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Niemitz L, van der Stel SD, Sorensen S, Messina W, Venkata Sekar SK, Sterenborg HJCM, Andersson-Engels S, Ruers TJM, Burke R. Microcamera Visualisation System to Overcome Specular Reflections for Tissue Imaging. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:mi14051062. [PMID: 37241685 DOI: 10.3390/mi14051062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In vivo tissue imaging is an essential tool for medical diagnosis, surgical guidance, and treatment. However, specular reflections caused by glossy tissue surfaces can significantly degrade image quality and hinder the accuracy of imaging systems. In this work, we further the miniaturisation of specular reflection reduction techniques using micro cameras, which have the potential to act as intra-operative supportive tools for clinicians. In order to remove these specular reflections, two small form factor camera probes, handheld at 10 mm footprint and miniaturisable to 2.3 mm, are developed using different modalities, with line-of-sight to further miniaturisation. (1) The sample is illuminated via multi-flash technique from four different positions, causing a shift in reflections which are then filtered out in a post-processing image reconstruction step. (2) The cross-polarisation technique integrates orthogonal polarisers onto the tip of the illumination fibres and camera, respectively, to filter out the polarisation maintaining reflections. These form part of a portable imaging system that is capable of rapid image acquisition using different illumination wavelengths, and employs techniques that lend themselves well to further footprint reduction. We demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed system with validating experiments on tissue-mimicking phantoms with high surface reflection, as well as on excised human breast tissue. We show that both methods can provide clear and detailed images of tissue structures along with the effective removal of distortion or artefacts caused by specular reflections. Our results suggest that the proposed system can improve the image quality of miniature in vivo tissue imaging systems and reveal underlying feature information at depth, for both human and machine observers, leading to better diagnosis and treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Niemitz
- Biophotonics @ Tyndall, IPIC, Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, T12 R5CP Cork, Ireland
| | - Stefan D van der Stel
- Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Group Nanobiophysics, Faculty TNW, Twente University, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Simon Sorensen
- Biophotonics @ Tyndall, IPIC, Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, T12 R5CP Cork, Ireland
| | - Walter Messina
- Biophotonics @ Tyndall, IPIC, Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, T12 R5CP Cork, Ireland
| | - Sanathana Konugolu Venkata Sekar
- Biophotonics @ Tyndall, IPIC, Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, T12 R5CP Cork, Ireland
- BioPixS Ltd.-Biophotonics Standards, IPIC, Lee Maltings Complex, Dyke Parade, T12 R5CP Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Stefan Andersson-Engels
- Biophotonics @ Tyndall, IPIC, Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, T12 R5CP Cork, Ireland
- BioPixS Ltd.-Biophotonics Standards, IPIC, Lee Maltings Complex, Dyke Parade, T12 R5CP Cork, Ireland
- Department of Physics, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland
| | - Theo J M Ruers
- Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Group Nanobiophysics, Faculty TNW, Twente University, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Ray Burke
- Biophotonics @ Tyndall, IPIC, Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, T12 R5CP Cork, Ireland
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Zhao Y, Raghuram A, Wang F, Kim SH, Hielscher A, Robinson JT, Veeraraghavan A. Unrolled-DOT: an interpretable deep network for diffuse optical tomography. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2023; 28:036002. [PMID: 36908760 PMCID: PMC9995139 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.28.3.036002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Significance Imaging through scattering media is critical in many biomedical imaging applications, such as breast tumor detection and functional neuroimaging. Time-of-flight diffuse optical tomography (ToF-DOT) is one of the most promising methods for high-resolution imaging through scattering media. ToF-DOT and many traditional DOT methods require an image reconstruction algorithm. Unfortunately, this algorithm often requires long computational runtimes and may produce lower quality reconstructions in the presence of model mismatch or improper hyperparameter tuning. Aim We used a data-driven unrolled network as our ToF-DOT inverse solver. The unrolled network is faster than traditional inverse solvers and achieves higher reconstruction quality by accounting for model mismatch. Approach Our model "Unrolled-DOT" uses the learned iterative shrinkage thresholding algorithm. In addition, we incorporate a refinement U-Net and Visual Geometry Group (VGG) perceptual loss to further increase the reconstruction quality. We trained and tested our model on simulated and real-world data and benchmarked against physics-based and learning-based inverse solvers. Results In experiments on real-world data, Unrolled-DOT outperformed learning-based algorithms and achieved over 10× reduction in runtime and mean-squared error, compared to traditional physics-based solvers. Conclusion We demonstrated a learning-based ToF-DOT inverse solver that achieves state-of-the-art performance in speed and reconstruction quality, which can aid in future applications for noninvasive biomedical imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyi Zhao
- Rice University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Ankit Raghuram
- Rice University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Fay Wang
- Columbia University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, New York, New York, United States
| | - Stephen Hyunkeol Kim
- Columbia University Irvine Medical Center, Department of Radiology, New York, New York, United States
- New York University - Tandon School of Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, New York, New York, United States
| | - Andreas Hielscher
- New York University - Tandon School of Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, New York, New York, United States
| | - Jacob T. Robinson
- Rice University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Ashok Veeraraghavan
- Rice University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Houston, Texas, United States
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Singh MD, Vitkin IA. Discriminating turbid media by scatterer size and scattering coefficient using backscattered linearly and circularly polarized light. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:6831-6843. [PMID: 34858683 PMCID: PMC8606157 DOI: 10.1364/boe.438631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The effects of scatterer size and scattering coefficient on backscattered linearly and circularly polarized light are investigated through Stokes polarimetry. High-SNR polarization modulation/synchronous detection measurements are corroborated by polarization-sensitive Monte Carlo simulations. Circular degree of polarization (DOP) is found to be sensitive to scatterer size, but is equivocal at times due to helicity flipping effects; linear DOP appears to be mostly dependent on the medium scattering coefficient. We exploit these trends to generate a DOPC - DOPL response surface which clusters turbid samples based on these medium properties. This work may prove useful in biomedicine, for example in noninvasive assessment of epithelial precancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Singh
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - I. Alex Vitkin
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Biophysics and Bioimaging, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Macdonald CM, Sridhar S, Do HTX, Luna-Labrador J, Adel M, Da Silva A. Controlling the optical pathlength in continuous-wave reflectance spectroscopy using polarization. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:4401-4413. [PMID: 34457421 PMCID: PMC8367255 DOI: 10.1364/boe.426627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We investigate potential improvements of continuous-wave diffuse reflectance spectroscopy within highly scattering media by employing polarization gating. Simulations are used to show the extent at which the effective optical pathlength varies in a typical scattering medium as a function of the optical wavelength, the total level of absorption, and the selected polarization channels, including elliptical and circular polarization channels. Experiments then demonstrate that a wavelength dependent polarization gating scheme may reduce the prior knowledge required to solve the problem of chromophore quantification. This is achieved by finding combinations of polarization channels which have similar effective optical pathlengths through the medium at each wavelength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callum M. Macdonald
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Marseille, France
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Susmita Sridhar
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Marseille, France
| | - Hung T. X. Do
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Marseille, France
| | - Javier Luna-Labrador
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Marseille, France
| | - Mouloud Adel
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Marseille, France
| | - Anabela Da Silva
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Marseille, France
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5
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Bao J, Zha B, Xu C, Zhang H. Study of a laser echo in an inhomogeneous dust environment with a continuous field Monte Carlo radiative transfer model. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:17976-17996. [PMID: 34154068 DOI: 10.1364/oe.426711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A continuous field Monte Carlo radiative transfer model with an improved semianalytic approach is developed to study laser propagation in an inhomogeneous dust environment. In the proposed model, the photon step size can vary with the mass concentration of the dust environment. Additionally, the scattering properties of the dust particles are calculated with the T-matrix method and the T-matrix scattering phase function is applied to the Monte Carlo simulation with a rejection method. Using this model, the influences of the particle sizes and shapes on the backscattering properties are studied. Finally, the laser echoes simulated by our proposed model are compared with those of traditional Monte Carlo method and experimental results. Different mass concentration distributions indeed influence the simulated laser echo. The simulated results (of our proposed model) agree well with the measured data, demonstrating the effectiveness and accuracy of our approach for inhomogeneous media.
