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Didziokas M, Jones D, Alazmani A, Steacy M, Pauws E, Moazen M. Multiscale mechanical characterisation of the craniofacial system under external forces. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2024; 23:675-685. [PMID: 38217747 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-023-01799-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Premature fusion of craniofacial joints, i.e. sutures, is a major clinical condition. This condition affects children and often requires numerous invasive surgeries to correct. Minimally invasive external loading of the skull has shown some success in achieving therapeutic effects in a mouse model of this condition, promising a new non-invasive treatment approach. However, our fundamental understanding of the level of deformation that such loading has induced across the sutures, leading to the effects observed is severely limited, yet crucial for its scalability. We carried out a series of multiscale characterisations of the loading effects on normal and craniosynostotic mice, in a series of in vivo and ex vivo studies. This involved developing a custom loading setup as well as software for its control and a novel in situ CT strain estimation approach following the principles of digital volume correlation. Our findings highlight that this treatment may disrupt bone formation across the sutures through plastic deformation of the treated suture. The level of permanent deformations observed across the coronal suture after loading corresponded well with the apparent strain that was estimated. This work provides invaluable insight into the level of mechanical forces that may prevent early fusion of cranial joints during the minimally invasive treatment cycle and will help the clinical translation of the treatment approach to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Didziokas
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Dominic Jones
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Ali Alazmani
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Miranda Steacy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Erwin Pauws
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mehran Moazen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
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2
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Akbari A, Gandhi V, Chen J, Turkkahraman H, Yadav S. Vibrational Force on Accelerating Orthodontic Tooth Movement: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Eur J Dent 2023; 17:951-963. [PMID: 36513343 PMCID: PMC10756730 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1758070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to systematically gather and analyze the current level of evidence for the effectiveness of the vibrational force in accelerating orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). This systematic review was conducted using three electronic databases: Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar until March 2022. The search was done through the following journals: European Journal of Orthodontics, American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, The Angle Orthodontist, Progress in Orthodontics, and Seminars in Orthodontics. Human or animal studies that have evaluated the effect of vibrational force on the rate of OTM were selected. A meta-analysis was performed for the rate of canine movement per month. Database research, elimination of duplicate studies, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment were performed by authors independently and in duplication. A fixed and random-effect meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the effect of vibrational forces. A total of 19 studies (6 animal and 13 human studies) that met the inclusion criteria were included. Meta-analysis was performed based on four human clinical trials. Three out of four studies showed no significant difference in the rate of canine movement between vibrational force and control groups. The limitation of this study was the small sample size and significant heterogeneity among the studies. Although vibrational forces have been shown to accelerate OTM in experimental studies, the results are inconsistent in clinical studies. The inability to apply desired peak load to the targeted teeth may be the main factor in inconsistent clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Akbari
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Vaibhav Gandhi
- Division of Orthodontics, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, Kentucky, United States
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Hakan Turkkahraman
- Department of Orthodontics and Oral Facial Genetics, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Sumit Yadav
- Division of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, Connecticut, United States
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Gorucu-Coskuner H, Al-Yassary M, Billiaert K, Kiliaridis S, Antonarakis GS. Age-related transversal changes in craniofacial sutures of the anterior viscerocranium in growing rats. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1201990. [PMID: 37398902 PMCID: PMC10311509 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1201990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the dimensional changes that occur in the internasal and nasopremaxillary sutures, and related transverse craniofacial dimensions, of rats from 4 to 38-weeks of age. Methods: Four groups of twelve male Wistar rats were sacrificed at different ages [4-weeks (immature), 16-weeks (adolescent), 26-weeks (young adult), 38-weeks (adult)]. The rats were scanned with a high-resolution micro-computed tomography imaging device with 90 µm voxel size and 45 mm × 45 mm field of view (FOV) to obtain images of the viscreocranium, and with 10 µm voxel size and 5 mm × 5 mm FOV to obtain images of the internasal and left nasopremaxillary sutures. The nasal bone width, transverse width between the nasopremaxillary sutures and interzygomatic width were measured as craniofacial measurements. The endocranial, ectocranial and mean suture widths (cross-sectional area between endocranial and ectocranial borders/suture height), and suture height were measured at 5 frontal planes with 1.2 mm intervals. Outcomes were compared at different ages, and correlation coefficients were used to assess the relationship between craniofacial and suture changes. Results: All transverse craniofacial dimensions increased significantly from 4-16 weeks of age (p < 0.001). After 16-weeks of age, the only significant increase was observed in interzygomatic width (p = 0.02), between 26 and 38 weeks. In both the internasal and nasopremaxillary sutures, the endocranial suture mean widths decreased from 4-16 weeks (p < 0.001 and p = 0.002, respectively), but did not show any significant change after 16-weeks of age. The ectocranial internasal suture width decreased from 4-16 weeks (p < 0.001), increased until 26-weeks (p = 0.035), and subsequently decreased (p < 0.001). The nasopremaxillary suture widths decreased from 4-38 weeks to varying degrees in different frontal planes. Except for the internasal ectocranial suture width, all suture measurements were found highly and negatively correlated with the transverse craniofacial dimensions. The height of the sutures increased with time, with the most significant changes occurring between 4 and 16 weeks of age (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Although the internasal and nasopremaxillary endocranial suture widths nearly reach their final widths during adolescence, the changes in the ectocranial and mean suture widths continue into early adulthood. These results may serve as a reference for future studies aiming to evaluate the effects of functional demands on suture development and dimensional changes of the viscerocranium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hande Gorucu-Coskuner
- Department of Orthodontics, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Türkiye
- Division of Orthodontics, University Clinics of Dental Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mustafa Al-Yassary
- Division of Orthodontics, University Clinics of Dental Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kelly Billiaert
- Division of Orthodontics, University Clinics of Dental Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stavros Kiliaridis
- Division of Orthodontics, University Clinics of Dental Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gregory S. Antonarakis
- Division of Orthodontics, University Clinics of Dental Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Mitchell DR, Wroe S, Ravosa MJ, Menegaz RA. More Challenging Diets Sustain Feeding Performance: Applications Toward the Captive Rearing of Wildlife. Integr Org Biol 2021; 3:obab030. [PMID: 34888486 PMCID: PMC8653637 DOI: 10.1093/iob/obab030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The rescue and rehabilitation of young fauna is of substantial importance to conservation. However, it has been suggested that incongruous diets offered in captive environments may alter craniofacial morphology and hinder the success of reintroduced animals. Despite these claims, to what extent dietary variation throughout ontogeny impacts intrapopulation cranial biomechanics has not yet been tested. Here, finite element models were generated from the adult crania of 40 rats (n = 10 per group) that were reared on 4 different diet regimes and stress magnitudes compared during incisor bite simulations. The diets consisted of (1) exclusively hard pellets from weaning, (2) exclusively soft ground pellet meal from weaning, (3) a juvenile switch from pellets to meal, and (4) a juvenile switch from meal to pellets. We hypothesized that a diet of exclusively soft meal would result in the weakest adult skulls, represented by significantly greater stress magnitudes at the muzzle, palate, and zygomatic arch. Our hypothesis was supported at the muzzle and palate, indicating that a diet limited to soft food inhibits bone deposition throughout ontogeny. This finding presents a strong case for a more variable and challenging diet during development. However, rather than the "soft" diet group resulting in the weakest zygomatic arch as predicted, this region instead showed the highest stress among rats that switched as juveniles from hard pellets to soft meal. We attribute this to a potential reduction in number and activity of osteoblasts, as demonstrated in studies of sudden and prolonged disuse of bone. A shift to softer foods in captivity, during rehabilitation after injury in the wild for example, can therefore be detrimental to healthy development of the skull in some growing animals, potentially increasing the risk of injury and impacting the ability to access full ranges of wild foods upon release. We suggest captive diet plans consider not just nutritional requirements but also food mechanical properties when rearing wildlife to adulthood for reintroduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Rex Mitchell
- Center for Anatomical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Stephen Wroe
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Matthew J Ravosa
- Departments of Biological Sciences, Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, and Anthropology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Rachel A Menegaz
- Center for Anatomical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
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Abstract
Relationships between the complexity of the cranial sutures and the inferred ecology of dicynodont synapsids are explored. Simple complexity indices based on degree of sutural interdigitation were calculated for 70 anomodont species and indicate that the naso-frontal sutures of Cistecephalidae, a clade inferred to be dedicated fossors based on aspects of postcranial morphology, are substantially more complex than those of other dicynodonts. The elevated complexity of the naso-frontal suture in this clade is interpreted as being related to compressive forces sustained during burrowing, paralleling the condition in some other fossorial vertebrate groups (e.g., amphisbaenians). The most highly interdigitated sutures in the cistecephalid skull are those oriented transversely to its long axis, which would experience the greatest longitudinal stresses from contact with the substrate. Although it is uncertain to what degree cistecephalid burrowing was based on scratch vs. head-lift digging, it is argued that the head played an important role during locomotion in this group. Increased sutural complexity, rather than cranial fusion, as an adaptation to resisting compressive forces during burrowing may be related to indeterminate growth in dicynodonts.
