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Kirchner T, Gröhl J, Maier-Hein L. Context encoding enables machine learning-based quantitative photoacoustics. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2018; 23:1-9. [PMID: 29777580 PMCID: PMC7138258 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.23.5.056008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Real-time monitoring of functional tissue parameters, such as local blood oxygenation, based on optical imaging could provide groundbreaking advances in the diagnosis and interventional therapy of various diseases. Although photoacoustic (PA) imaging is a modality with great potential to measure optical absorption deep inside tissue, quantification of the measurements remains a major challenge. We introduce the first machine learning-based approach to quantitative PA imaging (qPAI), which relies on learning the fluence in a voxel to deduce the corresponding optical absorption. The method encodes relevant information of the measured signal and the characteristics of the imaging system in voxel-based feature vectors, which allow the generation of thousands of training samples from a single simulated PA image. Comprehensive in silico experiments suggest that context encoding-qPAI enables highly accurate and robust quantification of the local fluence and thereby the optical absorption from PA images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kirchner
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Computer Assisted Medical Interventions (CAMI), Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg University, Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Janek Gröhl
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Computer Assisted Medical Interventions (CAMI), Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lena Maier-Hein
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Computer Assisted Medical Interventions (CAMI), Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty, Heidelberg, Germany
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2
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Yang J, Zhang T, Yang H, Jiang H. Fast multispectral diffuse optical tomography system for in vivo three-dimensional imaging of seizure dynamics. APPLIED OPTICS 2012; 51:3461-9. [PMID: 22695584 PMCID: PMC3553592 DOI: 10.1364/ao.51.003461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We describe a multispectral continuous-wave diffuse optical tomography (DOT) system that can be used for in vivo three-dimensional (3-D) imaging of seizure dynamics. Fast 3-D data acquisition is realized through a time multiplexing approach based on a parallel lighting configuration--our system can achieve 0.12 ms per source per wavelength and up to a 14 Hz sampling rate for a full set of data for 3-D DOT image reconstruction. The system is validated using both static and dynamic tissue-like phantoms. An initial in vivo experiment using a rat model of seizure is also demonstrated.
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3
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Zhao Q, Jiang H, Cao Z, Yang L, Mao H, Lipowska M. A handheld fluorescence molecular tomography system for intraoperative optical imaging of tumor margins. Med Phys 2012; 38:5873-8. [PMID: 22047351 DOI: 10.1118/1.3641877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Accurate identification of tumor margins presents a major challenge in the surgical treatment of human cancers. Inability of complete removal of tumor lesions after surgery causes local recurrence and increases the incidence of developing tumor metastasis. It is clear that novel approaches that allow defining tumor margins intraoperatively for removal of small tumor lesions in the surgical cavity is critical for improving prognosis of cancer patients. To facilitate image-guided surgery using targeted optical imaging probes, we have developed a reflection-mode fluorescence molecular tomography (FMT) system with a handheld probe that is able to provide three-dimensional tumor margin information. METHODS The imaging method and system were validated using both simulated and phantom experiments. We further examined the accuracy of the handheld FMT system in an orthotopic mouse mammary tumor model following systemic delivery of near-infrared (NIR) dye-labeled and urokinase plasminogen activator receptor targeted magnet iron oxide nanoparticles. RESULTS Our results show that when the targets are located within 5 mm beneath the surface of the media, fluorescent images can be reliably detected and reconstructed with an average positional error of 0.5 mm laterally and 1.5 mm axially. For in vivo imaging in the mouse tumor model, the location and size of the tumor detected by FMT correlated well with that measured by the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). CONCLUSIONS Our system can three-dimensionally image targets located at a depth of up to 7 mm. The in vivo results suggest that in combination with targeted optical imaging probes, this handheld FMT system can be potentially used as an intraoperative tool for the detection of tumor margins and for image-guided surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhao
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Li X, Xi L, Jiang R, Yao L, Jiang H. Integrated diffuse optical tomography and photoacoustic tomography: phantom validations. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 2:2348-53. [PMID: 21833371 PMCID: PMC3149532 DOI: 10.1364/boe.2.002348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We designed, fabricated and tested a novel imaging system that fuses diffuse optical tomography (DOT) and photoacoustic tomography (PAT) in a single platform. This platform takes advantages of both DOT and PAT, and can potentially provide dual-modality two dimensional functional and cellular images of the breast quantitatively. Here we describe this integrated platform along with initial tissue phantom validations.