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Tremblay G, Roy G. Polarimetric LiDAR backscattering contrast of linearly and circularly polarized pulses for ideal depolarizing targets in generic water fogs. APPLIED OPTICS 2021; 60:1217-1231. [PMID: 33690553 DOI: 10.1364/ao.413848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we investigate the backscattering depolarization of linearly and circularly polarized laser sources propagating in dense water fogs. We limit our investigation to a simple case where an active LiDAR system is pointed toward a white depolarizing Lambertian solid target. The receiver captures the reflected signal in the orthogonal channel so as to remove most of the backscattering from the water fog. It is shown that in the studied cases, a circularly polarized signal is depolarized faster than a linearly polarized signal and thus produces less contrast. We show that in the cases that can be described by the small angle approximation, the Rubenson degree of polarization (DoP) of a circularly polarized beam can be predicted by the DoP of a linearly polarized beam as DoPcir=2DoPlin-1, even for low-order multiple scattering events. In these conditions, since the linear DoP is always stronger, the contrast is expected to be better in linear polarization for ideal depolarizing targets.
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7
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Kang P, Kang S, Jo Y, Ko H, Kim G, Lee YR, Choi W. Optical transfer function of time-gated coherent imaging in the presence of a scattering medium. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:3395-3405. [PMID: 33770938 DOI: 10.1364/oe.412988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Optical imaging of objects embedded within scattering media such as biological tissues suffers from the loss of resolving power. In our previous work, we proposed an approach called collective accumulation of single scattering (CASS) microscopy that attenuates this detrimental effect of multiple light scattering by combining the time-gated detection and spatial input-output correlation. In the present work, we perform a rigorous theoretical analysis on the effect of multiple light scattering to the optical transfer function of CASS microscopy. In particular, the spatial frequency-dependent signal to noise ratio (SNR) is derived depending on the intensity ratio of the single- and multiple-scattered waves. This allows us to determine the depth-dependent resolving power. We conducted experiments using a Siemens star-like target having various spatial frequency components and supported the theoretical derived SNR spectra. Our study provides a theoretical framework for understanding the effect of multiple light scattering in high-resolution and deep-tissue optical imaging.
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8
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Jain A, Maurya AK, Ulrich L, Jaeger M, Rossi RM, Neels A, Schucht P, Dommann A, Frenz M, Akarçay HG. Polarimetric imaging in backscattering for the structural characterization of strongly scattering birefringent fibrous media. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:16673-16695. [PMID: 32549485 DOI: 10.1364/oe.390303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Interpreting the polarimetric data from fiber-like macromolecules constitutive of tissue can be difficult due to strong scattering. In this study, we probed the superficial layers of fibrous tissue models (membranes consisting of nanofibers) displaying varying degrees of alignment. To better understand the manifestation of membranes' degree of alignment in polarimetry, we analyzed the spatial variations of the backscattered light's Stokes vectors as a function of the orientation of the probing beam's linear polarization. The degree of linear polarization reflects the uniaxially birefringent behavior of the membranes. The rotational (a-)symmetry of the backscattered light's degree of linear polarization provides a measure of the membranes' degree of alignment.
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9
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Brunel B, Levy V, Millet A, Dolega ME, Delon A, Pierrat R, Cappello G. Measuring cell displacements in opaque tissues: dynamic light scattering in the multiple scattering regime. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:2277-2297. [PMID: 32341883 PMCID: PMC7173902 DOI: 10.1364/boe.388360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Coherent light scattered by tissues brings structural and dynamic information, at depth, that standard imaging techniques cannot reach. Dynamics of cells or sub-cellular elements can be measured thanks to dynamic light scattering in thin samples (single scattering regime) or thanks to diffusive wave spectroscopy in thick samples (diffusion regime). Here, we address the intermediate regime and provide an analytical relationship between scattered light fluctuations and the distribution of cell displacements as a function of time. We illustrate our method by characterizing cell motility inside half millimeter thick multicellular aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Brunel
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Physique, CNRS, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Vincent Levy
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Physique, CNRS, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Arnaud Millet
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Inserm U1209 - CNRS UMR 5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- Research Department, University Hospital of Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Monika Elzbieta Dolega
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Physique, CNRS, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Antoine Delon
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Physique, CNRS, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Romain Pierrat
- ESPCI Paris, PSL University, CNRS, Institut Langevin, 1 rue Jussieu, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Giovanni Cappello
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Physique, CNRS, F-38000 Grenoble, France
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Tremblay G, Roy G. Study of polarization memory's impact on detection range in natural water fogs. APPLIED OPTICS 2020; 59:1885-1895. [PMID: 32225705 DOI: 10.1364/ao.383480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The influence of the initial polarization state of a source on the detection range of a system probing through natural dense water fog is analyzed. Information about the source is conveyed by ballistic, snake, and highly scattered photons. During propagation, the polarization state of ballistic and snake photons is not altered. It is shown that though circular polarization is not altered by simple direction changes during scattering, and has thus a tendency to be preserved longer in the highly scattered photons, it does not necessarily convey more useful information about the source than linear polarization or even an unpolarized beam. It is also shown that in any forward propagating system that can be described by the small-angle approximation the impact of polarization memory can be neglected.
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11
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Jang M, Ko H, Hong JH, Lee WK, Lee JS, Choi W. Deep tissue space-gated microscopy via acousto-optic interaction. Nat Commun 2020; 11:710. [PMID: 32024847 PMCID: PMC7002486 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14514-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
To extend the imaging depth of high-resolution optical microscopy, various gating operations-confocal, coherence, and polarization gating-have been devised to filter out the multiply scattered wave. However, the imaging depth is still limited by the multiply scattered wave that bypasses the existing gating operations. Here, we present a space gating method, whose mechanism is independent of the existing methods and yet effective enough to complement them. Specifically, we reconstruct an image only using the ballistic wave that is acousto-optically modulated at the object plane. The space gating suppresses the multiply scattered wave by 10-100 times in a highly scattering medium, and thus enables visualization of the skeletal muscle fibers in whole-body zebrafish at 30 days post fertilization. The space gating will be an important addition to optical-resolution microscopy for achieving the ultimate imaging depth set by the detection limit of ballistic wave.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mooseok Jang
- Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Korea. .,Department of Physics, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Korea. .,Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Korea.
| | - Hakseok Ko
- Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Korea.,Department of Physics, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Jin Hee Hong
- Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Korea.,Department of Physics, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Won Kyu Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Jae-Seung Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Wonshik Choi
- Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Korea. .,Department of Physics, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Korea.