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Fonteles CSR, Finnell RH, George TM, Harshbarger RJ. Craniosynostosis: current conceptions and misconceptions. AIMS GENETICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3934/genet.2016.1.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractCranial bones articulate in areas called sutures that must remain patent until skull growth is complete. Craniosynostosis is the condition that results from premature closure of one or more of the cranial vault sutures, generating facial deformities and more importantly, skull growth restrictions with the ability to severely affect brain growth. Typically, craniosynostosis can be expressed as an isolated event, or as part of syndromic phenotypes. Multiple signaling mechanisms interact during developmental stages to ensure proper and timely suture fusion. Clinical outcome is often a product of craniosynostosis subtypes, number of affected sutures and timing of premature suture fusion. The present work aimed to review the different aspects involved in the establishment of craniosynostosis, providing a close view of the cellular, molecular and genetic background of these malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Sá Roriz Fonteles
- Finnell Birth Defects Research Laboratory, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, USA
| | - Richard H. Finnell
- Finnell Birth Defects Research Laboratory, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, USA
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, USA
| | - Timothy M. George
- Pediatric Neurosurgery, Dell Children's Medical Center, Professor, Department of Surgery, Dell Medical School, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Raymond J. Harshbarger
- Plastic Surgery, Craniofacial Team at the Dell Children's Medical Center of Central Texas, Austin, USA
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Du W, Bhojwani A, Hu JK. FACEts of mechanical regulation in the morphogenesis of craniofacial structures. Int J Oral Sci 2021; 13:4. [PMID: 33547271 PMCID: PMC7865003 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-020-00110-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During embryonic development, organs undergo distinct and programmed morphological changes as they develop into their functional forms. While genetics and biochemical signals are well recognized regulators of morphogenesis, mechanical forces and the physical properties of tissues are now emerging as integral parts of this process as well. These physical factors drive coordinated cell movements and reorganizations, shape and size changes, proliferation and differentiation, as well as gene expression changes, and ultimately sculpt any developing structure by guiding correct cellular architectures and compositions. In this review we focus on several craniofacial structures, including the tooth, the mandible, the palate, and the cranium. We discuss the spatiotemporal regulation of different mechanical cues at both the cellular and tissue scales during craniofacial development and examine how tissue mechanics control various aspects of cell biology and signaling to shape a developing craniofacial organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Du
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Arshia Bhojwani
- School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jimmy K Hu
- School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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8
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Dudgeon TW, Maddin HC, Evans DC, Mallon JC. Computed tomography analysis of the cranium of Champsosaurus lindoei and implications for the choristoderan neomorphic ossification. J Anat 2020; 236:630-659. [PMID: 31905243 PMCID: PMC7083570 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Choristoderes are extinct neodiapsid reptiles that are well known for their unusual cranial anatomy, possessing an elongated snout and expanded temporal arches. Although choristodere skulls are well described externally, their internal anatomy remains unknown. An internal description was needed to shed light on peculiarities of the choristodere skull, such as paired gaps on the ventral surface of the skull that may pertain to the fenestra ovalis, and a putative neomorphic ossification in the lateral wall of the braincase. Our goals were: (i) to describe the cranial elements of Champsosaurus lindoei in three dimensions; (ii) to describe paired gaps on the ventral surface of the skull to determine if these are indeed the fenestrae ovales; (iii) to illustrate the morphology of the putative neomorphic bone; and (iv) to consider the possible developmental and functional origins of the neomorph. We examined the cranial anatomy of the choristodere Champsosaurus lindoei (CMN 8920) using high‐resolution micro‐computed tomography scanning. We found that the paired gaps on the ventral surface of the skull do pertain to the fenestrae ovales, an unusual arrangement that may be convergent with some plesiosaurs, some aistopods, and some urodeles. The implications of this morphology in Champsosaurus are unknown and will be the subject of future work. We found that the neomorphic bone is a distinct ossification, but is not part of the wall of the brain cavity or the auditory capsule. Variation in the developmental pathways of cranial bones in living amniotes was surveyed to determine how the neomorphic bone may have developed. We found that the chondrocranium and splanchnocranium show little to no variation across amniotes, and the neomorphic bone is therefore most likely to have developed from the dermatocranium; however, the stapes is a pre‐existing cranial element that is undescribed in choristoderes and may be homologous with the neomorphic bone. If the neomorphic bone is not homologous with the stapes, the neomorph likely developed from the dermatocranium through incomplete fusion of ossification centres from a pre‐existing bone, most likely the parietal. Based on the apparent morphology of the neomorph in Coeruleodraco, the neomorph was probably too small to play a significant structural role in the skull of early choristoderes and it may have arisen through non‐adaptive means. In neochoristoderes, such as Champsosaurus, the neomorph was likely recruited to support the expanded temporal arches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Dudgeon
- Department of Earth Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Hillary C Maddin
- Department of Earth Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
| | - David C Evans
- Vertebrate Palaeontology, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jordan C Mallon
- Department of Earth Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada.,Beaty Centre for Species Discovery and Palaeobiology Section, Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, Canada
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Kannan S, Fassul S, Singh AK, Arora N, Malhotra A, Saini N. Effectiveness and importance of powered tooth brushes in tooth movement. J Family Med Prim Care 2019; 8:2478-2483. [PMID: 31463280 PMCID: PMC6691431 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_352_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Effectiveness of vibratory stimulus from a commonly available battery-powered tooth brush in accelerating orthodontic tooth movement was tested by a randomized controlled split-mouth study. Materials and Methods: Twenty-three subjects with bimaxillary protrusion, requiring extraction of all first premolars and requiring maximum anchorage, were chosen. After initial leveling and aligning, miniscrews were placed between the first molar and the second premolar in the maxillary right and left quadrants and loaded with 150-g nickel–titanium closed-coil springs for individual canine retraction. Additional 5 min of vibratory stimulus thrice daily was applied on the experimental side. The mean treatment duration was 3 months. Results: There was no significant difference of means of the canine distal movement between the experimental and the control sides (P = 0.70). Conclusion: Application of vibratory stimulus with powered tooth brush during canine retraction was not seen to have an acceleratory effect on orthodontic tooth movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridhar Kannan
- Department of Orthodontics, Manav Rachna Dental College, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Sajna Fassul
- Department of Orthodontics, Manav Rachna Dental College, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Ashish Kumar Singh
- Department of Orthodontics, Manav Rachna Dental College, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Nitin Arora
- Department of Orthodontics, Manav Rachna Dental College, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Abhita Malhotra
- Department of Orthodontics, Manav Rachna Dental College, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Neeraj Saini
- Department of Orthodontics, Manav Rachna Dental College, Faridabad, Haryana, India
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Rafferty KL, Baldwin MC, Soh SH, Herring SW. Mechanobiology of bone and suture - Results from a pig model. Orthod Craniofac Res 2019; 22 Suppl 1:82-89. [PMID: 31074147 DOI: 10.1111/ocr.12276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the morphology and mechanical function of sutures in normal pigs and minipigs to those of Yucatan minipigs, a natural model for midfacial hypoplasia. SETTING AND SAMPLE POPULATION Research took place at the Department of Orthodontics at the University of Washington and used varying sample sizes of normal-snouted pigs and Yucatan minipigs. MATERIAL AND METHODS Skulls and heads were examined for morphology of the nasofrontal suture using computed tomography and histology. Strain gauge recordings were made of sutural strain during mastication and during cyclic tensile loading of the nasofrontal suture. RESULTS Sutures in Yucatans had narrower gaps than same-age normal pigs. The nasofrontal suture was simpler in construction and had more active osteoblasts on the bone fronts in Yucatans. The sutural ligament was less well organized, and based on a small sample, masticatory strain appeared to be lower than in normal minipigs. However, sutures were not fused and showed similar strains in response to the cyclic loading procedure. CONCLUSION Midfacial hypoplasia in Yucatan pigs has the likely proximate cause of hyperossification. Yet prior to fusion, the sutures appear to be amenable to treatment that would promote their growth rate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael C Baldwin
