Pure rotational coherent anti-stokes Raman scattering: comparison of evaluation techniques for determining single-shot simultaneous temperature and relative n(2)-o(2) concentration

Validation of a rotational coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy model for carbon dioxide using high-resolution detection in the temperature range 294-1143 K

Experiments were performed in the temperature range of 294-1143 K in pure CO(2) using high-resolution rotational coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS), in the dual-broadband approach. Experimental single-shot spectra were recorded with high spectral resolution using a single-mode Nd:YAG laser and a relay imaging lens system on the exit of a 1 m spectrometer. A theoretical rotational CARS model for CO(2) was developed for evaluation of the experimental spectra. The evaluated mean temperatures of the recorded single-shot dual-broadband rotational coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (DB-RCARS) spectra using this model showed good agreement with thermocouple temperatures, and the relative standard deviation of evaluated single-shot temperatures was generally 2-3%. Simultaneous thermometry and relative CO(2)/N(2)-concentration measurements were demonstrated in the product gas of premixed laminar CO/air flames at atmospheric pressure. Although the model proved to be accurate for thermometry up to 1143 K, limitations were observed at flame temperatures where temperatures were overestimated and relative CO(2)/N(2) concentrations were underestimated. Potential sources for these discrepancies are discussed.

Thermometry for turbulent flames by coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy with simultaneous referencing to the modeless excitation profile

An optimal system for temperature measurements by coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) in turbulent flames and flows is presented. In addition to a single-mode pump laser and a modeless dye laser, an echelle spectrometer with a cross disperser is used. This system permits simultaneous measurement of the N2 CARS spectrum and the broadband dye laser profile. A procedure is developed to use software to transform this profile into the excitation profile by which the spectrum is referenced. Simultaneous shot-to-shot referencing is compared to sequential averaged referencing for data obtained in flat flames and in room air. At flame temperatures, the resultant 1.5% imprecision is limited by flame fluctuations, indicating that the system may have a single-shot imprecision below 1%. At room temperature, the 3.8% single-shot imprecision is of the same order as the best values reported for dual-broadband pure-rotational CARS. Using the unique shot-to-shot excitation profiles, simultaneous referencing eliminates systematic errors. At 2000 and 300 K, the 95% confidence intervals are estimated to be +/- 20 and +/- 10 K, respectively.

Time-resolved CO2 thermometry for pressures as great as 5 MPa by use of pure rotational coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering

Pure rotational coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering measurements of pure CO2 have been performed in a temperature range from 300 to 773 K and for pressure from 0.1 to 5 MPa for the purpose of time-resolved CO2 thermometry. Particular emphasis was put on the comparison of several line-width approximations to model the experimental spectra. Generally good agreement of the temperature mean values with the thermocouple reference has been found for all models over almost the whole pressure and temperature range investigated. The standard deviations, which increased with temperature, were comparable with or better than the results gained for single-shot measurements of pure N2 or O2-N2 mixtures. Yet for high particle densities close to the critical point of CO2 the limitation of the models became obvious, owing to the strongly increased influence of motional narrowing effects. The characteristics of these effects have been demonstrated by measurements even closer to the critical conditions.

Simultaneous and time-resolved temperature and relative CO2-N2 and O2-CO2-N2 concentration measurements with pure rotational coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering for pressures as great as 5 MPa

Pure rotational coherent anti-Stokes Raman-scattering (CARS) measurements have been performed in binary CO2-N2 and ternary CO2-O2-N2 mixtures in a temperature range between 300 and 773 K and pressures from 0.1 to 5 MPa to prove its potential for simultaneous single-shot thermometry and multispecies concentration measurements. In pressurized systems the CO2 component has a strong spectral influence on the pure rotational CARS spectra. Because of this dominance, pure rotational CARS proves to be a sensitive tool to measure in high-pressure combustion systems and the relative CO2-N2 concentration in the lower temperature range simultaneously with the temperature and the relative O2-N2 concentration. The evaluation of the spectra utilized a least-sum-squared differences fit of the spectral shape, weighted either constantly or inversely with respect to the normalized signal intensity. The results of the simultaneous temperature and relative CO2-N2 and O2-CO2-N2 concentration measurements provided a good accuracy and precision both in temperature and in concentrations. Because of the strong increase in the relative spectral contribution of CO2 with rising pressure, the precision of the CO2 concentration determination is in general significantly improved toward higher pressures, thus also clearly enhancing the CO2 detectability. The influence of temperature, O2 and CO2 concentration, pressure, and the evaluation techniques employed on both the accuracy and the precision is explained as well as their cross dependencies. The influence and limitations of the approximations used to model the CO2 molecule are discussed.