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12
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Zaffar M, Pradhan A. Assessment of anisotropy of collagen structures through spatial frequencies of Mueller matrix images for cervical pre-cancer detection. APPLIED OPTICS 2020; 59:1237-1248. [PMID: 32225267 DOI: 10.1364/ao.377105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of spatial frequency of Mueller matrix (MM) images in the Fourier domain yields quantifying parameters of anisotropy in the stromal region in normal and precancerous tissue sections of human uterine cervix. The spatial frequencies of MM elements reveal reliable information of microscopic structural organization arising from the different orientations of collagen fibers in the connective tissue and their randomization with disease progression. Specifically, the local disorder generated in the normal periodic and regular structure of collagen during the growth of the cervical cancer finds characteristic manifestation in the Fourier spectrum of the selected Mueller matrix elements encoding the anisotropy effects through retardance and birefringence. In contrast, Fourier spectra of differential polarization gated images are limited to only one orientation of collagen. Fourier spectra of first row elements M11, M12, M13, and M14 and first column elements M11, M21, M31, and M41 discriminates cervical inter-epithelial neoplasia (CIN)-I from normal cervical tissue samples with 95%-100% sensitivity and specificity. FFT spectra of first and fourth row elements classify CIN-I and CIN-II grades of cervical cancerous tissues with 90%-100% sensitivity and 87%-100% specificity. Normal and CIN-II grade samples are successfully discriminated through Fourier spectra of every MM element while that of M31 element arises as the key classifier among normal, CIN-I, and CIN-II grades of cervical cancer with 100% sensitivity and specificity. These results demonstrate the promise of spatial frequency analysis of Mueller matrix images as a novel, to the best of our knowledge, approach for cancer/precancer detection.
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Tricoli U, Carminati R. Modeling of full-field optical coherence tomography in scattering media. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2019; 36:C122-C129. [PMID: 31873707 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.36.00c122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We develop a model of full-field optical coherence tomography (FF-OCT) that includes a description of partial temporal and spatial coherence, together with a mean-field scattering theory going beyond the Born approximation. Based on explicit expressions of the FF-OCT signal, we discuss essential features of FF-OCT imaging, such as the influence of partial coherence on the optical transfer function, and on the decay of the signal with depth. We derive the conditions under which the spatially averaged signal exhibits a pure exponential decay, providing a clear frame for the use of the Beer-Lambert law for quantitative measurements of the extinction length in scattering media.
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Chue-Sang J, Gonzalez M, Pierre A, Laughrey M, Saytashev I, Novikova T, Ramella-Roman JC. Optical phantoms for biomedical polarimetry: a review. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2019; 24:1-12. [PMID: 30851015 PMCID: PMC6975228 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.24.3.030901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Calibration, quantification, and standardization of the polarimetric instrumentation, as well as interpretation and understanding of the obtained data, require the development and use of well-calibrated phantoms and standards. We reviewed the status of tissue phantoms for a variety of applications in polarimetry; more than 500 papers are considered. We divided the phantoms into five groups according to their origin (biological/nonbiological) and fundamental polarimetric properties of retardation, depolarization, and diattenuation. We found that, while biological media are generally depolarizing, retarding, and diattenuating, only one of all the phantoms reviewed incorporated all these properties, and few considered at least combined retardation and depolarization. Samples derived from biological tissue, such as tendon and muscle, remain extremely popular to quickly ascertain a polarimetric system, but do not provide quantifiable results aside from relative direction of their principal optical axis. Microspheres suspensions are the most utilized phantoms for depolarization, and combined with theoretical models can offer true quantification of depolarization or degree of polarization. There is a real paucity of birefringent phantoms despite the retardance being one of the most interesting parameters measurable with polarization techniques. Therefore, future work should be directed at generating truly reliable and repeatable phantoms for this metric determination. Diattenuating phantoms are rare and application-specific. Given that diattenuation is considered to be low in most biological tissues, the lack of such phantoms is seen as less problematic. The heterogeneity of the phantoms reviewed points to a critical need for standardization in this field. Ultimately, all research groups involved in polarimetric studies and instruments development would benefit from sharing a limited set of standardized polarimetric phantoms, as is done earlier in the round robin investigations in ellipsometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Chue-Sang
- Florida International University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Mariacarla Gonzalez
- Florida International University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Angie Pierre
- Florida International University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Megan Laughrey
- Florida International University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Ilyas Saytashev
- Florida International University, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Tatiana Novikova
- LPICM Laboratoire de Physique des Interfaces et Couches Minces, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France
| | - Jessica C. Ramella-Roman
- Florida International University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Miami, Florida, United States
- Florida International University, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
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15
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Macdonald CM. Characterizing the depolarization of circularly polarized light in turbid scattering media. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2018; 35:2104-2110. [PMID: 30645285 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.35.002104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the effectiveness of various bulk optical parameters in characterizing the degree of circular polarization (DOCP) of light diffusely reflected from scattering media. It is demonstrated that the traditional set of bulk optical parameters (namely, the scattering and absorption coefficients and the scattering asymmetry parameter) fail to characterize the observed depolarization. However, we find that there exists an additional parameter connected to the circular polarization memory phenomenon that consistently relates to observations, even in media with widely varying refractive indices and particle size distributions. This relationship is demonstrated using both Monte Carlo simulations and a new method for designing microsphere-based phantom media, which contain carefully controlled particle size distributions and depolarization characteristics.
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González-Rodríguez P, Kim AD, Moscoso M, Tsogka C. Quantitative subsurface imaging in strongly scattering media. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:27346-27357. [PMID: 30469805 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.027346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We present a method to obtain quantitatively accurate images of small obstacles or inhomogeneities situated near the surface of a strongly scattering medium. The method uses time-resolved measurements of backscattered light to form the images. Using the asymptotic solution of the radiative transfer equation for this problem, we determine that the key information content in measurements is modeled by a diffusion approximation that is valid for small source-detector distances, and shallow penetration depths. We simplify this model further by linearizing the effect of the inhomogeneities about the known background optical properties using the Born approximation. The resulting model is used in a two-stage imaging algorithm. First, the spatial location of the inhomogeneities are determined using a modification of the multiple signal classification (MUSIC) method. Using those results, we then determine the quantitative values of the inhomogeneities through a least-squares approximation. We find that this two-stage method is most effective for reconstructing a sequence of one-dimensional images along the penetration depth corresponding to null source-detector separations rather than simultaneously using measurements over several source-detector distances. This method is limited to penetration depths and distances between boundary measurements on the order of the scattering mean-free path.
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Zhu X, Lu L, Cao Z, Zeng B, Xu M. Transmission matrix-based Electric field Monte Carlo study and experimental validation of the propagation characteristics of Bessel beams in turbid media. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:4835-4838. [PMID: 30272752 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.004835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A novel Transmission matrix-based Electric field Monte Carlo (TEMC) method is introduced to study the propagation characteristics of Bessel beams with different orbital angular momentum (OAM) in turbid media. As an extension to the Electric field Monte Carlo (EMC) approach, electric field transmission modes were simulated to properly evaluate light interference. Beam transmission patterns, intensity attenuation, and the degree of polarization (DOP) through turbid media of varying thickness were analyzed. It was found that the OAM plays a subtle role in transmission through turbid media, showing only a weak correlation with total transmission, the preservation of DOP, and the penetration depth. The TEMC simulation results were in excellent agreement with experiments, validating the proposed method for the study of coherence phenomenon in turbid media.