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Shean Han Soh
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Susan W Herring
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Buezas GN, Becerra F, Echeverría AI, Cisilino A, Vassallo AI. Mandible strength and geometry in relation to bite force: a study in three caviomorph rodents. J Anat 2019; 234:564-575. [PMID: 30768871 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The monophyletic group Caviomorpha constitutes the most diverse rodent clade in terms of locomotion, ecology and diet. Caviomorph species show considerable variation in cranio-mandibular morphology that has been linked to the differences in toughness of dietary items and other behaviors, such as chisel-tooth digging. This work assesses the structural strength of the mandible of three caviomorph species that show remarkable differences in ecology, behavior and bite force: Chinchilla lanigera (a surface-dwelling species), Octodon degus (a semi-fossorial species) and Ctenomys talarum (a subterranean species). Finite element (FE) models of the mandibles are used to predict the stresses they withstand during incisor biting; the results are related to in vivo bite forces and interspecific variations in the mandibular geometries. The study concludes that the mandible of C. talarum is better able to withstand strong incisor bites. Its powerful adducting musculature is consistent with the notorious lateral expansion of the angular process and the masseteric crest, and the enhanced cortical bone thickness. Although it has a relatively low bite force, the mandible of O. degus also shows a good performance for mid-to-strong incisor biting, in contrast to that of C. lanigera, which exhibits, from a mechanical point of view, the worst performance. The mandibles of C. talarum and O. degus appear to be better suited to withstand stronger reaction forces from incisor biting, which is consistent with their closer phylogenetic affinity and shared digging behaviors. The contrast between the low in vivo bite force of C. lanigera and the relatively high estimations that result from the models suggests that its adductor musculature could play significant roles in functions other than incisor biting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido N Buezas
- Laboratorio de Morfología Funcional y Comportamiento, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Federico Becerra
- Laboratorio de Morfología Funcional y Comportamiento, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Alejandra I Echeverría
- Laboratorio de Morfología Funcional y Comportamiento, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Adrián Cisilino
- División Mecánica de Materiales, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnolgía de Materiales (INTEMA), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Aldo I Vassallo
- Laboratorio de Morfología Funcional y Comportamiento, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mar del Plata, Argentina
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12
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Soh SH, Rafferty K, Herring S. Cyclic loading effects on craniofacial strain and sutural growth in pigs. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2018; 154:270-282. [PMID: 30075929 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2017.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Current craniofacial growth modification devices use static forces, but cyclic forces are believed by some to be more effective. The latter have not been evaluated in large animal models, and it is not known how such forces are transmitted to distant parts of the skull. In this study, we aimed to (1) develop a portable loading system capable of delivering reliable cyclic loads to the porcine nasofrontal suture (NFS), (2) explore strain transmission to distant sutures, and (3) characterize the sutural growth effects in a small pilot study. METHODS After we validated the device, cyclic (2.5 Hz) tensile loads were applied unilaterally to the NFS of 6 abattoir pig heads, with strain gauges on multiple sutures. Similar loading was applied to 3-month-old live pigs (Sus scrofa, n = 4 and 1 sham) 30 minutes per day for 5 days. These animals received fluorescent markers of mineralization on loading days 1 and 3. Suture strains were recorded on day 5. Histomorphometric analysis quantified suture width and mineral apposition rate. RESULTS A wearable loading system was developed to produce an average of +900 microstrain at the targeted NFS. Substantial strains were seen at the contralateral NFS and midline sutures, but bone strains were low. Strain patterns were similar ex vivo and in vivo, with the latter generally having higher magnitudes. Preliminary evidence demonstrates wider sutures with higher mineral apposition rates in the loaded sutures. CONCLUSIONS Daily spurts of cyclic load caused sutural strain throughout the skull. This regimen most likely enhances sutural growth and may be therapeutically useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shean Han Soh
- Discipline of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | | | - Susan Herring
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash
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13
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Uribe F, Dutra E, Chandhoke T. Effect of cyclical forces on orthodontic tooth movement, from animals to humans. Orthod Craniofac Res 2018. [PMID: 28643918 DOI: 10.1111/ocr.12166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Vibration as a non-invasive method is currently available for clinical use with the potential to accelerate the rate of tooth movement in orthodontics. The aim of this review was to evaluate the basic science and clinical literature on the effects of vibration on the axial and appendicular skeleton including the craniofacial bone. Vibration as a dynamic load consisting of high oscillatory forces of low magnitude has shown osteogenic and anti-catabolic effects on bone. These effects have been observed in the craniofacial skeleton including the alveolar bone as increases in sutural width and alveolar bone formation. Animal studies have shown conflicting results on vibration when superposed to orthodontic tooth movement. The effects range from increasing to decreasing the rate of tooth movement. Clinical studies in accelerating the rate of tooth movement have similar findings observed in animal studies. High-frequency oscillatory forces of low magnitude are able to affect bone formation and remodelling. These effects of vibration are primarily anabolic and anti-catabolic in bone, including the craniofacial skeleton and alveolar bone. The effect of vibration on accelerating the rate of orthodontic tooth movement is contradictory. Higher levels of evidence studies have not been able to show an acceleratory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Uribe
- Division of Orthodontics, Department of Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - E Dutra
- Division of Orthodontics, Department of Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - T Chandhoke
- Division of Orthodontics, Department of Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, USA
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Effect of supplemental vibration on orthodontic treatment with aligners: A randomized trial. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2018; 153:336-346. [PMID: 29501108 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2017.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Supplemental vibration has been reported to accelerate orthodontic tooth movement and reduce discomfort. Our purpose was to investigate the effects of AcceleDent on Invisalign treatment. This randomized clinical trial was carried out in 2 orthodontic private practices with a 1:1 allocation ratio. METHODS Adult patients who were beginning their orthodontic treatment were randomly allocated to either an active (A) or a sham (B) AcceleDent Aura device (OrthoAccel Technologies, Inc. Houston, TX). All patients were placed on a 1-week aligner change regimen, and fit was evaluated every 3 weeks. The outcomes were the ability to complete the initial set of aligners and the incisor irregularity measurements for those who completed their regimen of aligners. In addition, aligner compliance, pain levels, and oral health-related quality of life data were gathered from questionnaires. The subjects, investigators, and assessors were all blinded to the treatment arms. RESULTS Twenty-seven subjects were randomized into 2 groups (A and B), 1 subject discontinued treatment, and 13 subjects were analyzed in each group. The Fisher exact test showed no significant difference in completion rates between the 2 groups (group A, 77%; group B, 85%; P = 1). Independent-sample t tests showed no significant difference between the final irregularity index or change in irregularity index between the 2 groups. Compliance was similar in both groups. The Wilcoxon rank sum test showed minimal differences in pain levels. Quality of life responses were similar in both groups. No serious harm was observed. CONCLUSIONS We found no evidence that the AcceleDent Aura device impacts the ability to complete a series of aligners with a 1-week change regimen or the final alignment achieved in adult patients. It also had no significant effect on the reduction of orthodontic pain or oral health-related quality of life parameters when used with Invisalign.
