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Liang G, Chen Z, Yang S, Mei H, Zhou Y, Yang L, Zhou P, Yang S, Shu M, Liao C, Wu S, Li G, He L, Gao J, Gan M, Li D, Chen G, Wang G, Long S, Jing J, Zheng X, Zeng H, Zhang Q, Zhang M, Yang Q, Tian F, Tong J, Wang J, Liu Y, Li B, Qiu L, Cai S, Zhao N, Yang Y, Su X, Song J, Chen M, Zhang X, Sun J, Li J, Chen G, Chen G, Deng J, Peng C, Zhu W, Xu L, Wu Y, Liao L, Li Z, Li J, Lu D, Su Q, Huang Z, Zhou P, Li Z. Recognition for avian influenza virus proteins based on support vector machine and linear discriminant analysis. SCIENCE IN CHINA. SERIES B, CHEMISTRY 2008; 51:166-170. [PMID: 38624277 PMCID: PMC7089115 DOI: 10.1007/s11426-008-0006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2005] [Accepted: 03/13/2006] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Total 200 properties related to structural characteristics were employed to represent structures of 400 HA coded proteins of influenza virus as training samples. Some recognition models for HA proteins of avian influenza virus (AIV) were developed using support vector machine (SVM) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA). The results obtained from LDA are as follows: the identification accuracy (R ia) for training samples is 99.8% and R ia by leave one out cross validation is 99.5%. Both R ia of 99.8% for training samples and R ia of 99.3% by leave one out cross validation are obtained using SVM model, respectively. External 200 HA proteins of influenza virus were used to validate the external predictive power of the resulting model. The external R ia for them is 95.5% by LDA and 96.5% by SVM, respectively, which shows that HA proteins of AIVs are preferably recognized by SVM and LDA, and the performances by SVM are superior to those by LDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- GuiZhao Liang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering under Ministry of Education at Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
| | - ZeCong Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering under Ministry of Education at Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
| | - ShanBin Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering under Ministry of Education at Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
| | - Hu Mei
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering under Ministry of Education at Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering under Ministry of Education at Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
| | - Li Yang
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering under Ministry of Education at Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
| | - Peng Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
| | - ShengXi Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
| | - Mao Shu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
| | - ChunYang Liao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering under Ministry of Education at Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
| | - ShiRong Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering under Ministry of Education at Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
| | - GenRong Li
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering under Ministry of Education at Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
| | - Liu He
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering under Ministry of Education at Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
| | - JianKun Gao
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering under Ministry of Education at Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
| | - MengYu Gan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering under Ministry of Education at Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
| | - DeJing Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering under Ministry of Education at Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
| | - GuoPing Chen
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering under Ministry of Education at Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
| | - GuiXue Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering under Ministry of Education at Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
| | - Sha Long
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering under Ministry of Education at Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
| | - JuHua Jing
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering under Ministry of Education at Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
| | - XiaoLin Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering under Ministry of Education at Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
| | - Hui Zeng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering under Ministry of Education at Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
| | - QiaoXia Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering under Ministry of Education at Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
| | - MengJun Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering under Ministry of Education at Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
| | - Qi Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering under Ministry of Education at Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
| | - FeiFei Tian
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering under Ministry of Education at Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
| | - JianBo Tong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering under Ministry of Education at Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
| | - JiaoNa Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
| | - YongHong Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering under Ministry of Education at Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
| | - Bo Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
| | - LiangJia Qiu
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering under Ministry of Education at Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
| | - ShaoXi Cai
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering under Ministry of Education at Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
| | - Na Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering under Ministry of Education at Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
| | - Yan Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering under Ministry of Education at Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
| | - XiaLi Su
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering under Ministry of Education at Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
| | - Jian Song
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering under Ministry of Education at Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
| | - MeiXia Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering under Ministry of Education at Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
| | - XueJiao Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering under Ministry of Education at Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