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Puyo L, Paques M, Fink M, Sahel JA, Atlan M. In vivo laser Doppler holography of the human retina. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:4113-4129. [PMID: 30615709 PMCID: PMC6157768 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.004113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The eye offers a unique opportunity for the non-invasive exploration of cardiovascular diseases. Optical angiography in the retina requires sensitive measurements, which hinders conventional full-field laser Doppler imaging schemes. To overcome this limitation, we used digital holography to perform laser Doppler perfusion imaging of human retina with near-infrared light. Two imaging channels with a slow and a fast CMOS camera were used simultaneously for real-time narrowband measurements, and offline wideband measurements, respectively. The beat frequency spectrum of optical interferograms recorded with the fast (up to 75 kHz) CMOS camera was analyzed by short-time Fourier transformation. Power Doppler images drawn from the Doppler power spectrum density qualitatively revealed blood flow in retinal vessels over 512 × 512 pixels covering 2.4 × 2.4 mm2 on the retina with a temporal resolution down to 1.6 ms. The sensitivity to lateral motion as well as the requirements in terms of sampling frequency are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Puyo
- Institut Langevin, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris Sciences & Lettres (PSL Research University), École Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles (ESPCI Paris) - 1 rue Jussieu, 75005 Paris,
France
| | - M. Paques
- Institut de la Vision, INSERM UMR-S 968, CNRS UMR 7210, UPMC, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris,
France
- Centre d’Investigation Clinique (CIC) Centre Hospitalier National d’Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM, 28 rue de Charenton, 75012 Paris,
France
| | - M. Fink
- Institut Langevin, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris Sciences & Lettres (PSL Research University), École Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles (ESPCI Paris) - 1 rue Jussieu, 75005 Paris,
France
| | - J.-A. Sahel
- Institut de la Vision, INSERM UMR-S 968, CNRS UMR 7210, UPMC, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris,
France
- Centre d’Investigation Clinique (CIC) Centre Hospitalier National d’Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM, 28 rue de Charenton, 75012 Paris,
France
| | - M. Atlan
- Institut Langevin, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris Sciences & Lettres (PSL Research University), École Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles (ESPCI Paris) - 1 rue Jussieu, 75005 Paris,
France
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Angelo JP, Chen SJ, Ochoa M, Sunar U, Gioux S, Intes X. Review of structured light in diffuse optical imaging. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2018; 24:1-20. [PMID: 30218503 PMCID: PMC6676045 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.24.7.071602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Diffuse optical imaging probes deep living tissue enabling structural, functional, metabolic, and molecular imaging. Recently, due to the availability of spatial light modulators, wide-field quantitative diffuse optical techniques have been implemented, which benefit greatly from structured light methodologies. Such implementations facilitate the quantification and characterization of depth-resolved optical and physiological properties of thick and deep tissue at fast acquisition speeds. We summarize the current state of work and applications in the three main techniques leveraging structured light: spatial frequency-domain imaging, optical tomography, and single-pixel imaging. The theory, measurement, and analysis of spatial frequency-domain imaging are described. Then, advanced theories, processing, and imaging systems are summarized. Preclinical and clinical applications on physiological measurements for guidance and diagnosis are summarized. General theory and method development of tomographic approaches as well as applications including fluorescence molecular tomography are introduced. Lastly, recent developments of single-pixel imaging methodologies and applications are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P. Angelo
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Sensor Science Division, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Joseph P. Angelo, E-mail: ; Sez-Jade Chen, E-mail:
| | - Sez-Jade Chen
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Troy, New York, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Joseph P. Angelo, E-mail: ; Sez-Jade Chen, E-mail:
| | - Marien Ochoa
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Troy, New York, United States
| | - Ulas Sunar
- Wright State University, Department of Biomedical Industrial and Human Factor Engineering, Dayton, Ohio, United States
| | - Sylvain Gioux
- University of Strasbourg, ICube Laboratory, Strasbourg, France
| | - Xavier Intes
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Troy, New York, United States
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Macdonald CM, Tricoli U, Da Silva A, Markel VA. Numerical investigation of polarization filtering for direct optical imaging within scattering media. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2017; 34:1330-1338. [PMID: 29036098 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.34.001330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the ability of polarization filtering to improve direct imaging of absorbing objects which are buried within scattering environments. We extend on previous empirical investigations by exploiting an efficient perturbation-based formalism, which is applicable to arbitrarily arranged sources and detectors with arbitrary polarizations. From this approach, we are able in some cases to find certain non-trivial linear combinations of polarization measurement channels that maximize the object resolution and visibility.
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Dong Y, Qi J, He H, He C, Liu S, Wu J, Elson DS, Ma H. Quantitatively characterizing the microstructural features of breast ductal carcinoma tissues in different progression stages by Mueller matrix microscope. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 8:3643-3655. [PMID: 28856041 PMCID: PMC5560831 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.003643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Polarization imaging has been recognized as a potentially powerful technique for probing the microstructural information and optical properties of complex biological specimens. Recently, we have reported a Mueller matrix microscope by adding the polarization state generator and analyzer (PSG and PSA) to a commercial transmission-light microscope, and applied it to differentiate human liver and cervical cancerous tissues with fibrosis. In this paper, we apply the Mueller matrix microscope for quantitative detection of human breast ductal carcinoma samples at different stages. The Mueller matrix polar decomposition and transformation parameters of the breast ductal tissues in different regions and at different stages are calculated and analyzed. For more quantitative comparisons, several widely-used image texture feature parameters are also calculated to characterize the difference in the polarimetric images. The experimental results indicate that the Mueller matrix microscope and the polarization parameters can facilitate the quantitative detection of breast ductal carcinoma tissues at different stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Dong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Minimal Invasive Medical Technologies, Institute of Optical Imaging and Sensing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Ji Qi
- Hamlyn Centre for Robotic Surgery, Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Honghui He
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Minimal Invasive Medical Technologies, Institute of Optical Imaging and Sensing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chao He
- Hamlyn Centre for Robotic Surgery, Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Shaoxiong Liu
- Shenzhen Sixth People's Hospital (Nanshan Hospital) Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518052, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Minimal Invasive Medical Technologies, Institute of Optical Imaging and Sensing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Daniel S Elson
- Hamlyn Centre for Robotic Surgery, Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Hui Ma
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Minimal Invasive Medical Technologies, Institute of Optical Imaging and Sensing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Center for Precision Medicine and Healthcare, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen 518071, China
- Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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22
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Tricoli U, Macdonald CM, Silva AD, Markel VA. Reciprocity relation for the vector radiative transport equation and its application to diffuse optical tomography with polarized light. OPTICS LETTERS 2017; 42:362-365. [PMID: 28081113 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.000362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We derive a reciprocity relation for the 3D vector radiative transport equation that describes propagation of polarized light in multiple-scattering media. We then show how this result, together with translational invariance of a plane-parallel sample, can be used to efficiently compute the sensitivity kernel of diffuse optical tomography by Monte Carlo simulations. Numerical examples of polarization-selective sensitivity kernels are given.
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23
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Pellizzari M, Simonutti M, Degardin J, Sahel JA, Fink M, Paques M, Atlan M. High speed optical holography of retinal blood flow. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:3503-6. [PMID: 27472604 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.003503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We performed noninvasive video imaging of retinal blood flow in a pigmented rat by holographic interferometry of near-infrared laser light backscattered by retinal tissue, beating against an off-axis reference beam sampled at a frame rate of 39 kHz with a high throughput camera. Local Doppler contrasts emerged from the envelopes of short-time Fourier transforms and the phase of autocorrelation functions of holograms rendered by Fresnel transformation. This approach permitted imaging of blood flow in large retinal vessels (∼30 microns diameter) over 400×400 pixels with a spatial resolution of ∼8 microns and a temporal resolution of ∼6.5 ms.