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Tan Y, Novo M, Yao L, Zhou L, Jiang H. In vivo monitoring of stem cells in Drosophila pupae using the radiative transfer equation-based fluorescence molecular tomography. Mol Imaging Biol 2010; 13:868-73. [PMID: 20922571 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-010-0434-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study is to realize in vivo monitoring of DSRed-expressing cell distribution in Drosophila pupae using fluorescence molecular tomography (FMT). PROCEDURES The radiative transfer equation (RTE)-based FMT reconstruction algorithm is implemented using finite element method for mesoscopic- or millimeter-scale imaging. The RTE algorithm is validated using both simulated and phantom experimental data. For the in vivo experiments, DsRed fluorescent reporter was inserted into the middle of irradiation-responsive enhancer region (IRER) of Drosophila pupae and expressed only in IRER-open cells. RESULTS Quantitatively accurate fluorescence images can be reconstructed from both simulated and phantom data. The in vivo images obtained agree well with the in vitro images obtained from confocal microscopy both qualitatively and semi-quantitatively. CONCLUSION DsRed-bearing stem cells in Drosophila pupae can be markedly imaged using our FMT approach. This study suggests that the technique described can be used for dynamic in vivo monitoring of biological events in mesoscopic-scale animals and facilitates basic biologic research such as genetics, epigenetics, and stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyong Tan
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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6
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Xu G, Piao D, Bunting CF, Dehghani H. Direct-current-based image reconstruction versus direct-current included or excluded frequency-domain reconstruction in diffuse optical tomography. APPLIED OPTICS 2010; 49:3059-3070. [PMID: 20517376 DOI: 10.1364/ao.49.003059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We study the level of image artifacts in optical tomography associated with measurement uncertainty under three reconstruction configurations, namely, by using only direct-current (DC), DC-excluded frequency-domain, and DC-included frequency-domain data. Analytic and synthetic studies demonstrate that, at the same level of measurement uncertainty typical to optical tomography, the ratio of the standard deviation of mu(a) over mu(a) reconstructed by DC only is at least 1.4 times lower than that by frequency-domain methods. The ratio of standard deviations of D (or mu(s)') over D (or mu(s)') reconstructed by DC only are slightly lower than those by frequency-domain methods. Frequency-domain reconstruction including DC generally outperforms that excluding DC, but as the amount of measurements increases, the difference between the two diminishes. Under the condition of a priori structural information, the performances of three reconstruction configurations are seemingly equivalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan Xu
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA
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Yuan Z, Zhang Q, Sobel E, Jiang H. Comparison of diffusion approximation and higher order diffusion equations for optical tomography of osteoarthritis. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2009; 14:054013. [PMID: 19895115 PMCID: PMC2917458 DOI: 10.1117/1.3233655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2008] [Revised: 07/20/2009] [Accepted: 07/25/2009] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a simplified spherical harmonics approximated higher order diffusion model is employed for 3-D diffuse optical tomography of osteoarthritis in the finger joints. We find that the use of a higher-order diffusion model in a stand-alone framework provides significant improvement in reconstruction accuracy over the diffusion approximation model. However, we also find that this is not the case in the image-guided setting when spatial prior knowledge from x-rays is incorporated. The results show that the reconstruction error between these two models is about 15 and 4%, respectively, for stand-alone and image-guided frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yuan
- University of Florida, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 130 BME Building, P.O. Box 116131, Gainesville, Florida 32611-6131, USA
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Yuan Z, Jiang H. Quantitative photoacoustic tomography. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2009; 367:3043-54. [PMID: 19581254 PMCID: PMC2696112 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2009.0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, several algorithms that allow for quantitative photoacoustic reconstruction of tissue optical, acoustic and physiological properties are described in a finite-element method based framework. These quantitative reconstruction algorithms are compared, and the merits and limitations associated with these methods are discussed. In addition, a multispectral approach is presented for concurrent reconstructions of multiple parameters including deoxyhaemoglobin, oxyhaemoglobin and water concentrations as well as acoustic speed. Simulation and in vivo experiments are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the reconstruction algorithms presented.
