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Zawadowicz MA, Abdelmonem A, Mohr C, Saathoff H, Froyd KD, Murphy DM, Leisner T, Cziczo DJ. Single-Particle Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry Utilizing a Femtosecond Desorption and Ionization Laser. Anal Chem 2015; 87:12221-9. [PMID: 26575413 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Single-particle time-of-flight mass spectrometry has now been used since the 1990s to determine particle-to-particle variability and internal mixing state. Instruments commonly use 193 nm excimer or 266 nm frequency-quadrupled Nd:YAG lasers to ablate and ionize particles in a single step. We describe the use of a femtosecond laser system (800 nm wavelength, 100 fs pulse duration) in combination with an existing single-particle time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The goal of this project was to determine the suitability of a femtosecond laser for single-particle studies via direct comparison to the excimer laser (193 nm wavelength, ∼10 ns pulse duration) usually used with the instrument. Laser power, frequency, and polarization were varied to determine the effect on mass spectra. Atmospherically relevant materials that are often used in laboratory studies, ammonium nitrate and sodium chloride, were used for the aerosol. Detection of trace amounts of a heavy metal, lead, in an ammonium nitrate matrix was also investigated. The femtosecond ionization had a large air background not present with the 193 nm excimer and produced more multiply charged ions. Overall, we find that femtosecond laser ablation and ionization of aerosol particles is not radically different than that provided by a 193 nm excimer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmed Abdelmonem
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Claudia Mohr
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Harald Saathoff
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Karl D Froyd
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory , Boulder, Colorado 80305 United States.,Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309 United States
| | - Daniel M Murphy
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory , Boulder, Colorado 80305 United States
| | - Thomas Leisner
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Karlsruhe, Germany
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2
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A Review: Proteomics in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:15497-530. [PMID: 26184160 PMCID: PMC4519910 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160715497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although radiotherapy is generally effective in the treatment of major nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), this treatment still makes approximately 20% of patients radioresistant. Therefore, the identification of blood or biopsy biomarkers that can predict the treatment response to radioresistance and that can diagnosis early stages of NPC would be highly useful to improve this situation. Proteomics is widely used in NPC for searching biomarkers and comparing differentially expressed proteins. In this review, an overview of proteomics with different samples related to NPC and common proteomics methods was made. In conclusion, identical proteins are sorted as follows: Keratin is ranked the highest followed by such proteins as annexin, heat shock protein, 14-3-3σ, nm-23 protein, cathepsin, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins, enolase, triosephosphate isomerase, stathmin, prohibitin, and vimentin. This ranking indicates that these proteins may be NPC-related proteins and have potential value for further studies.
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Ren Y, Li S, Zhang Y, Tse SD, Long MB. Absorption-ablation-excitation mechanism of laser-cluster interactions in a nanoaerosol system. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 114:093401. [PMID: 25793812 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.093401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The absorption-ablation-excitation mechanism in laser-cluster interactions is investigated by measuring Rayleigh scattering of aerosol clusters along with atomic emission from phase-selective laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. For 532 nm excitation, as the laser intensity increases beyond 0.16 GW/cm^{2}, the scattering cross section of TiO_{2} clusters begins to decrease, concurrent with the onset of atomic emission of Ti, indicating a scattering-to-ablation transition and the formation of nanoplasmas. With 1064 nm laser excitation, the atomic emissions are more than one order of magnitude weaker than that at 532 nm, indicating that the thermal effect is not the main mechanism. To better clarify the process, time-resolved measurements of scattering signals are examined for different excitation laser intensities. For increasing laser intensity, the cross section of clusters decreases during a single pulse, evincing the shorter ablation delay time and larger ratios of ablation clusters. Assessment of the electron energy distribution during the ablation process is conducted by nondimensionalizing the Fokker-Planck equation, with analogous Strouhal Sl_{E}, Peclet Pe_{E}, and Damköhler Da_{E} numbers defined to characterize the laser-induced aerothermochemical environment. For conditions where Sl_{E}≫1, Pe_{E}≫1, and Da_{E}≪1, the electrons are excited to the conduction band by two-photon absorption, then relax to the bottom of the conduction band by electron energy loss to the lattice, and finally serve as the energy transfer media between laser field and lattice. The relationship between delay time and excitation intensity is well correlated by this simplified model with quasisteady assumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihua Ren
- Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Thermal Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shuiqing Li
- Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Thermal Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yiyang Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Nuclear Energy Technology, Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Stephen D Tse
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Marshall B Long
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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McJimpsey EL, Jackson WM, Lebrilla CB, Tobias H, Bogan MJ, Gard EE, Frank M, Steele PT. Parameters contributing to efficient ion generation in aerosol MALDI mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2008; 19:315-324. [PMID: 18155920 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2007.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2007] [Revised: 11/14/2007] [Accepted: 11/16/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The Bioaerosol Mass Spectrometry (BAMS) system was developed for the real-time detection and identification of biological aerosols using laser desorption ionization. Greater differentiation of particle types is desired; consequently MALDI techniques are being investigated. The small sample size ( approximately 1 microm3), lack of substrate, and ability to simultaneously monitor both positive and negative ions provide a unique opportunity to gain new insight into the MALDI process. Several parameters known to influence MALDI molecular ion yield and formation are investigated here in the single particle phase. A comparative study of five matrices (2,6-dihydroxyacetophenone, 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid, ferulic acid, and sinapinic acid) with a single analyte (angiotensin I) is presented and reveals effects of matrix selection, matrix-to-analyte molar ratio, and aerosol particle diameter. The strongest analyte ion signal is found at a matrix-to-analyte molar ratio of 100:1. At this ratio, the matrices yielding the least and greatest analyte molecular ion formation are ferulic acid and alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid, respectively. Additionally, a significant positive correlation is found between aerodynamic particle diameter and analyte molecular ion yield for all matrices. SEM imaging of select aerosol particle types reveals interesting surface morphology and structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica L McJimpsey
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA.