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Savoldi F, Tsoi JK, Paganelli C, Matinlinna JP. The Biomechanical Properties of Human Craniofacial Sutures and Relevant Variables in Sutural Distraction Osteogenesis: A Critical Review. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2018; 24:25-36. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2017.0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Savoldi
- Dental Materials Science, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental School, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - James K.H. Tsoi
- Dental Materials Science, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Corrado Paganelli
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental School, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Jukka P. Matinlinna
- Dental Materials Science, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Lan T, Zhao H, Xiang B, Wang J, Liu Y. Suture compression induced midpalatal suture chondrocyte apoptosis with increased caspase-3, caspase-9, Bad, Bak, Bax and Bid expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 489:179-186. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.05.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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17
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Liao Z, Elekdag-Turk S, Turk T, Grove J, Dalci O, Chen J, Zheng K, Ali Darendeliler M, Swain M, Li Q. Computational and clinical investigation on the role of mechanical vibration on orthodontic tooth movement. J Biomech 2017; 60:57-64. [PMID: 28743370 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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18
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Wu BH, Kou XX, Zhang C, Zhang YM, Cui Z, Wang XD, Liu Y, Liu DW, Zhou YH. Stretch force guides finger-like pattern of bone formation in suture. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177159. [PMID: 28472133 PMCID: PMC5417680 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical tension is widely applied on the suture to modulate the growth of craniofacial bones. Deeply understanding the features of bone formation in expanding sutures could help us to improve the outcomes of clinical treatment and avoid some side effects. Although there are reports that have uncovered some biological characteristics, the regular pattern of sutural bone formation in response to expansion forces is still unknown. Our study was to investigate the shape, arrangement and orientation of new bone formation in expanding sutures and explore related clinical implications. The premaxillary sutures of rat, which histologically resembles the sutures of human beings, became wider progressively under stretch force. Micro-CT detected new bones at day 3. Morphologically, these bones were forming in a finger-like pattern, projecting from the maxillae into the expanded sutures. There were about 4 finger-like bones appearing on the selected micro-CT sections at day 3 and this number increased to about 18 at day 7. The average length of these projections increased from 0.14 mm at day 3 to 0.81 mm at day 7. The volume of these bony protuberances increased to the highest level of 0.12 mm3 at day 7. HE staining demonstrated that these finger-like bones had thick bases connecting with the maxillae and thin fronts stretching into the expanded suture. Nasal sections had a higher frequency of finger-like bones occuring than the oral sections at day 3 and day 5. Masson-stained sections showed stretched fibers embedding into maxillary margins. Osteocalcin-positive osteoblasts changed their shapes from cuboidal to spindle and covered the surfaces of finger-like bones continuously. Alizarin red S and calcein deposited in the inner and outer layers of finger-like bones respectively, which showed that longer and larger bones formed on the nasal side of expanded sutures compared with the oral side. Interestingly, these finger-like bones were almost paralleling with the direction of stretch force. Inclined force led to inclined finger-like bones formation and deflection of bilateral maxillae. Additionally, heavily compressive force caused fracture of finger-like bones in the sutures. These data together proposed the special finger-like pattern of bone formation in sutures guided by stretch force, providing important implications for maxillary expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Hai Wu
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, P.R. China
- Center for Craniofacial Stem Cell Research and Regeneration, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Xing Kou
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, P.R. China
- Center for Craniofacial Stem Cell Research and Regeneration, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Ci Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, P.R. China
- Center for Craniofacial Stem Cell Research and Regeneration, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Mei Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, P.R. China
- Center for Craniofacial Stem Cell Research and Regeneration, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Cui
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, P.R. China
- Center for Craniofacial Stem Cell Research and Regeneration, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Dong Wang
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, P.R. China
- Center for Craniofacial Stem Cell Research and Regeneration, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, P.R. China
- Center for Craniofacial Stem Cell Research and Regeneration, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Da-Wei Liu
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, P.R. China
- Center for Craniofacial Stem Cell Research and Regeneration, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (YHZ); (DWL)
| | - Yan-Heng Zhou
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, P.R. China
- Center for Craniofacial Stem Cell Research and Regeneration, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (YHZ); (DWL)
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Abstract
Craniosynostosis is the premature fusion of the calvarial sutures that is associated with a number of physical and intellectual disabilities spanning from pediatric to adult years. Over the past two decades, techniques in molecular genetics and more recently, advances in high-throughput DNA sequencing have been used to examine the underlying pathogenesis of this disease. To date, mutations in 57 genes have been identified as causing craniosynostosis and the number of newly discovered genes is growing rapidly as a result of the advances in genomic technologies. While contributions from both genetic and environmental factors in this disease are increasingly apparent, there remains a gap in knowledge that bridges the clinical characteristics and genetic markers of craniosynostosis with their signaling pathways and mechanotransduction processes. By linking genotype to phenotype, outlining the role of cell mechanics may further uncover the specific mechanotransduction pathways underlying craniosynostosis. Here, we present a brief overview of the recent findings in craniofacial genetics and cell mechanics, discussing how this information together with animal models is advancing our understanding of craniofacial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Al-Rekabi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, 3900 E Stevens Way NE, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.,Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, 1900 9 Ave, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Michael L Cunningham
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, 1900 9 Ave, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Craniofacial Medicine and the, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St., Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Nathan J Sniadecki
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, 3900 E Stevens Way NE, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, 3720 15 Ave NE, Seattle WA, 98105, USA
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20
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Aldrees AM. Do customized orthodontic appliances and vibration devices provide more efficient treatment than conventional methods? Korean J Orthod 2016; 46:180-5. [PMID: 27226964 PMCID: PMC4879321 DOI: 10.4041/kjod.2016.46.3.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The incorporation of technological advances in the field of clinical orthodontics to increase treatment efficiency has led to the development of customized appliances (Insignia®), archwires (Suresmile®), and the production of devices to enhance tooth movement (Acceledent®). This review presents a comprehensive study of the literature concerning these products, and analyzes the available evidence of their efficiency. To date, one pilot study has evaluated the efficiency of the Insignia® system, three retrospective studies have assessed the efficiency of the Suresmile® system, and a few Acceledent® reports have described its effect on treatment time. Critical appraisal of the reviewed papers revealed that the efficiency of the Insignia® system cannot be confirmed based on the available evidence, while the use of Suresmile® can reduce overall treatment time in simple cases. The acceleration of tooth movement by Acceledent® devices has not yet been confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah M Aldrees
- Division of Orthodontics, Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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21
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Bailleul AM, Scannella JB, Horner JR, Evans DC. Fusion Patterns in the Skulls of Modern Archosaurs Reveal That Sutures Are Ambiguous Maturity Indicators for the Dinosauria. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147687. [PMID: 26862766 PMCID: PMC4749387 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The sutures of the skulls of vertebrates are generally open early in life and slowly close as maturity is attained. The assumption that all vertebrates follow this pattern of progressive sutural closure has been used to assess maturity in the fossil remains of non-avian dinosaurs. Here, we test this assumption in two members of the Extant Phylogenetic Bracket of the Dinosauria, the emu, Dromaius novaehollandiae and the American alligator, Alligator mississippiensis, by investigating the sequence and timing of sutural fusion in their skulls. As expected, almost all the sutures in the emu skull progressively close (i.e., they get narrower) and then obliterate during ontogeny. However, in the American alligator, only two sutures out of 36 obliterate completely and they do so during embryonic development. Surprisingly, as maturity progresses, many sutures of alligators become wider in large individuals compared to younger, smaller individuals. Histological and histomorphometric analyses on two sutures and one synchondrosis in an ontogenetic series of American alligator confirmed our morphological observations. This pattern of sutural widening might reflect feeding biomechanics and dietary changes through ontogeny. Our findings show that progressive sutural closure is not always observed in extant archosaurs, and therefore suggest that cranial sutural fusion is an ambiguous proxy for assessing maturity in non-avian dinosaurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alida M. Bailleul
- Museum of the Rockies and Department of Earth Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - John B. Scannella
- Museum of the Rockies and Department of Earth Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
| | - John R. Horner
- Museum of the Rockies and Department of Earth Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
| | - David C. Evans
- Royal Ontario Museum and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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22
