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Steuer S, Morgenstern J, Kirsten L, Bornitz M, Neudert M, Koch E, Golde J. In vivo microstructural investigation of the human tympanic membrane by endoscopic polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2023; 28:121203. [PMID: 37007626 PMCID: PMC10050973 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.28.12.121203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Endoscopic optical coherence tomography (OCT) is of growing interest for in vivo diagnostics of the tympanic membrane (TM) and the middle ear but generally lacks a tissue-specific contrast. AIM To assess the collagen fiber layer within the in vivo TM, an endoscopic imaging method utilizing the polarization changes induced by the birefringent connective tissue was developed. APPROACH An endoscopic swept-source OCT setup was redesigned and extended by a polarization-diverse balanced detection unit. Polarization-sensitive OCT (PS-OCT) data were visualized by a differential Stokes-based processing and the derived local retardation. The left and right ears of a healthy volunteer were examined. RESULTS Distinct retardation signals in the annulus region of the TM and near the umbo revealed the layered structure of the TM. Due to the TM's conical shape and orientation in the ear canal, high incident angles onto the TM's surface, and low thicknesses compared to the axial resolution limit of the system, other regions of the TM were more difficult to evaluate. CONCLUSIONS The use of endoscopic PS-OCT is feasible to differentiate birefringent and nonbirefringent tissue of the human TM in vivo. Further investigations on healthy as well as pathologically altered TMs are required to validate the diagnostic potential of this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svea Steuer
- TU Dresden, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Dresden, Germany
- TU Dresden, Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Clinical Sensoring and Monitoring, Faculty of Medicine, Dresden, Germany
| | - Joseph Morgenstern
- TU Dresden, Otorhinolaryngology, Ear Research Center Dresden, Faculty of Medicine, Dresden, Germany
- TU Dresden, Else Kröner-Fresenius Center for Digital Health, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lars Kirsten
- TU Dresden, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Dresden, Germany
| | - Matthias Bornitz
- TU Dresden, Otorhinolaryngology, Ear Research Center Dresden, Faculty of Medicine, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marcus Neudert
- TU Dresden, Otorhinolaryngology, Ear Research Center Dresden, Faculty of Medicine, Dresden, Germany
- TU Dresden, Else Kröner-Fresenius Center for Digital Health, Dresden, Germany
| | - Edmund Koch
- TU Dresden, Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Clinical Sensoring and Monitoring, Faculty of Medicine, Dresden, Germany
- TU Dresden, Else Kröner-Fresenius Center for Digital Health, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jonas Golde
- TU Dresden, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Dresden, Germany
- TU Dresden, Else Kröner-Fresenius Center for Digital Health, Dresden, Germany
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Bessel Beam: Significance and Applications-A Progressive Review. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11110997. [PMID: 33187147 PMCID: PMC7697033 DOI: 10.3390/mi11110997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Diffraction is a phenomenon related to the wave nature of light and arises when a propagating wave comes across an obstacle. Consequently, the wave can be transformed in amplitude or phase and diffraction occurs. Those parts of the wavefront avoiding an obstacle form a diffraction pattern after interfering with each other. In this review paper, we have discussed the topic of non-diffractive beams, explicitly Bessel beams. Such beams provide some resistance to diffraction and hence are hypothetically a phenomenal alternate to Gaussian beams in several circumstances. Several outstanding applications are coined to Bessel beams and have been employed in commercial applications. We have discussed several hot applications based on these magnificent beams such as optical trapping, material processing, free-space long-distance self-healing beams, optical coherence tomography, superresolution, sharp focusing, polarization transformation, increased depth of focus, birefringence detection based on astigmatic transformed BB and encryption in optical communication. According to our knowledge, each topic presented in this review is justifiably explained.
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Dong M, Bai Y, Yao J, Zhao Q, Yang Y. Propagation properties of partially coherent modified Bessel-Gauss beams through the gradient-index medium. APPLIED OPTICS 2020; 59:8023-8028. [PMID: 32976478 DOI: 10.1364/ao.396329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Based on the ABCD matrix method and Collins diffraction integral formula, the general analytical expression for the partially coherent modified Bessel-Gauss beam propagating in a gradient-index medium is derived. The propagation trajectory, intensity, and phase distribution of such a beam are numerically investigated. The effects of the topological charge, the coherence parameter, and the coefficient of the gradient refractive index on propagation properties are considered. Results show that the propagation trajectory of such beam focuses and diverges periodically, which is different from free-space propagation. The period of intensity distribution is consistent with that of phase distribution under different cases. As propagation distance increases, the dark core always exists and the phase singularities remain stable and do not split. The dark core can be modulated by topological charge and coherence parameter, and the periodical distance can be modulated by the coefficient of the gradient refractive index. These results will help to explore such beams and find applications in optical communication and optical trapping.