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Murphy DM. The design of single particle laser mass spectrometers. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2007; 26:150-65. [PMID: 17043988 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This review explores some of the design choices made with single particle mass spectrometers. Different instruments have used various configurations of inlets, particle sizing techniques, ionization lasers, mass spectrometers, and other components. Systematic bias against non-spherical particles probably exceeds a factor of 2 for all instruments. An ionization laser tradeoff is the relatively poor beam quality and reliability of an excimer laser versus the longer wavelengths and slower response time of an Nd-YAG laser. Single particle instruments can make special demands on the speed and dynamic range of the mass spectrometers. This review explains some of the choices made for instruments that were developed for different types of measurements in the atmosphere. Some practical design notes are also given from the author's experience with each section of the instrument.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Murphy
- Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA.
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Choi JH, Damm CJ, O'Donovan NJ, Sawyer RF, Koshland CP, Lucas D. Detection of lead in soil with excimer laser fragmentation fluorescence spectroscopy. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2005; 59:258-261. [PMID: 15720768 DOI: 10.1366/0003702053085052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J H Choi
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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Leisner A, Rohlfing A, Berkenkamp S, Hillenkamp F, Dreisewerd K. Infrared laser post-ionization of large biomolecules from an IR-MALD(I) plume. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2004; 15:934-941. [PMID: 15144985 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2004.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2004] [Revised: 03/23/2004] [Accepted: 03/23/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A two-infrared laser desorption/ionization method is described. A first laser, which was either an Er:YAG laser or an optical parametric oscillator (OPO), served for ablation/vaporization of small volumes of analyte/matrix sample at fluences below the ion detection threshold for direct matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). A second IR-laser, whose beam intersected the expanding ablation plume at a variable distance and time delay, was used to generate biomolecular ions out of the matrix-assisted laser desorption (MALD) plume. Either one of the two above lasers or an Er:YSGG laser was used for post-ionization. Glycerol was used as IR-MALDI matrix, and mass spectra of peptides, proteins, as well as nucleic acids, some of which in excess of 10(5) u in molecular weight, were recorded with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. A mass spectrum of cytochrome c from a water ice matrix is also presented. The MALD plume expansion was investigated by varying the position of the post-ionization laser beam above the glycerol sample surface and its delay time relative to the desorption laser. Comparison between the OPO (pulse duration, tau(L) = 6 ns) and the Er:YAG laser (tau(L) approximately 120 ns) as primary excitation laser demonstrates a significant effect of the laser pulse duration on the MALD process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Leisner
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Westfälische-Wilhelms Universität, Muenster, Germany
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8
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Kane DB, Johnston MV. Enhancing the detection of sulfate particles for laser ablation aerosol mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2001; 73:5365-9. [PMID: 11816561 DOI: 10.1021/ac010469s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A major limitation to the application of laser ablation aerosol mass spectrometry for the detection of particles less than 200 nm in diameter is a low ablation efficiency for sulfate particles. (Ablation efficiency is the probability that an ablated particle produces a detectable ion signal.) A method is described here to enhance the ablation efficiency of sulfate particles by coating them with a UV-absorbing compound. The method can be applied in-line with the aerosol mass spectrometer in a manner that does not significantly alter the aerosol size distribution. It is shown that a 12-nm coating of 1-naphthyl acetate increases the ablation efficiency of 136-nm ammonium sulfate particles by at least a factor of 20, while similar coatings on oleic acid and ammonium nitrate particles do not significantly alter the ablation efficiency. The results suggest that "undetected" particles, presumably sulfate, in ambient aerosol can be assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Kane
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark 19716, USA
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Phares DJ, Rhoads KP, Wexler AS, Kane DB, Johnston MV. Application of the ART-2a algorithm to laser ablation aerosol mass spectrometry of particle standards. Anal Chem 2001; 73:2338-44. [PMID: 11393861 DOI: 10.1021/ac0015063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Single-particle mass spectrometers are now commonly used to analyze atmospheric particles and generate tens of thousands of spectra from typical measurement campaigns. The ART-2a spectrum algorithm has been used to classify these spectra. In this work, we generate a range of particles that are models of those that are common in the atmosphere. A single-particle mass spectrometer is used to analyze these known particles, and the spectra are classified using ART-2a. The optimum vigilance parameter is approximately 0.5 while the optimum learning rate is approximately 0.05. The classifications elucidate limitations in generation of test particles, their analysis by single-particle techniques, and their classification by ART-2a.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Phares