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Pavlin D, Anthony R, Raj V, Gakunga PT. Cyclic loading (vibration) accelerates tooth movement in orthodontic patients: A double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Semin Orthod 2015. [DOI: 10.1053/j.sodo.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Evteev A, Cardini AL, Morozova I, O'Higgins P. Extreme climate, rather than population history, explains mid-facial morphology of northern asians. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2013; 153:449-62. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Evteev
- Anuchin Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State University; Moscow 125009 Russia
| | - Andrea L. Cardini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche; Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia; 41121 Modena Italy
- Centre for Anatomical and Human Sciences; Hull York Medical School, University of York; Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
- Centre for Forensic Science; University of Western Australia; Crawley, Perth Western Australia 6009 Australia
| | - Irina Morozova
- Human Genetics Laboratory; Vavilov Institute of General Genetics Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Paul O'Higgins
- Centre for Anatomical and Human Sciences; Hull York Medical School, University of York; Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
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Holton NE, Franciscus RG, Ravosa MJ, Southard TE. Functional and morphological correlates of mandibular symphyseal form in a living human sample. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2013; 153:387-96. [PMID: 24264260 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Variation in recent human mandibular form is often thought to reflect differences in masticatory behavior associated with variation in food preparation and subsistence strategies. Nevertheless, while mandibular variation in some human comparisons appear to reflect differences in functional loading, other comparisons indicate that this relationship is not universal. This suggests that morphological variation in the mandible is influenced by other factors that may obscure the effects of loading on mandibular form. It is likely that highly strained mandibular regions, including the corpus, are influenced by well-established patterns of lower facial skeletal integration. As such, it is unclear to what degree mandibular form reflects localized stresses incurred during mastication vs. a larger set of correlated features that may influence bone distribution patterns. In this study, we examine the relationship between mandibular symphyseal bone distribution (i.e., second moments of area, cortical bone area) and masticatory force production (i.e., in vivo maximal bite force magnitude and estimated symphyseal bending forces) along with lower facial shape variation in a sample of n = 20 living human male subjects. Our results indicate that while some aspects of symphyseal form (e.g., wishboning resistance) are significantly correlated with estimates of symphyseal bending force magnitude, others (i.e., vertical bending resistance) are more closely tied to variation in lower facial shape. This suggests that while the symphysis reflects variation in some variables related to functional loading, the complex and multifactorial influences on symphyseal form underscores the importance of exercising caution when inferring function from the mandible especially in narrow taxonomic comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan E Holton
- Department of Orthodontics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242; Department of Anthropology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242
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25
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Kalajzic Z, Peluso EB, Utreja A, Dyment N, Nihara J, Xu M, Chen J, Uribe F, Wadhwa S. Effect of cyclical forces on the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone remodeling during orthodontic tooth movement. Angle Orthod 2013; 84:297-303. [PMID: 23937517 DOI: 10.2319/032213-234.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of externally applied cyclical (vibratory) forces on the rate of tooth movement, the structural integrity of the periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone remodeling. METHODS Twenty-six female Sprague-Dawley rats (7 weeks old) were divided into four groups: CTRL (unloaded), VBO (molars receiving a vibratory stimulus only), TMO (molars receiving an orthodontic spring only), and TMO+VB (molars receiving an orthodontic spring and the additional vibratory stimulus). In TMO and TMO+VB groups, the rat first molars were moved mesially for 2 weeks using Nickel-Titanium coil spring delivering 25 g of force. In VBO and TMO+VB groups, cyclical forces at 0.4 N and 30 Hz were applied occlusally twice a week for 10 minutes. Microfocus X-ray computed tomography analysis and tooth movement measurements were performed on the dissected rat maxillae. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining and collagen fiber assessment were performed on histological sections. RESULTS Cyclical forces significantly inhibited the amount of tooth movement. Histological analysis showed marked disorganization of the collagen fibril structure of the periodontal ligament during tooth movement. Tooth movement caused a significant increase in osteoclast parameters on the compression side of alveolar bone and a significant decrease in bone volume fraction in the molar region compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS Tooth movement was significantly inhibited by application of cyclical forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zana Kalajzic
- a Postdoctoral Fellow, Department of Craniofacial Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Conn
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Modularity and integration in ontogeny of the middle facial skeleton in two West African monkey species: collared mangabey (Cercocebus torquatus) and olive colobus (Procolobus verus). RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF THERIOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.15298/rusjtheriol.12.1.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ameloblastin inhibits cranial suture closure by modulating MSX2 expression and proliferation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e52800. [PMID: 23593111 PMCID: PMC3617155 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Deformities of cranial sutures such as craniosynostosis and enlarged parietal foramina greatly impact human development and quality of life. Here we have examined the role of the extracellular matrix protein ameloblastin (Ambn), a recent addition to the family of non-collagenous extracellular bone matrix proteins, in craniofacial bone development and suture formation. Using RT-PCR, western blot and immunohistochemistry, Ambn was localized in mouse calvarial bone and adjacent condensed mesenchyme. Five-fold Ambn overexpression in a K14-driven transgenic mouse model resulted in delayed posterior frontal suture fusion and incomplete suture closure. Moreover, Ambn overexpressor skulls weighed 13.2% less, their interfrontal bones were 35.3% thinner, and the width between frontal bones plus interfrontal suture was 14.3% wider. Ambn overexpressing mice also featured reduced cell proliferation in suture blastemas and in mesenchymal cells from posterior frontal sutures. There was a more than 2-fold reduction of Msx2 in Ambn overexpressing calvariae and suture mesenchymal cells, and this effect was inversely proportionate to the level of Ambn overexpression in different cell lines. The reduction of Msx2 expression as a result of Ambn overexpression was further enhanced in the presence of the MEK/ERK pathway inhibitor O126. Finally, Ambn overexpression significantly reduced Msx2 down-stream target gene expression levels, including osteogenic transcription factors Runx2 and Osx, the bone matrix proteins Ibsp, ColI, Ocn and Opn, and the cell cycle-related gene CcnD1. Together, these data suggest that Ambn plays a crucial role in the regulation of cranial bone growth and suture closure via Msx 2 suppression and proliferation inhibition.
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Liu Y, Song F, Sun J, Yu H, Liu SSY. Suture compression induced bone resorption with intensified MMP-1 and 13 expressions. Bone 2012; 51:695-703. [PMID: 22819631 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Suture compression is a widely used approach to inhibit maxillary growth; however, biological responses in sutures to compressive force are still unclear. The objective of this pilot study was to investigate the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression and osteoclast activities during the midpalatal suture compression. METHODS 56 six-week old male C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to the control and compression groups. The mice in the compression and control groups received helix springs bonded to the maxillary molars delivering initial compressive forces of 0.20 and 0N (no activation), respectively. On Days 1, 4, 7 and 14, animals were sacrificed and scanned using micro-computed tomography to quantify suture width and bone mineral density. Serial histological sections were stained with HE, TRAP, and immunohistochemistry to observe changes in bone resorption, osteoclast activities, and MMP-1, 8, and 13 expressions. Bone volume/total volume (Bv/Tv) ratio, osteoclast count, osteoclast covering area, and MMP expression intensity were measured. The Mann-Whitney and the Kruskal-Wallis tests with Bonferroni post-hoc corrections were performed to compare differences between groups and between time points in the same group at significant level of P<0.05. RESULTS Compared to the control, suture width in the compression group was significantly reduced on Day 1, but continuously widened with reduced bone mineral density afterwards. With MMP-1 and -13 evidently intensified expressions, osteoclast number and activities significantly increased, leading to reduced Bv/Tv ratio and progressive bone resorption from Days 4 to 14. CONCLUSIONS Suture compression elevated the MMP-1 and 13 expressions, activated osteoclasts, reduced bone density, and induced bone resorption adjacent to the suture. It suggests that suture compression can be used for bone volume reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
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Hermann CD, Lee CSD, Gadepalli S, Lawrence KA, Richards MA, Olivares-Navarrete R, Williams JK, Schwartz Z, Boyan BD. Interrelationship of cranial suture fusion, basicranial development, and resynostosis following suturectomy in twist1(+/-) mice, a murine model of Saethre-Chotzen syndrome. Calcif Tissue Int 2012; 91:255-66. [PMID: 22903506 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-012-9632-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The interrelationships among suture fusion, basicranial development, and subsequent resynostosis in syndromic craniosynostosis have yet to be examined. The objectives of this study were to determine the potential relationship between suture fusion and cranial base development in a model of syndromic craniosynostosis and to assess the effects of the syndrome on resynostosis following suturectomy. To do this, posterior frontal and coronal suture fusion, postnatal development of sphenooccipital synchondrosis, and resynostosis in Twist1(+/+) (WT) and Twist1(+/-) litter-matched mice (a model for Saethre-Chotzen syndrome) were quantified by evaluating μCT images with advanced image-processing algorithms. The coronal suture in Twist(+/-) mice developed, fused, and mineralized at a faster rate than that in normal littermates at postnatal days 6-30. Moreover, premature fusion of the coronal suture in Twist1(+/-) mice preceded alterations in cranial base development. Analysis of synchondrosis showed faster mineralization in Twist(+/-) mice at postnatal days 25-30. In a rapid resynostosis model, there was an inability to fuse both the midline posterior frontal suture and craniotomy defects in 21-day-old Twist(+/-) mice, despite having accelerated mineralization in the posterior frontal suture and defects. This study showed that dissimilarities between Twist1(+/+) and Twist1(+/-) mice are not limited to a fused coronal suture but include differences in fusion of other sutures, the regenerative capacity of the cranial vault, and the development of the cranial base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Hermann