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Li C, Mitchell GS, Dutta J, Ahn S, Leahy RM, Cherry SR. A three-dimensional multispectral fluorescence optical tomography imaging system for small animals based on a conical mirror design. OPTICS EXPRESS 2009; 17:7571-85. [PMID: 19399136 PMCID: PMC2852255 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.007571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a three dimensional (3D) multispectral fluorescence optical tomography small animal imaging system with an innovative geometry using a truncated conical mirror, allowing simultaneous viewing of the entire surface of the animal by an EMCCD camera. A conical mirror collects photons approximately three times more efficiently than a flat mirror. An x-y mirror scanning system makes it possible to scan a collimated excitation laser beam to any location on the mouse surface. A pattern of structured light incident on the small animal surface is used to extract the surface geometry for reconstruction. A finite element based algorithm is applied to model photon propagation in the turbid media and a preconditioned conjugate gradient (PCG) method is used to solve the large linear system matrix. The reconstruction algorithm and the system feasibility are evaluated by phantom experiments. These experiments show that multispectral measurements improve the spatial resolution of reconstructed images. Finally, an in vivo imaging study of a xenograft tumor in a mouse shows good correlation of the reconstructed image with the location of the fluorescence probe as determined by subsequent optical imaging of cryosections of the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqing Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Yuan Z, Hu XH, Jiang H. A higher order diffusion model for three-dimensional photon migration and image reconstruction in optical tomography. Phys Med Biol 2008; 54:65-88. [PMID: 19060361 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/54/1/005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we derived three-dimensional simplified spherical harmonics approximated higher order diffusion equations. We also solved the higher order diffusion equations using a finite element method and compared the solutions from the first-order diffusion equation and Monte Carlo simulations. We found that the conducted model is able to improve the first-order diffusion solution in a transport-like homogeneous or heterogeneous medium. Reconstructed images based on the higher order diffusion model are also presented. We conclude that the developed higher order diffusion model is able to accurately describe light propagation in biological tissues and to offer improved image reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Jiang Z, Piao D, Xu G, Ritchey JW, Holyoak GR, Bartels KE, Bunting CF, Slobodov G, Krasinski JS. Trans-rectal ultrasound-coupled near-infrared optical tomography of the prostate, part II: experimental demonstration. OPTICS EXPRESS 2008; 16:17505-20. [PMID: 18958031 DOI: 10.1364/oe.16.017505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate trans-rectal optical tomography of the prostate using an endo-rectal near-infrared (NIR) applicator integrated with a transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) probe. The endo-rectal NIR applicator incorporated a design presented in our previously reported work. A continuous-wave NIR optical tomography system is combined with a commercial US scanner to form the dual-modality imager. Sagittal transrectal imaging is performed concurrently by endo-rectal NIR and TRUS. The TRUS ensures accurate positioning of the NIR applicator as well as guides NIR image reconstruction using the spatial prior of the target. The use of a condom, which is standard for TRUS, is found to have minimal effect on trans-rectal NIR imaging. Tests on avian tissues validates that NIR imaging can recover the absorption contrast of a target, and its accuracy is improved when the TRUS spatial prior is incorporated. Trans-rectal NIR/US imaging of a healthy canine prostate in situ is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Jiang
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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12
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Yuan Z, Zhang Q, Sobel ES, Jiang H. Tomographic x-ray-guided three-dimensional diffuse optical tomography of osteoarthritis in the finger joints. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2008; 13:044006. [PMID: 19021334 DOI: 10.1117/1.2965547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We describe a multimodality imaging approach that combines x-ray tomosynthesis with near-infrared diffuse optical tomography (DOT) for high-resolution imaging of osteoarthritis in the finger joints. In this approach, we take advantage of high resolution x-ray imaging particularly of the bones and incorporate the fine structural maps obtained from x ray as a priori information into DOT reconstructions. To realize this multi-modality approach, we constructed a hybrid imaging platform that integrated a C-arm-based x-ray tomosynthetic system with a multichannel optic-fiber-based DOT system. We also implemented improved hybrid regularization-based reconstruction algorithms that have shown to be especially effective for high-resolution modality-guided DOT. Initial evaluation of our x-ray-guided DOT reconstruction approach in the finger joints shows that spatial resolution of DOT can be enhanced dramatically when the three-dimensional geometry of bones is known a priori. In particular, the improved quantitative capability of imaging absorption and scattering coefficients of the joint tissues allows for more accurate diagnosis of osteoarthritis over x-ray radiography or DOT alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yuan
- University of Florida, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Gainesville, Florida 32611-6131, USA
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13
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Phase-contrast diffuse optical tomography pilot results in the breast. Acad Radiol 2008; 15:859-66. [PMID: 18572121 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2008.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2007] [Revised: 12/21/2007] [Accepted: 01/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES We sought to investigate the utility of phase-contrast diffuse optical tomography (PCDOT) for differentiation of malignant and benign breast masses in humans and to compare PCDOT with conventional diffuse optical tomography (DOT) for analysis of breast masses in humans. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-five breast masses were imaged in 33 patients (mean age, 51 years; range, 22-80) using PCDOT. Images characterizing the tissue refractive index, and absorption and scattering coefficients of breast masses were obtained with a finite element-based reconstruction algorithm. Theses images were then analyzed and compared with the biopsy/pathology results for all the cases examined. RESULTS Malignant lesions tended to have a decreased refractive index, allowing them to be discriminated from benign lesions in most cases, whereas absorption and scattering images were unable to accurately discriminate benign from malignant lesions. The sensitivity, specificity, false-positive value, and overall accuracy for refractive index imaging were 81.8%, 70.8%, 29.2%, and 74.3%, respectively. The accuracy of refractive index imaging increases with increasing patient age. CONCLUSION Refractive index is a new parameter for optical imaging that may be helpful in differentiating between malignant and benign masses in the breast.