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24
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Sridhar S, Da Silva A. Enhanced contrast and depth resolution in polarization imaging using elliptically polarized light. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2016; 21:71107. [PMID: 26868614 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.21.7.071107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Polarization gating is a popular and widely used technique in biomedical optics to sense superficial tissues (colinear detection), deeper volumes (crosslinear detection), and also selectively probe subsuperficial volumes (using elliptically polarized light). As opposed to the conventional linearly polarized illumination, we propose a new protocol of polarization gating that combines coelliptical and counter-elliptical measurements to selectively enhance the contrast of the images. This new method of eliminating multiple-scattered components from the images shows that it is possible to retrieve a greater signal and a better contrast for subsurface structures. In vivo experiments were performed on skin abnormalities of volunteers to confirm the results of the subtraction method and access subsurface information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susmita Sridhar
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, UMR 7249, 13013 Marseille, FrancebInstitut de Ciències Fotòniques, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anabela Da Silva
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, UMR 7249, 13013 Marseille, France
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25
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Tuchin VV. Polarized light interaction with tissues. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2016; 21:71114. [PMID: 27121763 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.21.7.071114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
This tutorial-review introduces the fundamentals of polarized light interaction with biological tissues and presents some of the recent key polarization optical methods that have made possible the quantitative studies essential for biomedical diagnostics. Tissue structures and the corresponding models showing linear and circular birefringence, dichroism, and chirality are analyzed. As the basis for a quantitative description of the interaction of polarized light with tissues, the theory of polarization transfer in a random medium is used. This theory employs the modified transfer equation for Stokes parameters to predict the polarization properties of single- and multiple-scattered optical fields. The near-order of scatterers in tissues is accounted for to provide an adequate description of tissue polarization properties. Biomedical diagnostic techniques based on polarized light detection, including polarization imaging and spectroscopy, amplitude and intensity light scattering matrix measurements, and polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography are described. Examples of biomedical applications of these techniques for early diagnostics of cataracts, detection of precancer, and prediction of skin disease are presented. The substantial reduction of light scattering multiplicity at tissue optical clearing that leads to a lesser influence of scattering on the measured intrinsic polarization properties of the tissue and allows for more precise quantification of these properties is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery V Tuchin
- Saratov National Research State University, Research-Educational Institute of Optics and Biophotonics, 83 Astrakhanskaya street, Saratov 410012, RussiabInstitute of Precision Mechanics and Control of Russian Academy of Sciences, 24 Rabochaya street, Sarat
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26
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Alali S, Vitkin A. Polarized light imaging in biomedicine: emerging Mueller matrix methodologies for bulk tissue assessment. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2015; 20:61104. [PMID: 25793658 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.6.061104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Polarized light point measurements and wide-field imaging have been studied for many years in an effort to develop accurate and information-rich tissue diagnostic methods. However, the extensive depolarization of polarized light in thick biological tissues has limited the success of these investigations. Recently, advances in technology and conceptual understanding have led to a significant resurgence of research activity in the promising field of bulk tissue polarimetry. In particular, with the advent of improved measurement, analysis, and interpretation methods, including Mueller matrix decomposition, new diagnostic avenues, such as quantification of microstructural anisotropy in bulk tissues, have been enabled. Further, novel technologies have improved the speed and the accuracy of polarimetric instruments for ex vivo and in vivo diagnostics. In this paper, we review some of the recent progress in tissue polarimetry, provide illustrative application examples, and offer an outlook to the future of polarized light imaging in bulk biological tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Alali
- University of Toronto, Division of Biophysics and Bioimaging, Ontario Cancer Institute/University Health Network and Department of Medical Biophysics, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario MG 1L7, Canada
| | - Alex Vitkin
- University of Toronto, Division of Biophysics and Bioimaging, Ontario Cancer Institute/University Health Network and Department of Medical Biophysics, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario MG 1L7, CanadabUniversity of Toronto, Department of Radiation Oncol
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27
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Zhao Y, Tu H, Liu Y, Bower AJ, Boppart SA. Enhancement of optical coherence microscopy in turbid media by an optical parametric amplifier. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2015; 8:512-21. [PMID: 25196251 PMCID: PMC4370812 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201400073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We report the enhancement in imaging performance of a spectral-domain optical coherence microscope (OCM) in turbid media by incorporating an optical parametric amplifier (OPA). The OPA provides a high level of optical gain to the sample arm, thereby improving the signal-to-noise ratio of the OCM by a factor of up to 15 dB. A unique nonlinear confocal gate is automatically formed in the OPA, which enables selective amplification of singly scattered (ballistic) photons against the multiply-scattered light background. Simultaneous enhancement in both imaging depth and spatial resolution in imaging microstructures in highly light-scattering media are demonstrated with the combined OPA-OCM setup. Typical OCM inteferograms (left) and images (right) without and with OPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youbo Zhao
- Biophotonics Imaging Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 61801, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Haohua Tu
- Biophotonics Imaging Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 61801, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Yuan Liu
- Biophotonics Imaging Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 61801, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 61801, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Andrew J Bower
- Biophotonics Imaging Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 61801, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 61801, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Stephen A Boppart
- Biophotonics Imaging Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 61801, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 61801, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 61801, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 61801, Urbana, IL, USA.
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28
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de Aguiar HB, Gasecka P, Brasselet S. Quantitative analysis of light scattering in polarization-resolved nonlinear microscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:8960-8973. [PMID: 25968733 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.008960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Polarization resolved nonlinear microscopy (PRNM) is a powerful technique to gain microscopic structural information in biological media. However, deep imaging in a variety of biological specimens is hindered by light scattering phenomena, which not only degrades the image quality but also affects the polarization state purity. In order to quantify this phenomenon and give a framework for polarization resolved microscopy in thick scattering tissues, we develop a characterization methodology based on four wave mixing (FWM) process. More specifically, we take advantage of two unique features of FWM, meaning its ability to produce an intrinsic in-depth local coherent source and its capacity to quantify the presence of light depolarization in isotropic regions inside a sample. By exploring diverse experimental layouts in phantoms with different scattering properties, we study systematically the influence of scattering on the nonlinear excitation and emission processes. The results show that depolarization mechanisms for the nonlinearly generated photons are highly dependent on the scattering center size, the geometry used (epi/forward) and, most importantly, on the thickness of the sample. We show that the use of an un-analyzed detection makes the polarization-dependence read-out highly robust to scattering effects, even in regimes where imaging might be degraded. The effects are illustrated in polarization resolved imaging of myelin lipid organization in mouse spinal cords.
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Macdonald CM, Jacques SL, Meglinski IV. Circular polarization memory in polydisperse scattering media. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2015; 91:033204. [PMID: 25871235 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.91.033204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the survival of circularly polarized light in random scattering media. The surprising persistence of this form of polarization has a known dependence on the size and refractive index of scattering particles, however a general description regarding polydisperse media is lacking. Through analysis of Mie theory, we present a means of calculating the magnitude of circular polarization memory in complex media, with total generality in the distribution of particle sizes and refractive indices. Quantification of this memory effect enables an alternate pathway toward recovering particle size distribution, based on measurements of diffusing circularly polarized light.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Macdonald
- Department of Physics, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - S L Jacques
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Dermatology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - I V Meglinski
- The Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, Department of Physics, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
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30
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Gao ZL, Wu Q, Liu XT, Sun YX, Tao XT. Biaxial crystal α-BaTeMo(2)O(9): theory study of large birefringence and wide-band polarized prisms design. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:3851-3860. [PMID: 25836424 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.003851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
α-BaTeMo(2)O(9) is a novel biaxial crystal with wide-band transmittance spectrum. The refractive index dispersion curves and birefringence of the α-BaTeMo(2)O(9) crystal were obtained in spectral range of 0.4~5 μm. The origin of the birefringence for the crystal has been calculated and interpreted on the basis of the crystal structure combined with theoretical studies. The polarized directions and formulations of refractive index of optical waves in biaxial α-BaTeMo(2)O(9) were investigated by solving the refractive index ellipsoid equations. Furthermore, polarized prisms based on the α-BaTeMo(2)O(9) crystal used in spectral ranges of 0.4~2.7 μm and 0.48~4.5 μm were designed and characterized. The extinction ratios of both prisms were determined to be larger than 10000:1, which would satisfy the practical requirements. The impacts on extinction ratio for biaxial and uniaxial crystals were also discussed. To our knowledge, it is the first report about biaxial crystals for the polarized prisms, and the results show that the α-BaTeMo(2)O(9) crystal is a promising material for polarized optical components, especially in the range of 3~5 μm.