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0363, USA
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Shibazaki-Yorozuya R, Wang Q, Dechow PC, Maki K, Opperman LA. Changes in biomechanical strain and morphology of rat calvarial sutures and bone after Tgf-β3 inhibition of posterior interfrontal suture fusion. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2012; 295:928-38. [PMID: 22528365 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Craniofacial sutures are bone growth fronts that respond and adapt to biomechanical environments. Little is known of the role sutures play in regulating the skull biomechanical environment during patency and fusion conditions, especially how delayed or premature suture fusion will impact skull biomechanics. Tgf-β3 has been shown to prevent or delay suture fusion over the short term in rat skulls, yet the long-term patency or its consequences in treated sutures is not known. It was therefore hypothesized that Tgf-β3 had a long-term impact to prevent suture fusion and thus alter the skull biomechanics. In this study, collagen gels containing 3 ng Tgf-β3 were surgically placed superficial to the posterior interfrontal suture (IFS) and deep to the periosteum in postnatal day 9 (P9) rats. At P9, P24, and P70, biting forces and strains over left parietal bone, posterior IFS, and sagittal suture were measured with masticatory muscles bilaterally stimulated, after which the rats were sacrificed and suture patency analyzed histologically. Results demonstrated that Tgf-β3 treated sutures showed less fusion over time than control groups, and strain patterns in the skulls of the Tgf-β3-treated group were different from that of the control group. Although bite force increased with age, no alterations in bite force were attributable to Tgf-β3 treatment. These findings suggest that the continued presence of patent sutures can affect strain patterns, perhaps when higher bite forces are present as in adult animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Shibazaki-Yorozuya
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M Health Science Center Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, USA
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Cray J, Cooper GM, Mooney MP, Siegel MI. Timing of ectocranial suture activity in Gorilla gorilla as related to cranial volume and dental eruption. J Anat 2011; 218:471-9. [PMID: 21385182 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2011.01358.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Research has shown that Pan and Homo have similar ectocranial suture synostosis patterns and a similar suture ontogeny (relative timing of suture fusion during the species ontogeny). This ontogeny includes patency during and after neurocranial expansion with a delayed bony response associated with adaptation to biomechanical forces generated by mastication. Here we investigate these relationships for Gorilla by examining the association among ectocranial suture morphology, cranial volume (as a proxy for neurocranial expansion) and dental development (as a proxy for the length of time that it has been masticating hard foods and exerting such strains on the cranial vault) in a large sample of Gorilla gorilla skulls. Two-hundred and fifty-five Gorilla gorilla skulls were examined for ectocranial suture closure status, cranial volume and dental eruption. Regression models were calculated for cranial volumes by suture activity, and Kendall's tau (a non-parametric measure of association) was calculated for dental eruption status by suture activity. Results suggest that, as reported for Pan and Homo, neurocranial expansion precedes suture synostosis activity. Here, Gorilla was shown to have a strong relationship between dental development and suture activity (synostosis). These data are suggestive of suture fusion extending further into ontogeny than brain expansion, similar to Homo and Pan. This finding allows for the possibility that masticatory forces influence ectocranial suture morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Cray
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Leonardi R, Sicurezza E, Cutrera A, Barbato E. Early post-treatment changes of circumaxillary sutures in young patients treated with rapid maxillary expansion. Angle Orthod 2011; 81:36-41. [PMID: 20936952 DOI: 10.2319/050910-250.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the null hypothesis that circumaxillary sutures do not show bony displacement in response to rapid maxillary expansion (RME) therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Subjects consisted of eight growing patients (two male and six female) with Angle Class I malocclusion, bilateral posterior crossbite, transverse maxillary deficiency, deep palatal vault, and dental crowding at the start of the treatment. A Hyrax palatal expander was used for each patient, and activation protocol required the screw to be turned three times per day (0.25 mm per turn) for an average of 18 days for all subjects. Multislice computed tomography (CT) scans were performed before rapid palatal expansion (time T0) and again at the end of the active expansion phase (time T1) without removing the expander. Measurements were carried out directly on the CT image using the OsiriX Imaging software program. Data were analyzed statistically by using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. RESULTS All linear measurements showed an increase between T0 and T1 and RME determined a widening of suture; however, sutures far from the maxilla showed a smaller degree of disarticulation. CONCLUSIONS The hypothesis is rejected. Early treatment with RME produced a significant bony displacement by circumaxillary suture opening. The amount of changes of sutures depends on different factors relating to the subjects and varies between different sutures, showing that sutures that articulate directly with the maxilla face a greater influence by the RME compared with those located further away.
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Yourek G, McCormick SM, Mao JJ, Reilly GC. Shear stress induces osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. Regen Med 2011; 5:713-24. [PMID: 20868327 DOI: 10.2217/rme.10.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To determine whether fluid flow-induced shear stress affects the differentiation of bone marrow-derived human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) into osteogenic cells. MATERIALS & METHODS hMSCs cultured with or without osteogenic differentiation medium were exposed to fluid flow-induced shear stress and analyzed for alkaline phosphatase activity and expression of osteogenic genes. RESULTS Immediately following shear stress, alkaline phosphatase activity in osteogenic medium was significantly increased. At days 4 and 8 of culture the mRNA expression of bone morphogenetic protein-2 and osteopontin was significantly higher in hMSCs subjected to shear stress than those cultured in static conditions. However, hMSCs cultured in osteogenic differentiation medium were less responsive in gene expression of alkaline phosphatase and bone morphogenetic protein-2. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate that shear stress stimulates hMSCs towards an osteoblastic phenotype in the absence of chemical induction, suggesting that certain mechanical stresses may serve as an alternative to chemical stimulation of stem cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Yourek
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Reed DA, Porro LB, Iriarte-Diaz J, Lemberg JB, Holliday CM, Anapol F, Ross CF. The impact of bone and suture material properties on mandibular function in Alligator mississippiensis: testing theoretical phenotypes with finite element analysis. J Anat 2010; 218:59-74. [PMID: 21091693 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2010.01319.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The functional effects of bone and suture stiffness were considered here using finite element models representing three different theoretical phenotypes of an Alligator mississippiensis mandible. The models were loaded using force estimates derived from muscle architecture in dissected specimens, constrained at the 18th and 19th teeth in the upper jaw and 19th tooth of the lower jaw, as well as at the quadrate-articular joint. Stiffness was varied systematically in each theoretical phenotype. The three theoretical phenotypes included: (i) linear elastic isotropic bone of varying stiffness and no sutures; (ii) linear elastic orthotropic bone of varying stiffness with no sutures; and (iii) linear elastic isotropic bone of a constant stiffness with varying suture stiffness. Variation in the isotropic material properties of bone primarily resulted in changes in the magnitude of principal strain. By comparison, variation in the orthotropic material properties of bone and isotropic material properties of sutures resulted in: a greater number of bricks becoming either more compressive or more tensile, changing between being either dominantly compressive or tensile, and having larger changes in the orientation of maximum principal strain. These data indicate that variation in these model properties resulted in changes to the strain regime of the model, highlighting the importance of using biologically verified material properties when modeling vertebrate bones. When bones were compared within each set, the response of each to changing material properties varied. In two of the 12 bones in the mandible, varied material properties within sutures resulted in a decrease in the magnitude of principal strain in bricks adjacent to the bone/suture interface and decreases in stored elastic energy. The varied response of the mandibular bones to changes in suture stiffness highlights the importance of defining the appropriate functional unit when addressing relationships of performance and morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Reed
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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35
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Holton NE, Franciscus RG, Marshall SD, Southard TE, Nieves MA. Nasal septal and premaxillary developmental integration: implications for facial reduction in Homo. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2010; 294:68-78. [PMID: 21157917 DOI: 10.1002/ar.21288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Revised: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The influence of the chondrocranium in craniofacial development and its role in the reduction of facial size and projection in the genus Homo is incompletely understood. As one component of the chondrocranium, the nasal septum has been argued to play a significant role in human midfacial growth, particularly with respect to its interaction with the premaxilla during prenatal and early postnatal development. Thus, understanding the precise role of nasal septal growth on the facial skeleton is potentially informative with respect to the evolutionary change in craniofacial form. In this study, we assessed the integrative effects of the nasal septum and premaxilla by experimentally reducing facial length in Sus scrofa via circummaxillary suture fixation. Following from the nasal septal-traction model, we tested the following hypotheses: (1) facial growth restriction produces no change in nasal septum length; and (2) restriction of facial length produces compensatory premaxillary growth due to continued nasal septal growth. With respect to hypothesis 1, we found no significant differences in septum length (using the vomer as a proxy) in our experimental (n = 10), control (n = 9) and surgical sham (n = 9) trial groups. With respect to hypothesis 2, the experimental group exhibited a significant increase in premaxilla length. Our hypotheses were further supported by multivariate geometric morphometric analysis and support an integrative relationship between the nasal septum and premaxilla. Thus, continued assessment of the growth and integration of the nasal septum and premaxilla is potentially informative regarding the complex developmental mechanisms that underlie facial reduction in genus Homo evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan E Holton
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.
