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Barker C, Lewns FK, Poologasundarampillai G, Ward AD. In Situ Sol-Gel Synthesis of Unique Silica Structures Using Airborne Assembly: Implications for In-Air Reactive Manufacturing. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2022; 5:11699-11706. [PMID: 36062063 PMCID: PMC9425431 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.2c02683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Optical trapping enables the real-time manipulation and observation of morphological evolution of individual particles during reaction chemistry. Here, optical trapping was used in combination with Raman spectroscopy to conduct airborne assembly and kinetic experiments. Micro-droplets of alkoxysilane were levitated in air prior to undergoing either acid- or base-catalyzed sol-gel reaction chemistry to form silica particles. The evolution of the reaction was monitored in real-time; Raman and Mie spectroscopies confirmed the in situ formation of silica particles from alkoxysilane droplets as the product of successive hydrolysis and condensation reactions, with faster reaction kinetics in acid catalysis. Hydrolysis and condensation were accompanied by a reduction in droplet volume and silica formation. Two airborne particles undergoing solidification could be assembled into unique 3D structures such as dumb-bell shapes by manipulating a controlled collision. Our results provide a pipeline combining spectroscopy with optical microscopy and nanoscale FIB-SEM imaging to enable chemical and structural insights, with the opportunity to apply this methodology to probe structure formation during reactive inkjet printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor
R. Barker
- Department
of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway University
of London, Queens Building, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, U.K.
- STFC,
Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11
0FA, U.K.
| | - Francesca K. Lewns
- School
of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, 5 Mill Pool Way, Birmingham, B5 7EG, U.K.
| | | | - Andrew D. Ward
- STFC,
Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11
0FA, U.K.
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2
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Tobon YA, El Hajj D, Seng S, Bengrad F, Moreau M, Visez N, Chiapello I, Crumeyrolle S, Choël M. Impact of the particle mixing state on the hygroscopicity of internally mixed sodium chloride-ammonium sulfate single droplets: a theoretical and experimental study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:14391-14403. [PMID: 34180475 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01574e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Sodium chloride (NaCl) is the main constituent of sea-salt aerosols. During atmospheric transport, sea-salt aerosols can interact with gases and other particles including secondary aerosols containing ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4). This paper reports on the deliquescence relative humidity (DRH) of internally mixed sodium chloride-ammonium sulfate (NaCl/(NH4)2SO4) coarse particles by means of an acoustic levitation system fitted with a confocal Raman microscope (CRM). The chemical composition and physical state of individual levitated particles of different initial NaCl mole fractions were monitored during the deliquescence cycle by CRM. Experimental results were compared to the data predicted by the thermodynamic model E-AIM (Extended-Aerosol Inorganics Model). We demonstrated that NH4Cl, Na2SO4 and NH4NaSO4·2H2O are formed in recrystallized particles and coexist with NaCl and (NH4)2SO4. All these products are randomly distributed within the particles. Deliquescence curves described two or three-stage phase transitions depending on the initial composition of the droplet. Significant discrepancies between the model and the laboratory experiments were observed for NaCl mole fractions varying between 0.40 and 0.77 due to a divergence between the predicted and the truly present products in the particles' solid fraction during the humidification cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeny A Tobon
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516 - LASIRE - LAboratoire de Spectroscopie pour les Interactions, la Réactivité et l'Environnement, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Danielle El Hajj
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516 - LASIRE - LAboratoire de Spectroscopie pour les Interactions, la Réactivité et l'Environnement, F-59000 Lille, France. and Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8518 - LOA - Laboratoire d'Optique Atmosphérique, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Samantha Seng
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516 - LASIRE - LAboratoire de Spectroscopie pour les Interactions, la Réactivité et l'Environnement, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Ferdaous Bengrad
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516 - LASIRE - LAboratoire de Spectroscopie pour les Interactions, la Réactivité et l'Environnement, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Myriam Moreau
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516 - LASIRE - LAboratoire de Spectroscopie pour les Interactions, la Réactivité et l'Environnement, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Nicolas Visez
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516 - LASIRE - LAboratoire de Spectroscopie pour les Interactions, la Réactivité et l'Environnement, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Isabelle Chiapello
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8518 - LOA - Laboratoire d'Optique Atmosphérique, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Suzanne Crumeyrolle
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8518 - LOA - Laboratoire d'Optique Atmosphérique, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Marie Choël
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516 - LASIRE - LAboratoire de Spectroscopie pour les Interactions, la Réactivité et l'Environnement, F-59000 Lille, France.
