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Bo T, Yan F, Guo J, Lin X, Zhang H, Guan Q, Wang H, Fang L, Gao L, Zhao J, Xu C. Characterization of a Relatively Malignant Form of Osteopetrosis Caused by a Novel Mutation in the PLEKHM1 Gene. J Bone Miner Res 2016; 31:1979-1987. [PMID: 27291868 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Osteopetrosis (OMIM: 611497), literally "stone bone," is a group of inherited bone disorders characterized by increased skeletal mass due to defective osteoclast function. A patient who reported a history of frequent fractures, weakness and fatigue was admitted to our hospital in 2011. The patient presented with the typical features of osteopetrosis: fractures after minor trauma, early tooth loss, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, and a generalized increase in bone mineral density (BMD). Aside from his father's complaint of excessive tooth loss, his mother, two sisters, son, and daughter were healthy. Blood samples of the family members were drawn for genetic analyses. The entire coding region and adjacent splice sites of the pleckstrin homology domain-containing family M (with RUN domain) member 1 (PLEKHM1) gene were sequenced. One mutation, a heterozygous deletion mutation in exon 11 (c.3051_3052delCA), was identified in the patient but not in his relatives. The mutation leads to a translation product with a highly impaired Rubicon homology domain. Co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence analyses using HEK293 cells showed that overexpression of a PLEKHM1 CA-deletion mutant resulted in a dramatic decrease in the interaction between PLEKHM1 and the small GTPase Rab7 compared to wild-type PLEKHM1. The normal processes of endocytosis and autophagy were disturbed in cells expressing the mutant (transfected HEK293 and U937 cells), as indicated by epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) degradation and an altered LC3-I/II ratio, respectively, which may lead to a defect in osteoclast function. A four-year follow-up study of the patient showed that the PLEKHM1-dependent osteopetrosis was relatively malignant, with significant symptoms of pancytopenia and hepatosplenomegaly. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Bo
- Scientific Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Institute of Endocrinology, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Fang Yan
- Department of Pain Management, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jun Guo
- Institute of Endocrinology, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoyan Lin
- Pathology Department, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Haiqing Zhang
- Institute of Endocrinology, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qingbo Guan
- Institute of Endocrinology, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hai Wang
- Institute of Endocrinology, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Li Fang
- Institute of Endocrinology, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ling Gao
- Institute of Endocrinology, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jiajun Zhao
- Institute of Endocrinology, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Chao Xu
- Institute of Endocrinology, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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5
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Gregson CL, Wheeler L, Hardcastle SA, Appleton LH, Addison KA, Brugmans M, Clark GR, Ward KA, Paggiosi M, Stone M, Thomas J, Agarwal R, Poole KES, McCloskey E, Fraser WD, Williams E, Bullock AN, Davey Smith G, Brown MA, Tobias JH, Duncan EL. Mutations in Known Monogenic High Bone Mass Loci Only Explain a Small Proportion of High Bone Mass Cases. J Bone Miner Res 2016; 31:640-9. [PMID: 26348019 PMCID: PMC4832273 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
High bone mass (HBM) can be an incidental clinical finding; however, monogenic HBM disorders (eg, LRP5 or SOST mutations) are rare. We aimed to determine to what extent HBM is explained by mutations in known HBM genes. A total of 258 unrelated HBM cases were identified from a review of 335,115 DXA scans from 13 UK centers. Cases were assessed clinically and underwent sequencing of known anabolic HBM loci: LRP5 (exons 2, 3, 4), LRP4 (exons 25, 26), SOST (exons 1, 2, and the van Buchem's disease [VBD] 52-kb intronic deletion 3'). Family members were assessed for HBM segregation with identified variants. Three-dimensional protein models were constructed for identified variants. Two novel missense LRP5 HBM mutations ([c.518C>T; p.Thr173Met], [c.796C>T; p.Arg266Cys]) were identified, plus three previously reported missense LRP5 mutations ([c.593A>G; p.Asn198Ser], [c.724G>A; p.Ala242Thr], [c.266A>G; p.Gln89Arg]), associated with HBM in 11 adults from seven families. Individuals with LRP5 HBM (∼prevalence 5/100,000) displayed a variable phenotype of skeletal dysplasia with increased trabecular BMD and cortical thickness on HRpQCT, and gynoid fat mass accumulation on DXA, compared with both non-LRP5 HBM and controls. One mostly asymptomatic woman carried a novel heterozygous nonsense SOST mutation (c.530C>A; p.Ser177X) predicted to prematurely truncate sclerostin. Protein modeling suggests the severity of the LRP5-HBM phenotype corresponds to the degree of protein disruption and the consequent effect on SOST-LRP5 binding. We predict p.Asn198Ser and p.Ala242Thr directly disrupt SOST binding; both correspond to severe HBM phenotypes (BMD Z-scores +3.1 to +12.2, inability to float). Less disruptive structural alterations predicted from p.Arg266Cys, p.Thr173Met, and p.Gln89Arg were associated with less severe phenotypes (Z-scores +2.4 to +6.2, ability to float). In conclusion, although mutations in known HBM loci may be asymptomatic, they only account for a very small proportion (∼3%) of HBM individuals, suggesting the great majority are explained by either unknown monogenic causes or polygenic inheritance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia L Gregson
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK
| | - Lawrie Wheeler
- Human Genetics Group, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sarah A Hardcastle
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK
| | - Louise H Appleton
- NIHR Oxford Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Kathryn A Addison
- Human Genetics Group, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Marieke Brugmans
- Human Genetics Group, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Graeme R Clark
- Human Genetics Group, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kate A Ward
- MRC Human Nutrition Research Unit, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Margaret Paggiosi
- Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Academic Unit of Bone Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Mike Stone
- Bone Research Unit, University Hospital Llandough, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff, UK
| | - Joegi Thomas
- James Paget University Hospital Foundation NHS Trust, Norfolk, UK
| | - Rohan Agarwal
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Eugene McCloskey
- Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Academic Unit of Bone Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - William D Fraser
- Department of Medicine, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Eleanor Williams
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alex N Bullock
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Matthew A Brown
- Human Genetics Group, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jon H Tobias
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK
| | - Emma L Duncan
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK.,Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
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10
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Van Wesenbeeck L, Odgren PR, Coxon FP, Frattini A, Moens P, Perdu B, MacKay CA, Van Hul E, Timmermans JP, Vanhoenacker F, Jacobs R, Peruzzi B, Teti A, Helfrich MH, Rogers MJ, Villa A, Van Hul W. Involvement of PLEKHM1 in osteoclastic vesicular transport and osteopetrosis in incisors absent rats and humans. J Clin Invest 2007; 117:919-30. [PMID: 17404618 PMCID: PMC1838941 DOI: 10.1172/jci30328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2006] [Accepted: 01/23/2007] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study illustrates that Plekhm1 is an essential protein for bone resorption, as loss-of-function mutations were found to underlie the osteopetrotic phenotype of the incisors absent rat as well as an intermediate type of human osteopetrosis. Electron and confocal microscopic analysis demonstrated that monocytes from a patient homozygous for the mutation differentiated into osteoclasts normally, but when cultured on dentine discs, the osteoclasts failed to form ruffled borders and showed little evidence of bone resorption. The presence of both RUN and pleckstrin homology domains suggests that Plekhm1 may be linked to small GTPase signaling. We found that Plekhm1 colocalized with Rab7 to late endosomal/lysosomal vesicles in HEK293 and osteoclast-like cells, an effect that was dependent on the prenylation of Rab7. In conclusion, we believe PLEKHM1 to be a novel gene implicated in the development of osteopetrosis, with a putative critical function in vesicular transport in the osteoclast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesbeth Van Wesenbeeck
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.
Instituto Tecnologie Biomediche, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy.
Pediatric Orthopaedics, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Paul R. Odgren
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.
Instituto Tecnologie Biomediche, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy.
Pediatric Orthopaedics, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Fraser P. Coxon
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.
Instituto Tecnologie Biomediche, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy.
Pediatric Orthopaedics, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Annalisa Frattini
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.
Instituto Tecnologie Biomediche, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy.
Pediatric Orthopaedics, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Pierre Moens
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.
Instituto Tecnologie Biomediche, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy.
Pediatric Orthopaedics, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Bram Perdu
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.
Instituto Tecnologie Biomediche, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy.
Pediatric Orthopaedics, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Carole A. MacKay
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.
Instituto Tecnologie Biomediche, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy.
Pediatric Orthopaedics, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Els Van Hul
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.
Instituto Tecnologie Biomediche, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy.
Pediatric Orthopaedics, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Jean-Pierre Timmermans
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.
Instituto Tecnologie Biomediche, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy.
Pediatric Orthopaedics, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Filip Vanhoenacker
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.
Instituto Tecnologie Biomediche, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy.
Pediatric Orthopaedics, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Ruben Jacobs
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.
Instituto Tecnologie Biomediche, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy.
Pediatric Orthopaedics, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Barbara Peruzzi
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.
Instituto Tecnologie Biomediche, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy.
Pediatric Orthopaedics, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Anna Teti
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.
Instituto Tecnologie Biomediche, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy.
Pediatric Orthopaedics, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Miep H. Helfrich
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.
Instituto Tecnologie Biomediche, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy.
Pediatric Orthopaedics, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Michael J. Rogers
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.
Instituto Tecnologie Biomediche, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy.
Pediatric Orthopaedics, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Anna Villa
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.
Instituto Tecnologie Biomediche, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy.
Pediatric Orthopaedics, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Wim Van Hul
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.
Instituto Tecnologie Biomediche, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy.
Pediatric Orthopaedics, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
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