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36
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Abstract
The profession of orthodontics is projected to face a multitude of challenges. Do cyclic forces accelerate the rate of tooth movement and hence the speed of orthodontic treatment? Would bioengineered cementum and dentine be a solution to root resorption? What would orthodontics be like when bioengineered periodontal ligament and alveolar bone become clinical practice, or one day, entire teeth are bioengineered? Would it be possible to selectively differentiate stem cells into osteoblasts or osteoclasts by either static or cyclic forces? What is the new demand on orthodontic expertise with increasingly automated appliances? What will be the impact of the next generation of dental implants or rapid prototyped crowns on orthodontics? A century ago, Edward Angle's practice of fixed appliances, along with other seminal contributions, such as functional appliances, established the profession of orthodontics. Today, the biophysical principles of orthodontics remain largely unchanged from Angle's era, despite incremental refinements of brackets and wires. The paucity of fundamental innovations in orthodontics for decades presents intrinsic risks for the profession. This review will identify challenges for contemporary orthodontics and delineate strategies for the profession to evolve in an era of unprecedented scientific and technological advances, and serve as a call to action for the orthodontic profession.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy J Mao
- Professor, College of Dental Medicine, Division of Orthodontics, Columbia University
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Holton NE, Franciscus RG, Nieves MA, Marshall SD, Reimer SB, Southard TE, Keller JC, Maddux SD. Sutural growth restriction and modern human facial evolution: an experimental study in a pig model. J Anat 2010; 216:48-61. [PMID: 19929910 PMCID: PMC2807975 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01162.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Facial size reduction and facial retraction are key features that distinguish modern humans from archaic Homo. In order to more fully understand the emergence of modern human craniofacial form, it is necessary to understand the underlying evolutionary basis for these defining characteristics. Although it is well established that the cranial base exerts considerable influence on the evolutionary and ontogenetic development of facial form, less emphasis has been placed on developmental factors intrinsic to the facial skeleton proper. The present analysis was designed to assess anteroposterior facial reduction in a pig model and to examine the potential role that this dynamic has played in the evolution of modern human facial form. Ten female sibship cohorts, each consisting of three individuals, were allocated to one of three groups. In the experimental group (n = 10), microplates were affixed bilaterally across the zygomaticomaxillary and frontonasomaxillary sutures at 2 months of age. The sham group (n = 10) received only screw implantation and the controls (n = 10) underwent no surgery. Following 4 months of post-surgical growth, we assessed variation in facial form using linear measurements and principal components analysis of Procrustes scaled landmarks. There were no differences between the control and sham groups; however, the experimental group exhibited a highly significant reduction in facial projection and overall size. These changes were associated with significant differences in the infraorbital region of the experimental group including the presence of an infraorbital depression and an inferiorly and coronally oriented infraorbital plane in contrast to a flat, superiorly and sagittally infraorbital plane in the control and sham groups. These altered configurations are markedly similar to important additional facial features that differentiate modern humans from archaic Homo, and suggest that facial length restriction via rigid plate fixation is a potentially useful model to assess the developmental factors that underlie changing patterns in craniofacial form associated with the emergence of modern humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan E Holton
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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Cray J, Meindl RS, Sherwood CC, Lovejoy CO. Ectocranial suture closure inPan troglodytesandGorilla gorilla: Pattern and phylogeny. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2008; 136:394-9. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.20821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Herring SW. Mechanical influences on suture development and patency. FRONTIERS OF ORAL BIOLOGY 2008; 12:41-56. [PMID: 18391494 DOI: 10.1159/0000115031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In addition to their role in skull growth, sutures are sites of flexibility between the more rigid bones. Depending on the suture, predominant loading during life may be either tensile or compressive. Loads are transmitted across sutures via collagenous fibers and a fluid-rich extracellular matrix and can be quasi-static (growth of neighboring tissues) or intermittent (mastication). The mechanical properties of sutures, while always viscoelastic, are therefore quite different for tensile versus compressive loading. The morphology of individual sutures reflects the nature of local loading, evidently by a process of developmental adaptation. In vivo or ex vivo, sutural cells respond to tensile or cyclic loading by expressing markers of proliferation and differentiation, whereas compressive loading appears to favor osteogenesis. Braincase and facial sutures exhibit similar mechanical behavior and reactions despite their different natural environments.
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40
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Effect of Low Magnitude and High Frequency Mechanical Stimuli on Defects Healing in Cranial Bones. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2008; 66:1104-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2008.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2006] [Accepted: 01/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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41
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Peptan AI, Lopez A, Kopher RA, Mao JJ. Responses of intramembranous bone and sutures upon in vivo cyclic tensile and compressive loading. Bone 2008; 42:432-8. [PMID: 18032124 PMCID: PMC4096789 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2007.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2007] [Revised: 05/28/2007] [Accepted: 05/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cranial vault and facial sutures interpose between mineralized bones of the skull, and may function analogously to appendicular and cranial base growth plates. However, unlike growth plates that are composed of chondrocyte lineage, cranial and facial sutures possess heterogeneous cell lineages such as mesenchymal cells, fibroblasts, and osteoblasts, in addition to vascular-derived cells. Despite recently intensified effort, the biological responses of intramembranous bone and sutures to mechanical loading are not well understood. This study was designed to investigate whether brief doses of tensile or compressive forces induce modeling and growth responses of intramembranous bone and sutures. In different groups of growing rabbits in vivo, cyclic tensile or compressive forces at 1 N and 8 Hz were applied to the maxilla for 20 min/day over 12 consecutive days. Computerized histomorphometric analyses revealed that the average sutural widths of both the premaxillomaxillary suture (PMS) and nasofrontal suture (NFS) loaded in either tension or compression were significantly higher than age- and sex-matched sham controls (P<0.01). The average cell densities of tension- or compression-loaded PMS and NFS were significantly higher than sham controls (P<0.01). The average osteoblast occupied sutural bone surface loaded under tension was significantly higher than that of sham control (P<0.05). Interestingly, tensile loading significantly reduced the average osteoclast surface, in comparison to sham control (P<0.05). For the NFS, tensile loading significantly increased the average osteoblast occupied sutural bone surface, in comparison with that of sham control (P<0.05). Also for the NFS suture, compression significantly reduced the average sutural osteoclast surface in comparison with sham control (P<0.05). Taken together, the present data suggest that high-frequency cyclic forces in either tension or compression induce modeling and growth changes in cranial sutures. Due to the structural complexity of cranial vault and facial sutures, either tensile or compressive forces likely are transmitted as shear stresses and upregulate genes and gene products responsible for sutural growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jeremy J. Mao
- Corresponding author: Jeremy J. Mao, DDS, PhD, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 W. 168 St. – PH7E - CDM, New York, NY 10032, USA, Phone: 212-305-4475, Fax: 212-342-0199,
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Tholpady SS, Freyman TF, Chachra D, Ogle RC. Tensional Forces Influence Gene Expression and Sutural State of Rat Calvariae In Vitro. Plast Reconstr Surg 2007; 120:601-611. [PMID: 17700110 DOI: 10.1097/01.prs.0000270284.69632.6b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Theories regarding the cause of craniosynostosis that are more than 15 years old cite the role that tensional forces play in the normal and abnormal development of the cranial suture. These theories highlight the effect of stress bands originating from the skull base to the vertex, guiding sutural development. METHODS In this study, the normally fusing posterior intrafrontal suture of the rat was subjected to 3 mN of tensional force for 30 minutes per day. The suture was then assessed for patency, proliferation, apoptosis, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta signaling components. RESULTS Sutures that were subjected to tensional force were histologically patent at the end of 14 days. This was in contrast to sutures that were maintained without force. Proliferative and apoptotic activity was increased also in sutures maintained open artificially. Interestingly, levels of active TGF-beta-signaling components were also increased in force-maintained sutures. CONCLUSIONS Sutural maintenance by mechanical force is concurrent with modulation of cellular activity and protein expression reminiscent of the open suture. This study demonstrates the dynamic reciprocity existing between biochemical activity and morphologic state. Although it is known that changes in TGF-betas and fibroblast growth factors can cause sutural fusion, this is the first study to demonstrate that abrogation of sutural closure is responsible for growth factor signaling modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil S Tholpady
- Charlottesville, Va.; and Cambridge, Mass. From the Departments of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Neurosurgery, and Cell Biology, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, and Departments of Material Science and Engineering and Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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43
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Shibazaki R, Dechow PC, Maki K, Opperman LA. Biomechanical Strain and Morphologic Changes with Age in Rat Calvarial Bone and Sutures. Plast Reconstr Surg 2007; 119:2167-2178. [PMID: 17519717 DOI: 10.1097/01.prs.0000260705.70329.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of calvarial sutures in transmitting biomechanical forces within the head is unclear. METHODS To examine the biomechanical characteristics of sutures, the authors measured bite force changes in rats and tested for alterations in strain across intrafrontal and sagittal sutures and within parietal bone with age. To understand the effects of suture fusion on strain distribution in the head, the authors measured percentage fusion of the intrafrontal sutures with age (n = 6 per age group). The masticatory muscles in anesthetized 9-, 24-, and 70-day-old rats (n = 15 per group) were bilaterally stimulated. Stacked delta rosette gauges were fixed across the intrafrontal sutures and sagittal suture, or on the parietal bone. Strain and bite force were measured with a bite force transducer positioned at the incisors. RESULTS Bite force increased significantly (p < 0.05) with age (9-day-old rats, 72.6 +/- 20 gf; 24-day-old rats, 707.3 +/- 150 gf; 70-day-old rats, 2425.6 +/- 255 gf). Some significant differences were found between the volume and direction of strain among sites and age groups. Compressive strains of 230 microepsilon on average were found across the intrafrontal sutures at all ages. In contrast, tensile strains less than 180 microepsilon on average were found across the sagittal sutures of 9- and 24-day-old rats, increasing to 940 microepsilon on average at day 70. Tensile strains in parietal bone tended to be less than 150 microepsilon. CONCLUSIONS The timing of sutural closure and patterns of transsutural strain do not suggest that strain patterns contribute to initial fusion in the intrafrontal sutures. Differences in strain are likely related to changes in rat skull kinetics with growth, perhaps resulting from fusion of the intrafrontal sutures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Shibazaki