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark 19716, USA
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Noble CA, Prather KA. Real-time single particle mass spectrometry: a historical review of a quarter century of the chemical analysis of aerosols. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2000; 19:248-274. [PMID: 10986694 DOI: 10.1002/1098-2787(200007)19:4<248::aid-mas3>3.0.co;2-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Real-time single particle mass spectrometry, or continuous aerosol mass spectrometry, was originally developed in the 1970s for the purpose of identifying the chemical composition of airborne particulate matter in real-time. Although this technique has continued to evolve throughout the following decades, the fundamental characteristic of this method remains the same, involving the continuous introduction of solid particle or liquid droplets directly into the ion source region of a mass spectrometer. Continuous sample introduction allows for the chemical analysis of single airborne particles in real-time. A number of mass analyzers have been employed in real-time single particle mass spectrometry. The original real-time single particle mass spectrometer used a magnetic sector mass analyzer. Quadrupole, double-focusing, and ion trap mass spectrometers have also been utilized. The majority of the current real-time single particle mass spectrometry techniques use time-of-flight mass spectrometry. In the literature, a variety of general names have been applied to real-time single particle mass spectrometry methods. These names include direct-inlet mass spectrometry, on-line laser microprobe mass spectrometry, particle analysis by mass spectrometry, particle beam mass spectrometry, and rapid-single particle mass spectrometry. This review covers real-time single particle mass spectrometry techniques that were developed from 1973 through 1998, specifically for analyzing airborne particulate matter, including environmental aerosols, biological aerosols, and clean-room aerosols. Because the majority of the historical and current real-time single particle mass spectrometers have been employed for atmospheric aerosols, this topic is the primary focus of this review. This review does not include on-line mass spectrometry methods that are employed as a detector for other instrumental methods, such as liquid chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- CA Noble
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside 92521, USA.
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Abstract
Over the past decade, aerosol mass spectrometry has developed into a powerful method for characterizing individual particles in air. Recent advances in the design of inlets and mass spectrometers have extended the size range of particles that can be analyzed. In this tutorial, fundamental aspects of particle motion in sampling inlets are introduced. Basic experimental configurations for achieving a high analysis rate and the ability of laser ablation to provide chemical composition information are reviewed. An example of the use of this technology to study atmospheric phenomena is also presented. Significant opportunity exists for designing new experiments at the interface of aerosol mass spectrometry and conventional molecular mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Johnston
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Suess
- Chemistry Department, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California 92521
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13
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Zelenyuk A, Cabalo J, Baer T, Miller RE. Mass Spectrometry of Liquid Aniline Aerosol Particles by IR/UV Laser Irradiation. Anal Chem 1999; 71:1802-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac980971l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alla Zelenyuk
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290
| | - Jerry Cabalo
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290
| | - Tomas Baer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290
| | - Roger E. Miller
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaozhu Ge
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716
| | - Anthony S. Wexler
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716
| | - Murray V. Johnston
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716
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Salt K, Noble CA, Prather KA. Aerodynamic Particle Sizing versus Light Scattering Intensity Measurement as Methods for Real-Time Particle Sizing Coupled with Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 1996; 68:230-4. [DOI: 10.1021/ac950396a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Salt
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | | | - Kimberly A. Prather
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
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Zenobi R. In situ analysis of surfaces and mixtures by laser desorption mass spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1176(95)04163-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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