilly and Company; Lilly Corporate Center; Indianapolis IN 46285 USA
| | - Jeffrey A. Dodge
- Lilly Research Laboratories; Eli Lilly and Company; Lilly Corporate Center; Indianapolis IN 46285 USA
| | - Silvia R. B. Uliana
- Departamento de Parasitologia; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas; Universidade de São Paulo; São Paulo SP 05508-900 Brazil
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Pouliot L, Schneider M, DeCristofaro M, Samadfam R, Smith SY, Beckman DA. Assessment of a nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor, letrozole, in juvenile rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 98:374-90. [PMID: 24323897 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.21080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The timing and duration of letrozole administration was designed to encompass the majority of postnatal development in the rat with the intent of evaluating the potential for a broad range of effects but with emphasis on expected effects on skeletal maturation. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were administered letrozole via oral gavage at doses of 0.003, 0.03, and 0.3 mg/kg/day beginning on postpartum day (PPD) 7 through 91 followed by a 6-week recovery period. Clinical signs, body weight, food consumption, developmental endpoints, bone, ophthalmology, behavioral assessments, clinical/anatomic pathology, toxicokinetics, and reproductive assessments were conducted. RESULTS Growth (body weight gain and crown-to-rump length) and food consumption were increased in females at ≥0.03 mg/kg/day and decreased in males at ≥0.003 mg/kg/day. Delayed sexual maturation in both sexes and adverse effects on reproductive function occurred at all doses. Effects on bone growth and maturation were noted in both sexes at all doses. Evidence of recovery was noted for males at 0.003 mg/kg/day and females at 0.003 and 0.03 mg/kg/day upon withdrawal of treatment. Histopathological changes in the pituitary-adrenal-gonadal axis correlated with effects on reproductive function. CONCLUSIONS The observed effects in juvenile rats were considered predictable and primarily related to the mechanism of action of letrozole upon estrogen synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Pouliot
- Charles River Preclinical Services, Senneville, QC, Canada
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12
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Karimian E, Tamm C, Chagin AS, Samuelsson K, Kjartansdóttir KR, Ohlsson C, Sävendahl L. Resveratrol treatment delays growth plate fusion and improves bone growth in female rabbits. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67859. [PMID: 23840780 PMCID: PMC3695926 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Trans-resveratrol (RES), naturally produced by many plants, has a structure similar to synthetic estrogen diethylstilbestrol, but any effect on bone growth has not yet been clarified. Pre-pubertal ovary-intact New Zealand white rabbits received daily oral administration of either vehicle (control) or RES (200 mg/kg) until growth plate fusion occurred. Bone growth and growth plate size were longitudinally monitored by X-ray imaging, while at the endpoint, bone length was assessed by a digital caliper. In addition, pubertal ovariectomized (OVX) rabbits were treated with vehicle, RES or estradiol cypionate (positive control) for 7 or 10 weeks and fetal rat metatarsal bones were cultured in vitro with RES (0.03 µM-50 µM) and followed for up to 19 days. In ovary-intact rabbits, sixteen-week treatment with RES increased tibiae and vertebrae bone growth and subsequently improved final length. In OVX rabbits, RES delayed fusion of the distal tibia, distal femur and proximal tibia epiphyses and femur length and vertebral bone growth increased when compared with controls. Histomorphometrical analysis showed that RES-treated OVX rabbits had a wider distal femur growth plate, enlarged resting zone, increased number/size of hypertrophic chondrocytes, increased height of the hypertrophic zone, and suppressed chondrocyte expression of VEGF and laminin. In cultured fetal rat metatarsal bones, RES stimulated growth at 0.3 µM while at higher concentrations (10 μM and 50 μM) growth was inhibited. We conclude that RES has the potential to improve longitudinal bone growth. The effect was associated with a delay of growth plate fusion resulting in increased final length. These effects were accompanied by a profound suppression of VEGF and laminin expression suggesting that impairment of growth plate vascularization might be an underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Karimian
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chen Tamm
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrei S. Chagin
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Samuelsson
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristín Rós Kjartansdóttir
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lars Sävendahl