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31
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Bendoula R, Gobrecht A, Moulin B, Roger JM, Bellon-Maurel V. Improvement of the chemical content prediction of a model powder system by reducing multiple scattering using polarized light spectroscopy. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 69:95-102. [PMID: 25498765 DOI: 10.1366/14-07539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a powerful non-destructive analytical method used to analyze major compounds in bulk materials and products and requiring no sample preparation. It is widely used in routine analysis and also in line in industries, in vivo with biomedical applications, or in field for agricultural and environmental applications. However, highly scattering samples subvert Beer-Lambert law's linear relationship between spectral absorbance and the concentration. Instead of spectral pre-processing, which is commonly used by NIR spectroscopists to mitigate the scattering effect, we put forward an optical method, i.e., coupling polarized light with NIR spectrometry, to free spectra from scattering effect. This should allow us to retrieve linear and steady conditions for spectral analysis. When tested in visible-NIR (Vis-NIR) range (400-800 nm) on model media, mixtures of scattering and absorbing particles, the setup provided significant improvements in absorber concentration estimation precision as well as in the quality and robustness of the calibration model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryad Bendoula
- Irstea, IRSTEA UMR ITAP 361 rue Jean-François Breton - BP5095 F-34093 Montpellier, France
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32
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Gobrecht A, Bendoula R, Roger JM, Bellon-Maurel V. Combining linear polarization spectroscopy and the Representative Layer Theory to measure the Beer–Lambert law absorbance of highly scattering materials. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 853:486-494. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 10/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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33
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Nassif R, Nader CA, Afif C, Pellen F, Le Brun G, Le Jeune B, Abboud M. Detection of Golden apples' climacteric peak by laser biospeckle measurements. APPLIED OPTICS 2014; 53:8276-8282. [PMID: 25608070 DOI: 10.1364/ao.53.008276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we report a study in which a laser biospeckle technique is used to detect the climacteric peak indicating the optimal ripeness of fruits. We monitor two batches of harvested Golden apples going through the ripening phase in low- and room-temperature environments, determine speckle parameters, and measure the emitted ethylene concentration using gas chromatography as reference method. Speckle results are then correlated to the emitted ethylene concentration by a principal component analysis. From a practical point of view, this approach allows us to validate biospeckle as a noninvasive and alternative method to respiration rate and ethylene production for climacteric peak detection as a ripening index.
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34
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Magnain C, Castel A, Boucneau T, Simonutti M, Ferezou I, Rancillac A, Vitalis T, Sahel JA, Paques M, Atlan M. Holographic laser Doppler imaging of microvascular blood flow. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2014; 31:2723-35. [PMID: 25606762 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.31.002723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We report on local superficial blood flow monitoring in biological tissue from laser Doppler holographic imaging. In time-averaging recording conditions, holography acts as a narrowband bandpass filter, which, combined with a frequency-shifted reference beam, permits frequency-selective imaging in the radio frequency range. These Doppler images are acquired with an off-axis Mach-Zehnder interferometer. Microvascular hemodynamic components mapping is performed in the cerebral cortex of the mouse and the eye fundus of the rat with near-infrared laser light without any exogenous marker. These measures are made from a basic inverse-method analysis of local first-order optical fluctuation spectra at low radio frequencies, from 0 Hz to 100 kHz. Local quadratic velocity is derived from Doppler broadenings induced by fluid flows, with elementary diffusing wave spectroscopy formalism in backscattering configuration. We demonstrate quadratic mean velocity assessment in the 0.1-10 mm/s range in vitro and imaging of superficial blood perfusion with a spatial resolution of about 10 micrometers in rodent models of cortical and retinal blood flow.
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35
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Zhao Y, Adie SG, Tu H, Liu Y, Graf BW, Chaney EJ, Marjanovic M, Boppart SA. Optical parametrically gated microscopy in scattering media. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:22547-60. [PMID: 25321724 PMCID: PMC4247183 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.022547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution imaging in turbid media has been limited by the intrinsic compromise between the gating efficiency (removal of multiply-scattered light background) and signal strength in the existing optical gating techniques. This leads to shallow depths due to the weak ballistic signal, and/or degraded resolution due to the strong multiply-scattering background--the well-known trade-off between resolution and imaging depth in scattering samples. In this work, we employ a nonlinear optics based optical parametric amplifier (OPA) to address this challenge. We demonstrate that both the imaging depth and the spatial resolution in turbid media can be enhanced simultaneously by the OPA, which provides a high level of signal gain as well as an inherent nonlinear optical gate. This technology shifts the nonlinear interaction to an optical crystal placed in the detection arm (image plane), rather than in the sample, which can be used to exploit the benefits given by the high-order parametric process and the use of an intense laser field. The coherent process makes the OPA potentially useful as a general-purpose optical amplifier applicable to a wide range of optical imaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youbo Zhao
- Biophotonics Imaging Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801,
USA
| | - Steven G. Adie
- Biophotonics Imaging Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801,
USA
| | - Haohua Tu
- Biophotonics Imaging Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801,
USA
| | - Yuan Liu
- Biophotonics Imaging Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801,
USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801,
USA
| | - Benedikt W. Graf
- Biophotonics Imaging Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801,
USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801,
USA
| | - Eric J. Chaney
- Biophotonics Imaging Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801,
USA
| | - Marina Marjanovic
- Biophotonics Imaging Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801,
USA
| | - Stephen A. Boppart
- Biophotonics Imaging Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801,
USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801,
USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801,
USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801,
USA
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Fade J, Panigrahi S, Carré A, Frein L, Hamel C, Bretenaker F, Ramachandran H, Alouini M. Long-range polarimetric imaging through fog. APPLIED OPTICS 2014; 53:3854-3865. [PMID: 24979415 DOI: 10.1364/ao.53.003854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We report an experimental implementation of long-range polarimetric imaging through fog over kilometric distance in real field atmospheric conditions. An incoherent polarized light source settled on a telecommunication tower is imaged at a distance of 1.3 km with a snapshot polarimetric camera including a birefringent Wollaston prism, allowing simultaneous acquisition of two images along orthogonal polarization directions. From a large number of acquisitions datasets and under various environmental conditions (clear sky/fog/haze, day/night), we compare the efficiency of using polarized light for source contrast increase with different signal representations (intensity, polarimetric difference, polarimetric contrast, etc.). With the limited-dynamics detector used, a maximum fourfold increase in contrast was demonstrated under bright background illumination using polarimetric difference image.
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37
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Daly SM, Leahy MJ. 'Go with the flow ': a review of methods and advancements in blood flow imaging. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2013; 6:217-55. [PMID: 22711377 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201200071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Physics has delivered extraordinary developments in almost every facet of modern life. From the humble thermometer and stethoscope to X-Ray, CT, MRI, ultrasound, PET and radiotherapy, our health has been transformed by these advances yielding both morphological and functional metrics. Recently high resolution label-free imaging of the microcirculation at clinically relevant depths has become available in the research domain. In this paper, we present a comprehensive review on current imaging techniques, state-of-the-art advancements and applications, and general perspectives on the prospects for these modalities in the clinical realm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Daly
- Biophotonics Research Facility, Department of Physics & Energy, University of Limerick, Ireland.