- Dallas, Texas; and Tokyo, Japan From the Department of Biomedical Sciences and Center for Craniofacial Research and Diagnosis, Baylor College of Dentistry, Texas A&M Health Science Center, and Department of Orthodontics, Showa University School of Dentistry
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44
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Clark PA, Clark AM, Rodriguez A, Hussain MA, Mao JJ. Nanoscale characterization of bone–implant interface and biomechanical modulation of bone ingrowth. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2006.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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45
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Rogers GF, Greene AK, Oh AK, Robson C, Mulliken JB. Zygomaticotemporal synostosis: a rare cause of progressive facial asymmetry. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2007; 44:106-11. [PMID: 17214532 DOI: 10.1597/05-148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cranial synostosis is relatively common; however, premature closure of a facial suture is remarkably rare. We describe an adolescent male with zygomaticotemporal synostosis that manifested as progressive midfacial and orbital asymmetry, angulation of the cranial base, and nasal deviation. To our knowledge, this is the first description of this anomaly in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary F Rogers
- Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Othman H, Thonar EJ, Mao JJ. Modulation of neonatal growth plate development by ex vivo intermittent mechanical stress. J Biomech 2007; 40:2686-93. [PMID: 17346717 PMCID: PMC4035018 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2006.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2006] [Accepted: 12/14/2006] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Although growth plate response to mechanical stress has been increasingly studied, our understanding of mechanical modulation of neonatal growth plate is incomplete, especially concerning biochemical changes. This study was designed to explore the cellular and biochemical responses of the cranial base growth plate (CBGP) explant upon cyclic loading. The growth plate with subchondral bone was aseptically isolated from each of 24 neonatal rabbits and fixated in an organ culture system. Cyclic loading was applied to growth plate explants at 200 mN and 1 Hz for 60 min (N=12), whereas control explants were immersed in organ culture for 60 min without mechanical loading (N=12). Computerized image analysis revealed that cyclic loading induced significantly more proliferating chondrocytes than unloaded controls (p<0.001), as well as significantly higher growth plate height at 856+/-30 microm than the unloaded controls at 830+/-36 microm (p<0.05). Immunoblotting with monoclonal antibodies (mAb) disclosed that the average mAb binding area for chondroitin sulfate was significantly higher in the loaded specimens than the unloaded controls at (p<0.001). The average mAb binding area for keratan sulfate was also significantly higher in the loaded specimens than the unloaded controls (p<0.01). Biochemical analysis showed that the average total hyaluronan content of loaded specimens at 0.25+/-0.06 microg/microg DNA was significantly higher than the unloaded controls at 0.09+/-0.05 microg/microg DNA (p<0.01). Taken together, these data suggest that brief doses of cyclic, intermittent forces activate cellular and molecular responses in the CBGP ex vivo. Whether hyaluronan-mediated pathway is involved in the biological responses of growth plate to mechanical loading warrants additional investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Othman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University, 630 W. 168 Street, PH7 East SDOS, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Eugene J. Thonar
- Departments of Biochemistry and Orthopaedics, Rush University, 1735 W. Harrison Street, Suite 526 Cohn Building, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Jeremy J. Mao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University, 630 W. 168 Street, PH7 East SDOS, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 212 305 4475; fax: +1 212 342 0199. (J.J. Mao)
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Richtsmeier JT, Aldridge K, DeLeon VB, Panchal J, Kane AA, Marsh JL, Yan P, Cole TM. Phenotypic integration of neurocranium and brain. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2006; 306:360-78. [PMID: 16526048 PMCID: PMC2752667 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.21092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Evolutionary history of Mammalia provides strong evidence that the morphology of skull and brain change jointly in evolution. Formation and development of brain and skull co-occur and are dependent upon a series of morphogenetic and patterning processes driven by genes and their regulatory programs. Our current concept of skull and brain as separate tissues results in distinct analyses of these tissues by most researchers. In this study, we use 3D computed tomography and magnetic resonance images of pediatric individuals diagnosed with premature closure of cranial sutures (craniosynostosis) to investigate phenotypic relationships between the brain and skull. It has been demonstrated previously that the skull and brain acquire characteristic dysmorphologies in isolated craniosynostosis, but relatively little is known of the developmental interactions that produce these anomalies. Our comparative analysis of phenotypic integration of brain and skull in premature closure of the sagittal and the right coronal sutures demonstrates that brain and skull are strongly integrated and that the significant differences in patterns of association do not occur local to the prematurely closed suture. We posit that the current focus on the suture as the basis for this condition may identify a proximate, but not the ultimate cause for these conditions. Given that premature suture closure reduces the number of cranial bones, and that a persistent loss of skull bones is demonstrated over the approximately 150 million years of synapsid evolution, craniosynostosis may serve as an informative model for evolution of the mammalian skull.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan T Richtsmeier
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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Abstract
This study investigates the role of bone resorption in defining interdigitations characteristic of cranial suture waveform. Male mice from the CD-1 (ICR) background were analyzed at six age groups (n = 5 mice per group) in order to study the ontogenetic changes of osteoclast counts using tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-stained histological sections of sagittal sutures. Additionally, the complexity of suture lines were measured ectocranially from the same age groups (n = 5 per group) using image capture and fractal geometry (ruler dimension method). The results suggest that osteoclast resorption is a contributor to suture patterning. Specifically, osteoclasts show the greatest activity along concave suture regions at 42 and 84 days (Kruskal-Wallis test statistic = 14.9; P < or = 0.01). This coincides with significant increases incrementally in suture complexity as measured with fractal dimension at 42 and 84 days of age (ANOVA F-statistic = 19.84; P < or = 0.001). In congruence with these data, mice given osteoclast-depleting injections of alendronate show a decrease in sagittal suture complexity. Data from this experiment indicate a positive relationship between suture complexity and osteoclast count (P < 0.01; r = 76%). Increases in suture complexity and osteoclast activity occur after peak rates of cranial width growth and coincide with weaning and the transition to a hard chow diet. These data demonstrate osteoclasts along the bone margin of the cranial suture and also indicate that sutures attain their complex shape at the same age when osteoclast number is highest along concave suture margins, underscoring the role of osteoclasts in generating the suture waveform pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Daniel Byron
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA.
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Alaqeel SM, Hinton RJ, Opperman LA. Cellular response to force application at craniofacial sutures. Orthod Craniofac Res 2006; 9:111-22. [PMID: 16918675 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-6343.2006.00371.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To provide a comprehensive review of the literature describing research done on the responses of suture cells to force application in vitro and in vivo. DESIGN AND RESULTS This review outlines the types of forces that can be applied, methods of applying the forces, the sutures used in experiments, and the changes in morphology, molecular biology (gene and protein expression), and cell biology (proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis) in response to these forces. CONCLUSION The molecular response of sutures to force needs to be further investigated as these molecules can be used to enhance the way in which craniofacial sutures respond to mechanical force during orthopedic-orthodontic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Alaqeel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Dentistry, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, Dallas, TX 75266-0677, USA
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Nicolay CW, Vaders MJ. Cranial suture complexity in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). J Morphol 2006; 267:841-9. [PMID: 16625651 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Neurocranial expansion and mastication are commonly implicated as the two major biomechanical factors affecting suture morphology. In deer the antlers provide an additional source of biomechanical stress acting on the skull. Equivalent stresses are not found in females, who lack antlers. We analyzed the complexity and interdigitation of the interfrontal and coronal sutures that surround the antler-bearing frontal bones of (n = 67) white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) to 1) evaluate changes in suture morphology throughout ontogeny, and 2) test the hypothesis that male deer have more complex sutures than females. Two methods were used to quantify suture morphology: fractal analysis and length-ratios (actual suture length divided by direct straightline length). Both techniques produced similar results, although the two methods cannot be considered equivalent. Suture complexity increases markedly throughout ontogeny, but appears to level off after animals have reached adulthood. Cranial size in males, but not females, continues to increase in adults. No significant increase in suture complexity with age in the adult cohort was detected. While deer are highly dimorphic in size and the presence of antlers, no significant differences existed between males and females for any measure of suture complexity. No consistent patterns emerged between suture complexity and skull size or antler characteristics. The presence of antlers appears to have a minimal effect on suture complexity in white-tailed deer. Factors that may contribute to the lack of dimorphism in suture complexity are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Nicolay
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Asheville, Asheville, North Carolina 28804, USA.
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