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He C, Chang J, Hu Q, Wang J, Antonello J, He H, Liu S, Lin J, Dai B, Elson DS, Xi P, Ma H, Booth MJ. Complex vectorial optics through gradient index lens cascades. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4264. [PMID: 31537802 PMCID: PMC6753074 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12286-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Graded index (GRIN) lenses are commonly used for compact imaging systems. It is not widely appreciated that the ion-exchange process that creates the rotationally symmetric GRIN lens index profile also causes a symmetric birefringence variation. This property is usually considered a nuisance, such that manufacturing processes are optimized to keep it to a minimum. Here, rather than avoiding this birefringence, we understand and harness it by using GRIN lenses in cascade with other optical components to enable extra functionality in commonplace GRIN lens systems. We show how birefringence in the GRIN cascades can generate vector vortex beams and foci, and how it can be used advantageously to improve axial resolution. Through using the birefringence for analysis, we show that the GRIN cascades form the basis of a new single-shot Müller matrix polarimeter with potential for endoscopic label-free cancer diagnostics. The versatility of these cascades opens up new technological directions. The manufacturing process for GRIN lenses causes a symmetric birefringence variation which is considered a deficiency. Here, the authors show how this birefringence can generate vector vortex beams and form the basis of a Müller matrix polarimeter with potential for endoscopic label-free cancer diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao He
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, UK.
| | - Jintao Chang
- Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Minimal Invasive Medical Technologies, Institute of Optical Imaging and Sensing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qi Hu
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, UK
| | - Jingyu Wang
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, UK
| | - Jacopo Antonello
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, UK
| | - Honghui He
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Minimal Invasive Medical Technologies, Institute of Optical Imaging and Sensing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shaoxiong Liu
- Shenzhen Sixth People's Hospital (Nanshan Hospital) Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, 518052, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianyu Lin
- Hamlyn Centre for Robotic Surgery, Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Ben Dai
- School of Data Science, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Daniel S Elson
- Hamlyn Centre for Robotic Surgery, Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Peng Xi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Ma
- Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Minimal Invasive Medical Technologies, Institute of Optical Imaging and Sensing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Martin J Booth
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, UK.
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Chang J, Zeng N, He H, He Y, Ma H. Single-shot spatially modulated Stokes polarimeter based on a GRIN lens. OPTICS LETTERS 2014; 39:2656-9. [PMID: 24784070 DOI: 10.1364/ol.39.002656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A new polarimeter for the simultaneous measurement of all Stokes parameters in a single shot is presented. It consists of only a gradient index (GRIN) lens, a polarizer, an imaging lens, and a CCD, without mechanical movements, electrical signal modulation, or the division of amplitude components. This design takes advantage of the continuous spatial distributions of birefringence value and the fast axis direction of a GRIN lens and derives the state of polarization (SOP) of the incident beam from the characteristic patterns on the CCD images. Tests show that this polarimeter is very accurate even with low-resolution images. It is versatile and adapts to light sources of different wavelengths. It is also very stable, robust, low cost, and simple to use.
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Tentori D, Camacho J. Ordinary and extraordinary rays in gradient-index lenses. APPLIED OPTICS 2003; 42:4452-4462. [PMID: 12916609 DOI: 10.1364/ao.42.004452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We assume that the polarization modes of a gradient-index medium with circular cylindrical symmetry are radial and tangential. Making use of a ray-optics method developed for anisotropic crystals,we relate the polarization modes with the permittivity and the dielectric tensor constant of the medium. The polarized imaging response of gradient-index lenses is used to associate ordinary rays with the tangential mode and extraordinary rays with the radial mode. The polarization-mode description is in agreement with the experimental results here. These experimental results allow extending the mode description developed for meridional rays to include skew rays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Tentori
- Centro de Investigacion Física Aplicada, Ensenada, Baja California, México.
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Rouke JL, Moore DT. Birefringence in gradient-index rod lenses: a direct measurement method and interferometric polarization effects. APPLIED OPTICS 2001; 40:4971-4980. [PMID: 18364775 DOI: 10.1364/ao.40.004971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Gradient-index (GRIN) media can contain stress birefringence resulting from the variation in material composition. Anisotropy in a GRIN rod lens affects ray propagation and can degrade image quality. A technique, believed to be new, for measuring birefringence in GRIN rod lenses has been developed. The change in optical path difference (OPD) for orthogonal polarizations is measured directly. With this method, effects on OPD from standard imaging aberrations are excluded. Birefringence measurements for various GRIN rod samples are presented. The data are compared with results obtained previously by use of a Twyman-Green measurement method. Also, the polarization effects on tilt fringes observed with the direct measurement method and the Twyman-Green method are presented and modeled theoretically. Tilt fringes for large birefringence test cases are also modeled.
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