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38
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Zustiak S, Riley J, Boukari H, Gandjbakhche A, Nossal R. Effects of multiple scattering on fluorescence correlation spectroscopy measurements of particles moving within optically dense media. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2012; 17:125004. [PMID: 23208294 PMCID: PMC3519398 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.17.12.125004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 11/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) is increasingly being used to assess the movement of particles diffusing in complex, optically dense surroundings, in which case measurement conditions may complicate data interpretation. It is considered how a single-photon FCS measurement can be affected if the sample properties result in scattering of the incident light. FCS autocorrelation functions of Atto 488 dye molecules diffusing in solutions of polystyrene beads are measured, which acted as scatterers. Data indicated that a scattering-linked increase in the illuminated volume, as much as two fold, resulted in minimal increase in diffusivity. To analyze the illuminated beam profile, Monte-Carlo simulations were employed, which indicated a larger broadening of the beam along the axial than the radial directions, and a reduction of the incident intensity at the focal point. The broadening of the volume in the axial direction has only negligible effect on the measured diffusion time, since intensity fluctuations due to diffusion events in the radial direction are dominant in FCS measurements. Collectively, results indicate that multiple scattering does not result in FCS measurement artifacts and thus, when sufficient signal intensity is attainable, single-photon FCS can be a useful technique for measuring probe diffusivity in optically dense media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silviya Zustiak
- Eunice Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Programs on Physical Biology, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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39
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Da Silva A, Deumié C, Vanzetta I. Elliptically polarized light for depth resolved optical imaging. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 3:2907-15. [PMID: 23162728 PMCID: PMC3493239 DOI: 10.1364/boe.3.002907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
It is shown that using elliptically polarized light permits selecting well-defined subsurface volumes in a turbid medium. This suggests the possibility of probing biological tissues at specific depths. First, we present the method and preliminary results obtained on an Intralipid phantom. We next report on the method's performance on a biological phantom (chicken breast) and, finally, on the exposed cortex of an anesthetized rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabela Da Silva
- Institut Fresnel, CNRS UMR 7249, Aix-Marseille Université, Ecole Centrale Marseille, Campus de St Jérôme, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Carole Deumié
- Institut Fresnel, CNRS UMR 7249, Aix-Marseille Université, Ecole Centrale Marseille, Campus de St Jérôme, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Ivo Vanzetta
- Institut des Neurosciences de la Timone, CNRS UMR 7289, Aix-Marseille Université, Campus Santé Timone 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France
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40
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Ahmad M, Alali S, Kim A, Wood MFG, Ikram M, Vitkin IA. Do different turbid media with matched bulk optical properties also exhibit similar polarization properties? BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 2:3248-58. [PMID: 22162815 PMCID: PMC3233244 DOI: 10.1364/boe.2.003248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Revised: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We here investigate polarimetric behavior of thick samples of porcine liver, Intralipid, and microsphere-based tissue phantoms whose absorption and scattering properties are matched. Using polarized light we measured reflection mode Mueller matrices and derived linear/circular/total depolarization rates, based on polar decomposition. According to our results, phantoms exhibit greater depolarization rates in the backscattering geometry than the liver sample. The enhanced tissue polarization preservation differs from previous reports of polarimetric transmission studies, with the likely cause of this difference being the angular dependence of the single-scattering phase function. Also, Intralipid approximated polarimetric liver behavior well, whereas the polystyrene phantoms did not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manzoor Ahmad
- Division of Biophysics and Bioimaging, Ontario Cancer Institute/University Health Network and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
- Department of Physics and Applied Mathematics, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Islamabad 45650, Pakistan
| | - Sanaz Alali
- Division of Biophysics and Bioimaging, Ontario Cancer Institute/University Health Network and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Anthony Kim
- Division of Biophysics and Bioimaging, Ontario Cancer Institute/University Health Network and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Michael F. G. Wood
- Division of Biophysics and Bioimaging, Ontario Cancer Institute/University Health Network and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Masroor Ikram
- Department of Physics and Applied Mathematics, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Islamabad 45650, Pakistan
| | - I. Alex Vitkin
- Division of Biophysics and Bioimaging, Ontario Cancer Institute/University Health Network and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
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41
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Ghosh N, Vitkin IA. Tissue polarimetry: concepts, challenges, applications, and outlook. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2011; 16:110801. [PMID: 22112102 DOI: 10.1117/1.3652896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Polarimetry has a long and successful history in various forms of clear media. Driven by their biomedical potential, the use of the polarimetric approaches for biological tissue assessment has also recently received considerable attention. Specifically, polarization can be used as an effective tool to discriminate against multiply scattered light (acting as a gating mechanism) in order to enhance contrast and to improve tissue imaging resolution. Moreover, the intrinsic tissue polarimetry characteristics contain a wealth of morphological and functional information of potential biomedical importance. However, in a complex random medium-like tissue, numerous complexities due to multiple scattering and simultaneous occurrences of many scattering and polarization events present formidable challenges both in terms of accurate measurements and in terms of analysis of the tissue polarimetry signal. In order to realize the potential of the polarimetric approaches for tissue imaging and characterization/diagnosis, a number of researchers are thus pursuing innovative solutions to these challenges. In this review paper, we summarize these and other issues pertinent to the polarized light methodologies in tissues. Specifically, we discuss polarized light basics, Stokes-Muller formalism, methods of polarization measurements, polarized light modeling in turbid media, applications to tissue imaging, inverse analysis for polarimetric results quantification, applications to quantitative tissue assessment, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmalya Ghosh
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Department of Physical Sciences, Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal, India.
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42
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Basiri A, Edelstein DL, Graham J, Nabili A, Giardiello FM, Ramella-Roman JC. Detection of familial adenomatous polyposis with orthogonal polarized spectroscopy of the oral mucosa vasculature. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2011; 4:707-714. [PMID: 21922674 PMCID: PMC3564548 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201100057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP) is an autosomal dominant disease characterized by the development of multiple colonic polyps at younger age with a near 100% lifetime risk of colorectal cancer. The determination of FAP is made after extensive clinical evaluation and genetic testing of at risk individuals. We investigated a novel spectro-polarimetric imaging system capable of capturing high-resolution images of the oral mucosa at different wavelengths in an attempt to distinguish patients with FAP from controls. Results of a clinical trial show that the system is capable of separating FAP positive individuals from controls by measuring the individuals' oral vascular density and complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Basiri
- The Catholic University of America, 620 Michigan Ave NE, Washington, DC, USA.
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43
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Kirillin M, Meglinski I, Kuzmin V, Sergeeva E, Myllylä R. Simulation of optical coherence tomography images by Monte Carlo modeling based on polarization vector approach. OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 18:21714-24. [PMID: 20941071 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.021714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Monte Carlo method is applied for simulation of 2D optical coherence tomography (OCT) images of skin-like model. Layer boundaries in skin model feature curved shape which agrees with physiological structure of human skin. The effect of coherence properties of probing radiation on OCT image formation and speckles in the detected OCT signal is considered. The developed model is employed for image simulation both for conventional and polarization dependent time-domain OCT modalities. Simulation of polarized OCT signal is performed using vector approach developed previously for modeling of electromagnetic field transfer in turbid media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Kirillin
- Institute of Applied Physics RAS, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia.