| | - JiaYing Sun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering under Ministry of Education at Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
| | - JingWei Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering under Ministry of Education at Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
| | - GuoHua Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering under Ministry of Education at Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
| | - Gang Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
- Technology Centre for Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Singapore Polytechnic, Singapore, 139651 Singapore
| | - Jie Deng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering under Ministry of Education at Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
| | - ChuanYou Peng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering under Ministry of Education at Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
| | - WanPing Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
| | - LuoNan Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering under Ministry of Education at Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
| | - YuQuan Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering under Ministry of Education at Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
| | - LiMin Liao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering under Ministry of Education at Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
| | - Zhi Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering under Ministry of Education at Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
| | - Jun Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
| | - DaJun Lu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
| | - QinLiang Su
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
| | - ZhengHu Huang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering under Ministry of Education at Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
| | - Ping Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering under Ministry of Education at Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
| | - ZhiLiang Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering under Ministry of Education at Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
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Li Z, Wu S, Chen Z, Ye N, Yang S, Liao C, Zhang M, Yang L, Mei H, Yang Y, Zhao N, Zhou Y, Zhou P, Xiong Q, Xu H, Liu S, Ling Z, Chen G, Li G. Structural parameterization and functional prediction of antigenic polypeptome sequences with biological activity through quantitative sequence-activity models (QSAM) by molecular electronegativity edge-distance vector (VMED). SCIENCE IN CHINA. SERIES C, LIFE SCIENCES 2007; 50:706-16. [PMID: 17879071 PMCID: PMC7089106 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-007-0080-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2006] [Accepted: 06/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Only from the primary structures of peptides, a new set of descriptors called the molecular electronegativity edge-distance vector (VMED) was proposed and applied to describing and characterizing the molecular structures of oligopeptides and polypeptides, based on the electronegativity of each atom or electronic charge index (ECI) of atomic clusters and the bonding distance between atom-pairs. Here, the molecular structures of antigenic polypeptides were well expressed in order to propose the automated technique for the computerized identification of helper T lymphocyte (Th) epitopes. Furthermore, a modified MED vector was proposed from the primary structures of polypeptides, based on the ECI and the relative bonding distance of the fundamental skeleton groups. The side-chains of each amino acid were here treated as a pseudo-atom. The developed VMED was easy to calculate and able to work. Some quantitative model was established for 28 immunogenic or antigenic polypeptides (AGPP) with 14 (1-14) A(d) and 14 other restricted activities assigned as "1"(+) and "0"(-), respectively. The latter comprised 6 A(b)(15-20), 3 A(k)(21-23), 2 E(k)(24-26), 2 H-2(k)(27 and 28) restricted sequences. Good results were obtained with 90% correct classification (only 2 wrong ones for 20 training samples) and 100% correct prediction (none wrong for 8 testing samples); while contrastively 100% correct classification (none wrong for 20 training samples) and 88% correct classification (1 wrong for 8 testing samples). Both stochastic samplings and cross validations were performed to demonstrate good performance. The described method may also be suitable for estimation and prediction of classes I and II for major histocompatibility antigen (MHC) epitope of human. It will be useful in immune identification and recognition of proteins and genes and in the design and development of subunit vaccines. Several quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) models were developed for various oligopeptides and polypeptides including 58 dipeptides and 31 pentapeptides with angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition by multiple linear regression (MLR) method. In order to explain the ability to characterize molecular structure of polypeptides, a molecular modeling investigation on QSAR was performed for functional prediction of polypeptide sequences with antigenic activity and heptapeptide sequences with tachykinin activity through quantitative sequence-activity models (QSAMs) by the molecular electronegativity edge-distance vector (VMED). The results showed that VMED exhibited both excellent structural selectivity and good activity prediction. Moreover, the results showed that VMED behaved quite well for both QSAR and QSAM of poly-and oligopeptides, which exhibited both good estimation ability and prediction power, equal to or better than those reported in the previous references. Finally, a preliminary conclusion was drawn: both classical and modified MED vectors were very useful structural descriptors. Some suggestions were proposed for further studies on QSAR/QSAM of proteins in various fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZhiLiang Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory for Chemobiomedical Science and Engineering under Chongqing Municipality, College of Life Science and Biological Engineering/Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering under Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
- State Key Laboratory for Chemobiosensors and Chemobiometrics under MOST at Hunan University, Changsha, 410012 China
| | - ShiRong Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory for Chemobiomedical Science and Engineering under Chongqing Municipality, College of Life Science and Biological Engineering/Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering under Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
- State Key Laboratory for Chemobiosensors and Chemobiometrics under MOST at Hunan University, Changsha, 410012 China
| | - ZeCong Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory for Chemobiomedical Science and Engineering under Chongqing Municipality, College of Life Science and Biological Engineering/Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering under Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