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Steroid receptor coactivators, HER-2 and HER-3 expression is stimulated by tamoxifen treatment in DMBA-induced breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:247. [PMID: 22703232 PMCID: PMC3420308 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Steroid receptor coactivators (SRCs) may modulate estrogen receptor (ER) activity and the response to endocrine treatment in breast cancer, in part through interaction with growth factor receptor signaling pathways. In the present study the effects of tamoxifen treatment on the expression of SRCs and human epidermal growth factor receptors (HERs) were examined in an animal model of ER positive breast cancer. Methods Sprague-Dawley rats with DMBA-induced breast cancer were randomized to 14 days of oral tamoxifen 40 mg/kg bodyweight/day or vehicle only (controls). Tumors were measured throughout the study period. Blood samples and tumor tissue were collected at sacrifice and tamoxifen and its main metabolites were quantified using LC-MS/MS. The gene expression in tumor of SRC-1, SRC-2/transcription intermediary factor-2 (TIF-2), SRC-3/amplified in breast cancer 1 (AIB1), ER, HER-1, -2, -3 and HER-4, as well as the transcription factor Ets-2, was measured by real-time RT-PCR. Protein levels were further assessed by Western blotting. Results Tamoxifen and its main metabolites were detected at high concentrations in serum and accumulated in tumor tissue in up to tenfolds the concentration in serum. Mean tumor volume/rat decreased in the tamoxifen treated group, but continued to increase in controls. The mRNA expression levels of SRC-1 (P = 0.035), SRC-2/TIF-2 (P = 0.002), HER-2 (P = 0.035) and HER-3 (P = 0.006) were significantly higher in tamoxifen treated tumors compared to controls, and the results were confirmed at the protein level using Western blotting. SRC-3/AIB1 protein was also higher in tamoxifen treated tumors. SRC-1 and SRC-2/TIF-2 mRNA levels were positively correlated with each other and with HER-2 (P ≤ 0.001), and the HER-2 mRNA expression correlated with the levels of the other three HER family members (P < 0.05). Furthermore, SRC-3/AIB1 and HER-4 were positively correlated with each other and Ets-2 (P < 0.001). Conclusions The expression of SRCs and HER-2 and -3 is stimulated by tamoxifen treatment in DMBA-induced breast cancer. Stimulation and positive correlation of coactivators and HERs may represent an early response to endocrine treatment. The role of SRCs and HER-2 and -3 should be further studied in order to evaluate their effects on response to long-term tamoxifen treatment.
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Demoor-Goldschmidt C, Supiot S, Mahé MA. [Breast cancer after radiotherapy: Risk factors and suggestion for breast delineation as an organ at risk in the prepuberal girl]. Cancer Radiother 2012; 16:140-51. [PMID: 22342367 DOI: 10.1016/j.canrad.2011.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Revised: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Patients who survive a cancer occurring during childhood or young adulthood, treated with radiation, are at a very high risk of chronic sequelae and secondary tumours. To reduce this radioinduced morbidity and mortality, efforts are put on reducing the burden of the treatments and a long-term monitoring of these patients is progressively organized. We present a general review of the literature about the risk factors for developing a secondary breast cancer, which is the most frequent secondary tumour in this population. We suggest that contouring the prepubescent breast as an organ at risk may help predict the risk and reduce the dose to the breasts using modern radiotherapy techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Demoor-Goldschmidt
- Service de radiothérapie, institut de cancérologie de l'Ouest René-Gauducheau, Nantes-Saint-Herblain, France.
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Dellê H, Rocha JRC, Cavaglieri RC, Vieira JM, Malheiros DMAC, Noronha IL. Antifibrotic effect of tamoxifen in a model of progressive renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2011; 23:37-48. [PMID: 22052053 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2011010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tamoxifen, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, has antifibrotic properties; however, whether it can attenuate renal fibrosis is unknown. In this study, we tested the effects of tamoxifen in a model of hypertensive nephrosclerosis (chronic inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis with L-NAME). After 30 days, treated rats had significantly lower levels of albuminuria as well as lower histologic scores for glomerulosclerosis and interstitial fibrosis than untreated controls. Tamoxifen was renoprotective despite having no effect on the sustained, severe hypertension induced by L-NAME. Tamoxifen prevented the accumulation of extracellular matrix by decreasing the expression of collagen I, collagen III, and fibronectin mRNA and protein. These renoprotective effects associated with inhibition of TGF-β1 and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, and with a significant reduction in α-smooth muscle actin-positive cells in the renal interstitium. Furthermore, tamoxifen abrogated IL-1β- and angiotensin-II-induced proliferation of fibroblasts from both kidney explants and from the NRK-49F cell line. Tamoxifen also inhibited the expression of extracellular matrix components and the production and release of TGF-β1 into the supernatant of these cells. In summary, tamoxifen exhibits antifibrotic effects in the L-NAME model of hypertensive nephrosclerosis, likely through the inhibition of TGF-β1, suggesting that it may have therapeutic use in CKD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humberto Dellê
- Laboratory of Cellular, Genetic, and Molecular Nephrology, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455, 4th Floor, Lab 4304, São Paulo, CEP 01246-903, Brazil