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Heylman KD, Knapper KA, Horak EH, Rea MT, Vanga SK, Goldsmith RH. Optical Microresonators for Sensing and Transduction: A Materials Perspective. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1700037. [PMID: 28627118 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201700037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Optical microresonators confine light to a particular microscale trajectory, are exquisitely sensitive to their microenvironment, and offer convenient readout of their optical properties. Taken together, this is an immensely attractive combination that makes optical microresonators highly effective as sensors and transducers. Meanwhile, advances in material science, fabrication techniques, and photonic sensing strategies endow optical microresonators with new functionalities, unique transduction mechanisms, and in some cases, unparalleled sensitivities. In this progress report, the operating principles of these sensors are reviewed, and different methods of signal transduction are evaluated. Examples are shown of how choice of materials must be suited to the analyte, and how innovations in fabrication and sensing are coupled together in a mutually reinforcing cycle. A tremendously broad range of capabilities of microresonator sensors is described, from electric and magnetic field sensing to mechanical sensing, from single-molecule detection to imaging and spectroscopy, from operation at high vacuum to in live cells. Emerging sensing capabilities are highlighted and put into context in the field. Future directions are imagined, where the diverse capabilities laid out are combined and advances in scalability and integration are implemented, leading to the creation of a sensor unparalleled in sensitivity and information content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Heylman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Kassandra A Knapper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Erik H Horak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Morgan T Rea
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Sudheer K Vanga
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Randall H Goldsmith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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4
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Chemical analysis of acoustically levitated drops by Raman spectroscopy. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 394:1433-41. [PMID: 19418043 PMCID: PMC3085753 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2800-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2008] [Revised: 04/09/2009] [Accepted: 04/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
An experimental apparatus combining Raman spectroscopy with acoustic levitation, Raman acoustic levitation spectroscopy (RALS), is investigated in the field of physical and chemical analytics. Whereas acoustic levitation enables the contactless handling of microsized samples, Raman spectroscopy offers the advantage of a noninvasive method without complex sample preparation. After carrying out some systematic tests to probe the sensitivity of the technique to drop size, shape, and position, RALS has been successfully applied in monitoring sample dilution and preconcentration, evaporation, crystallization, an acid–base reaction, and analytes in a surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy colloidal suspension. We have systematically investigated the analytical potential of Raman spectroscopy of samples in acoustically levitated drops. ![]()
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Abstract
▪ Abstract Aerosols play a critical role in a diverse range of scientific disciplines. To characterize and quantify their role, it is essential that the fundamental details of mass and heat transfer between the aerosol particle and surrounding medium, the properties of multiphase droplets, and the coagulation of aerosol droplets be more fully explored. Elastic and inelastic light scattering can provide information on particle size, composition, morphology, and temperature. In addition, spatial inhomogeneities in composition and temperature can be probed. We review how such techniques can be used to develop an understanding of the chemical and physical dynamics of a single aerosol droplet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Reid
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, United Kingdom.
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Hamza MA, Berge B, Mikosch W, Rühl E. Homogeneous nucleation of supersaturated KCl-solutions from single levitated microdroplets. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2004. [DOI: 10.1039/b401807a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Schlücker S, Roman V, Kiefer W, Popp J. Detection of pesticide model compounds in ethanolic and aqueous microdroplets by nonlinear Raman spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2001; 73:3146-52. [PMID: 11467566 DOI: 10.1021/ac010169a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pesticide model compounds are detected in microdroplets by means of in situ nonlinear Raman spectroscopy. The chloro- and nitro-substituted aromatics are dissolved in ethanol as well as in water. Their vibrational spectroscopic fingerprint, that is, Raman bands characteristic of the functional groups attached to the aromatic system, is determined in bulk medium by linear Raman spectroscopy. As a result of the concept of group vibrations, the chosen compounds can be regarded as representatives for a whole class of pesticides containing these residues. External seeding of stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) is applied for the detection of these group vibrations of the pesticide model compounds. This technique can be utilized for in situ diagnostics and a noninvasive vibrational spectroscopic analysis of the chemical composition of microdroplets with natural or anthropogenic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schlücker
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie der Universität Würzburg, Federal Republic of Germany
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Lyon LA, Keating CD, Fox AP, Baker BE, He L, Nicewarner SR, Mulvaney SP, Natan MJ. Raman spectroscopy. Anal Chem 1998; 70:341R-361R. [PMID: 9640107 DOI: 10.1021/a1980021p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L A Lyon
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA
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