Near-resonance enhanced O2 detection for dual-broadband pure rotational coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering with an ultraviolet-visible setup at 266 nm

Broadband and dual-broadband coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) are widely established tools for nonintrusive gas diagnostics. Up to now the investigations have been mainly performed for electronic nonresonant conditions of the gas species of interest. We report on the enhancement of the O2-N2 detection limit of dual-broadband pure rotational CARS by shifting the wavelength of the narrowband pump laser from the commonly used 532-266 nm. This enhancement is caused when the Schumann-Runge absorption band is approached near 176 nm. The principal concept of this experiment, i.e., covering the Raman resonance with a single- or dual-broadband combination of lasers in the visible range and moving only the narrowband probe laser near or directly into electronic resonant conditions in the UV range, should also be applicable to broadband CARS experiments to directly exploit electronic resonance effects for the purpose of single-shot concentration measurements of minority species. To quantify the enhancement in O2 sensitivity, comparative measurements at both a 266 and a 532 nm narrowband pump laser wavelength are presented, employing a 4-dicyanomethylene-2-methyl-6-(p-dimethylaminostyryl)-4H-pyram (DCM) dye laser as a broadband laser source at 635 nm. An increase of approximately equal to 13% in the ratio of the rotational CARS cross sections of O2 and N2 was obtained. The broad spectral width of the CARS excitation profile was approximately equal for both setups. Further enhancement should be achievable by shifting the narrowband pump laser closer toward 176 nm, for example, with a frequency-doubled optical parametric oscillator or an excimer laser. The principal concept of this experiment should also be applicable to broadband CARS experiments to directly exploit electronic resonance effects of the narrowband pump laser with electronic transitions of minority species for the purpose of single-shot concentration measurements of those species.

Interline Transfer CCD Camera for Gated Broadband Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman-Scattering Measurements

Use of an interline transfer CCD camera for the acquisition of broadband coherent anti-Stokes Raman-scattering (CARS) spectra is demonstrated. The interline transfer CCD has alternating columns of imaging and storage pixels that allow one to acquire two successive images by shifting the first image in the storage pixels and immediately acquiring the second image. We have used this dual-image mode for gated CARS measurements by acquiring a CARS spectral image and shifting it rapidly from the imaging pixel columns to the storage pixel columns. We have demonstrated the use of this dual-image mode for gated single-laser-shot measurement of hydrogen and nitrogen CARS spectra at room temperature and in atmospheric pressure flames. The performance of the interline transfer CCD for these CARS measurements is compared directly with the performance of a back-illuminated unintensified CCD camera.

Simultaneous temperature and relative O2-N2 concentration measurements by single-shot pure rotational coherent anti-stokes Raman scattering for pressures as great as 5 MPa

Dual-broadband pure rotational coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering is a valuable nonintrusive tool for gas diagnosis that provides simultaneous and time-resolved information about temperature and relative species concentration. A systematic investigation of single-shot precision and accuracy of simultaneous measurement of temperature and O(2)/N(2) concentration is presented. Various O(2) concentrations (1.0-15.6%) in binary mixtures with N(2) have been investigated in a temperature range from 300 to 773 K and for pressures of 1-50 bars (0.1-5 MPa). A comparison of two least-sum-squared differences fit evaluation procedures for the spectral shape, weighted constantly or inversely with respect to the relative signal intensity, is given. The results yielded good accuracy and precision for measuring temperature as well as concentration. The influence of temperature, O(2) concentration, pressure, and evaluation techniques on both accuracy and precision is discussed.