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Karimian E, Chagin AS, Sävendahl L. Genetic regulation of the growth plate. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2011; 2:113. [PMID: 22654844 PMCID: PMC3356134 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2011.00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The epiphyseal growth plate consists of a layer of cartilage present only during the growth period and vanishes soon after puberty in long bones. It is divided to three well-defined zones, from epiphyses; resting, proliferative, and hypertrophic zones. Chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation and subsequent bone formation in this cartilage are controlled by various endocrine, autocrine, and paracrine factors which finally results into elimination of the cartilaginous tissue and promotion of the epiphyseal fusion. As chondrocytes differentiate from round, quiescent, and single structure to flatten and proliferative and then large and terminally differentiated, they experience changes in their gene expression pattern which allow them to transform from cartilaginous tissue to bone. This review summarizes the literature in this area and shortly describes different factors that affect growth plate cartilage both at the local and systemic levels. This may eventually help us to develop new treatment strategies of different growth disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Karimian
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska InstitutetStockholm, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Elham Karimian, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit Q2:08, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden. e-mail:
| | - Andrei S. Chagin
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska InstitutetStockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Sävendahl
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska InstitutetStockholm, Sweden
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Miguel DC, Yokoyama-Yasunaka JKU, Uliana SRB. Tamoxifen is effective in the treatment of Leishmania amazonensis infections in mice. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2008; 2:e249. [PMID: 18545685 PMCID: PMC2398787 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2008] [Accepted: 05/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chemotherapy is still a critical issue in the management of leishmaniasis. Until recently, pentavalent antimonials, amphotericin B or pentamidine compounded the classical arsenal of treatment. All these drugs are toxic and have to be administered by the parenteral route. Tamoxifen has been used as an antiestrogen in the treatment and prevention of breast cancer for many years. Its safety and pharmacological profiles are well established in humans. We have shown that tamoxifen is active as an antileishmanial compound in vitro, and in this paper we analyzed the efficacy of tamoxifen for the treatment of mice infected with Leishmania amazonensis, an etiological agent of localized cutaneous leishmaniasis and the main cause of diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis in South America. Methodology/Principal Findings BALB/c mice were infected with L. amazonensis promastigotes. Five weeks post-infection, treatment with 15 daily intraperitoneal injections of 20 mg/kg tamoxifen was administered. Lesion and ulcer sizes were recorded and parasite burden quantified by limiting dilution. A significant decrease in lesion size and ulcer development was noted in mice treated with tamoxifen as compared to control untreated animals. Parasite burden in the inoculation site at the end of treatment was reduced from 108.5±0.7 in control untreated animals to 105.0±0.0 in tamoxifen-treated mice. Parasite load was also reduced in the draining lymph nodes. The reduction in parasite number was sustained: 6 weeks after the end of treatment, 1015.5±0.5 parasites were quantified from untreated animals, as opposed to 105.1±0.1 parasites detected in treated mice. Conclusions/Significance Treatment of BALB/c mice infected with L. amazonensis for 15 days with tamoxifen resulted in significant decrease in lesion size and parasite burden. BALB/c mice infected with L. amazonensis represents a model of extreme susceptibility, and the striking and sustained reduction in the number of parasites in treated animals supports the proposal of further testing of this drug in other models of leishmaniasis. Leishmaniasis is an antropozoonotic disease with a wide range of clinical manifestations. In humans, signs of disease vary from skin and mucosal ulcers to enlargement of internal organs such as the liver and spleen. The unicellular parasite Leishmania amazonensis is able to infect humans and cause localized or diffuse skin lesions. The treatment for this disease is difficult, as it requires prolonged and painful applications of toxic drugs that are poorly tolerated. Therefore, a key area in leishmaniasis research is the study of new therapeutic schemes and less toxic drugs. The present report is based on the investigation of tamoxifen's activity (a compound that has been in clinical use since the 1970s for the treatment of breast cancer) in the treatment of mice experimentally infected with L. amazonensis. We observed that infected mice treated with 20 mg/kg/day of tamoxifen for 15 days showed a significant clinical and parasitological response, with reduction in the size of lesions and ulcers and decreased numbers of parasites. These promising results pave the way for further testing of this drug as a new alternative in the chemotherapy of leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo C. Miguel
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Silvia R. B. Uliana
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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