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44
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Banerjee S, Sharma SK. Use of Monte Carlo simulations for propagation of light in biomedical tissues. APPLIED OPTICS 2010; 49:4152-4159. [PMID: 20676167 DOI: 10.1364/ao.49.004152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In problems relating to light propagation in biomedical tissues, the tissue is generally modeled as a turbid medium and Monte Carlo (MC) simulation is employed to compute quantities such as diffuse reflectance, fluence, and transmittance. Two prescriptions are available in the literature for MC simulations. The first prescription considers all input quantities, including phase function, as an average over the particle size distribution, and the second prescription considers the phase function of each scatterer individually. The two prescriptions have been compared and contrasted in this paper for a given soft tissue model. It is demonstrated that, in general, the two recipes do not yield identical results. The source of this disagreement has been traced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srilekha Banerjee
- S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Block JD, Sector III, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700098, India
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45
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Kumar K, Avritscher R, Wang Y, Lane N, Madoff DC, Yu TK, Uhr JW, Zhang X. Handheld histology-equivalent sectioning laser-scanning confocal optical microscope for interventional imaging. Biomed Microdevices 2010; 12:223-33. [PMID: 20012209 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-009-9377-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A handheld, forward-imaging, laser-scanning confocal microscope (LSCM) demonstrating optical sectioning comparable with microtome slice thicknesses in conventional histology, targeted towards interventional imaging, is reported. Fast raster scanning (approximately 2.5 kHz line scan rate, 3.0-5.0 frames per second) was provided by a 2-axis microelectromechanical system (MEMS) scanning mirror fabricated by a method compatible with complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) processing. Cost-effective rapid-prototyped packaging combined the MEMS mirror with micro-optical components into a probe with 18 mm outer diameter and 54 mm rigid length. ZEMAX optical design simulations indicate the ability of the handheld optical system to obtain lateral resolution of 0.31 and axial resolution of 2.85 microm. Lateral and axial resolutions are experimentally measured at 0.5 microm and 4.2 microm respectively, with field of view of 200 x 125 microm. Results of reflectance imaging of ex vivo swine liver, and fluorescence imaging of the expression of cytokeratin and mammaglobin tumor biomarkers in epithelial human breast tissue from metastatic breast cancer patients are presented. The results indicate that inexpensive, portable handheld optical microscopy tools based on silicon micromirror technologies could be important in interventional imaging, complementing existing coarse-resolution techniques to improve the efficacy of disease diagnosis, image-guided excisional microsurgery, and monitored photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Kumar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station C0803, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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46
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Simonutti M, Paques M, Sahel JA, Gross M, Samson B, Magnain C, Atlan M. Holographic laser Doppler ophthalmoscopy. OPTICS LETTERS 2010; 35:1941-3. [PMID: 20548346 DOI: 10.1364/ol.35.001941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
We report laser Doppler ophthalmoscopic fundus imaging in the rat eye with near-IR heterodyne holography. Sequential sampling of the beat of the reflected radiation against a frequency-shifted optical local oscillator is made onto an array detector. Wide-field maps of fluctuation spectra in the 10 Hz to 25 kHz band exhibit angiographic contrasts in the retinal vascular tree without requirement of an exogenous marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Simonutti
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale-101, UMR-S 968, rue de Tolbiac, 75654 Paris Cedex 13, France
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47
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Kim J, John R, Wu PJ, Martini MC, Walsh JT. In vivo characterization of human pigmented lesions by degree of linear polarization image maps using incident linearly polarized light. Lasers Surg Med 2010; 42:76-85. [PMID: 20077491 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.20866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Melanoma is the most serious form of skin cancer and often appears as an evolving multicolored skin growth. It is well documented that pre-existing atypical or dysplastic nevi can evolve into a melanoma. The development of an in vivo imaging system to characterize benign and malignant nevi has been emphasized to aid in early detection of melanoma. The goal of this study is to utilize a novel Stokes polarimetry imaging (SPI) system for the characterization of pigmented lesions, and to evaluate the SPI system in comparison to dermoscopy and histology images. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS Linearly polarized light with varying incident polarization angles (IPA) illuminated various types of pigmented lesions. The melanocytic nesting patterns of pigmented lesions were characterized by constructing the degree-of-linear-polarization (DOLP) image map with comparison to dermoscopy and histology. The incident polarized light was filtered by visible filters for spectral imaging and incident deeply penetrating red light was used to correlate the SPI image with histopathological examination. RESULTS The DOLP images with varying IPA at different visible wavelengths were used to characterize various kinds of pigmented lesions by showing subsurface melanocytic nesting distribution as well as morphological information with better resolution and contrast. In correlation with dermoscopy and histology, various defining features such as compound, junctional, lentiginous, reticular, globular patterns of melanocytic nests were identified. CONCLUSION When imaging pigmented melanocytic lesions, the SPI system with varying IPA at the red light wavelength can better define the melanocytic nesting patterns in both the dermal epidermal junction and the dermis. The SPI system has the potential to be an effective in vivo method of detecting pre-malignant nevi and melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihoon Kim
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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48
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Shukla P, Pradhan A. Polarization-gated imaging in tissue phantoms: effect of size distribution. APPLIED OPTICS 2009; 48:6099-6104. [PMID: 19904305 DOI: 10.1364/ao.48.006099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the effect of size distribution of aqueous solutions of monodisperse and a mixture of polydisperse scatterers of two different sizes on the image quality using linear and circularly polarized light. The contrast and resolution are affected by the size distribution present in the mixture of a polydisperse medium, while they are affected by the refractive index in a monodisperse medium. Circularly polarized light improves image quality of polydisperse scatterers. Images in the polydisperse medium are retrieved for values of optical thickness less than those of the large-sized monodisperse medium. We offer plausible explanations for all the experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Shukla
- Department of Physics and Center for Laser Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
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49
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Steyer GJ, Roy D, Salvado O, Stone ME, Wilson DL. Removal of out-of-plane fluorescence for single cell visualization and quantification in cryo-imaging. Ann Biomed Eng 2009; 37:1613-28. [PMID: 19513848 PMCID: PMC4452119 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-009-9726-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2008] [Accepted: 05/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We developed a cryo-imaging system, which alternates between sectioning (10-40 microm) and imaging bright field and fluorescence block-face image volumes with micron-scale-resolution. For applications requiring single-cell detection of fluorescently labeled cells anywhere in a mouse, we are developing software for reduction of out-of-plane fluorescence. In mouse experiments, we imaged GFP-labeled cancer and stem cells, and cell-sized fluorescent microspheres. To remove out-of-plane fluorescence, we used a simplified model of light-tissue interaction whereby the next-image was scaled, blurred, and subtracted from the current image. We estimated scaling and blurring parameters by minimizing an objective function on subtracted images. Tissue-specific attenuation parameters [micro(T): heart (267 +/- 47.6 cm(-1)), liver (218 +/- 27.1 cm(-1)), brain (161 +/- 27.4 cm(-1))] were found to be within the range of estimates in the literature. "Next-image" processing removed out-of-plane fluorescence equally well across multiple tissues (brain, kidney, liver, etc.), and analysis of 200 microsphere images gave 97 +/- 2% reduction of out-of-plane fluorescence. Next-image processing greatly improved axial-resolution, enabled high quality 3D volume renderings, and improved automated enumeration of single cells by up to 24%. The method has been used to identify metastatic cancer sites, determine homing of stem cells to injury sites, and show microsphere distribution correlated with blood flow patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant J. Steyer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Wickenden Building, Room 403, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Debashish Roy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Wickenden Building, Room 403, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Olivier Salvado
- CSIRO - The Australian e-Health Research Centre, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Meredith E. Stone
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Wickenden Building, Room 403, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - David L. Wilson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Wickenden Building, Room 403, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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50
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Clark J, González-Rodríguez P, Kim AD. Using polarization to find a source in a turbid medium. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2009; 26:1129-1138. [PMID: 19412229 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.26.001129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We study multiple scattering of partially polarized light using the theory of radiative transport. In particular, we study the light that exits a half-space composed of a uniform absorbing and scattering medium due to an unpolarized, isotropic, and continuous planar source. We assume that Rayleigh scattering applies. Using only angular integrals of the two orthogonal polarization components of the intensity exiting the half-space, we recover the depth and the strength of this source in two stages. First, we recover the depth of the source through the solution of a one-dimensional nonlinear equation. Then we recover the strength of the source through the solution of a linear least-squares problem. This method is limited to sources located at depths on the order of a transport mean-free path or less. Beyond that depth, these data do not contain sufficient polarization diversity for this inversion method to work. In addition, we show that this method is sensitive to instrument noise. We present numerical results to validate these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Clark
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, P.O. Box 2039, Merced, California 95344, USA
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