- State Key Laboratory for Chemobiosensors and Chemobiometrics under MOST at Hunan University, Changsha, 410012 China
| | - Nancy Ye
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory for Chemobiomedical Science and Engineering under Chongqing Municipality, College of Life Science and Biological Engineering/Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering under Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
- State Key Laboratory for Chemobiosensors and Chemobiometrics under MOST at Hunan University, Changsha, 410012 China
| | - ShengXi Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory for Chemobiomedical Science and Engineering under Chongqing Municipality, College of Life Science and Biological Engineering/Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering under Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
- State Key Laboratory for Chemobiosensors and Chemobiometrics under MOST at Hunan University, Changsha, 410012 China
| | - ChunYang Liao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory for Chemobiomedical Science and Engineering under Chongqing Municipality, College of Life Science and Biological Engineering/Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering under Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
- State Key Laboratory for Chemobiosensors and Chemobiometrics under MOST at Hunan University, Changsha, 410012 China
| | - MengJun Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory for Chemobiomedical Science and Engineering under Chongqing Municipality, College of Life Science and Biological Engineering/Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering under Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
- State Key Laboratory for Chemobiosensors and Chemobiometrics under MOST at Hunan University, Changsha, 410012 China
- Department of Medical Analysis/PLA Center of Bioinformatics Immunology, Surgeon Third University, Chongqing, 400031 China
| | - Li Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory for Chemobiomedical Science and Engineering under Chongqing Municipality, College of Life Science and Biological Engineering/Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering under Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
- State Key Laboratory for Chemobiosensors and Chemobiometrics under MOST at Hunan University, Changsha, 410012 China
| | - Hu Mei
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory for Chemobiomedical Science and Engineering under Chongqing Municipality, College of Life Science and Biological Engineering/Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering under Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
- State Key Laboratory for Chemobiosensors and Chemobiometrics under MOST at Hunan University, Changsha, 410012 China
- Technology Centre for Life Sciences, Singapore Polytechnic, 500 Dover Road, Singapore, 139651 Singapore
| | - Yan Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory for Chemobiomedical Science and Engineering under Chongqing Municipality, College of Life Science and Biological Engineering/Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering under Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
- State Key Laboratory for Chemobiosensors and Chemobiometrics under MOST at Hunan University, Changsha, 410012 China
| | - Na Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory for Chemobiomedical Science and Engineering under Chongqing Municipality, College of Life Science and Biological Engineering/Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering under Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
- State Key Laboratory for Chemobiosensors and Chemobiometrics under MOST at Hunan University, Changsha, 410012 China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory for Chemobiomedical Science and Engineering under Chongqing Municipality, College of Life Science and Biological Engineering/Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering under Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
- State Key Laboratory for Chemobiosensors and Chemobiometrics under MOST at Hunan University, Changsha, 410012 China
| | - Ping Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory for Chemobiomedical Science and Engineering under Chongqing Municipality, College of Life Science and Biological Engineering/Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering under Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
- State Key Laboratory for Chemobiosensors and Chemobiometrics under MOST at Hunan University, Changsha, 410012 China
| | - Qing Xiong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory for Chemobiomedical Science and Engineering under Chongqing Municipality, College of Life Science and Biological Engineering/Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering under Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
- State Key Laboratory for Chemobiosensors and Chemobiometrics under MOST at Hunan University, Changsha, 410012 China
| | - Hong Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory for Chemobiomedical Science and Engineering under Chongqing Municipality, College of Life Science and Biological Engineering/Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering under Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
- State Key Laboratory for Chemobiosensors and Chemobiometrics under MOST at Hunan University, Changsha, 410012 China
| | - ShuShen Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory for Chemobiomedical Science and Engineering under Chongqing Municipality, College of Life Science and Biological Engineering/Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering under Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
- State Key Laboratory for Chemobiosensors and Chemobiometrics under MOST at Hunan University, Changsha, 410012 China
| | - ZiHua Ling
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory for Chemobiomedical Science and Engineering under Chongqing Municipality, College of Life Science and Biological Engineering/Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering under Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
- State Key Laboratory for Chemobiosensors and Chemobiometrics under MOST at Hunan University, Changsha, 410012 China
| | - Gang Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory for Chemobiomedical Science and Engineering under Chongqing Municipality, College of Life Science and Biological Engineering/Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering under Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
- State Key Laboratory for Chemobiosensors and Chemobiometrics under MOST at Hunan University, Changsha, 410012 China
- Technology Centre for Life Sciences, Singapore Polytechnic, 500 Dover Road, Singapore, 139651 Singapore
| | - GenRong Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory for Chemobiomedical Science and Engineering under Chongqing Municipality, College of Life Science and Biological Engineering/Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering under Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
- State Key Laboratory for Chemobiosensors and Chemobiometrics under MOST at Hunan University, Changsha, 410012 China
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