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Wang JZ, Liang X, Zhang Q, Fajardo LL, Jiang H. Automated breast cancer classification using near-infrared optical tomographic images. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2008; 13:044001. [PMID: 19021329 DOI: 10.1117/1.2956662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
An automated procedure for detecting breast cancer using near-infrared (NIR) tomographic images is presented. This classification procedure automatically extracts attributes from three imaging parameters obtained by an NIR imaging system. These parameters include tissue absorption and reduced scattering coefficients, as well as a tissue refractive index obtained by a phase-contrast-based reconstruction approach. A support vector machine (SVM) classifier is utilized to distinguish the malignant from the benign lesions using the automatically extracted attributes. The classification results of in vivo tomographic images from 35 breast masses using absorption, scattering, and refractive index attributes demonstrate high sensitivity, specificity, and overall accuracy of 81.8%, 91.7%, and 88.6% respectively, while the classification sensitivity, specificity, and overall accuracy are 63.6%, 83.3%, and 77.1%, respectively, when only the absorption and scattering attributes are used. Furthermore, the automated classification procedure provides significantly improved specificity and overall accuracy for breast cancer detection compared to those by an experienced technician through visual examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Z Wang
- Clemson University, School of Computing, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA
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Li C, Grobmyer SR, Massol N, Liang X, Zhang Q, Chen L, Fajardo LL, Jiang H. Noninvasive in vivo tomographic optical imaging of cellular morphology in the breast: possible convergence of microscopic pathology and macroscopic radiology. Med Phys 2008; 35:2493-501. [PMID: 18649482 PMCID: PMC2673633 DOI: 10.1118/1.2921129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2007] [Revised: 04/11/2008] [Accepted: 04/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This article presents a pilot study of multispectral diffuse optical tomography for noninvasively imaging volume fraction and mean size of cellular scattering components in the breast. Cellular morphology images for a total of 14 cases (four malignant breast and ten benign lesions) were obtained. Analyzing the images based on the pathological findings of the cases studied, we found that light scattering in the breast was contributed from both the nucleus and organelles such as mitochondria and nucleolus. Based on the image analysis of these 14 cases, we found that the differences in the mean size and volume fraction between the malignant and benign lesions are significant. The contrast ratio of the average mean size and volume fraction between malignant and benign lesions were calculated to be 3.38 and 2.63. These initial results suggest that cellular mean size and volume fraction may be two new criteria that could be used to differentiate malignant from benign lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqing Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-6131, USA
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Wang Q, Liang X, Liu Z, Zhang Q, Carney P, Jiang H. Visualizing localized dynamic changes during epileptic seizure onset in vivo with diffuse optical tomography. Med Phys 2008; 35:216-24. [PMID: 18293577 DOI: 10.1118/1.2818736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse optical tomography (DOT) is a promising functional imaging modality due to its ability to provide quantitative and dynamic tomographic imaging of brain functions. This pilot study was conducted to demonstrate that DOT can be used to visualize the changes in local hemodynamics during seizures. The focal seizure was induced by microinjection of 10 microl of 1.9 mM GABAA antagonist bicuculline methiodide (BMI) into the left parietal neocortex of male Harlen Sprague-Dawley rats, which was imaged by a multispectral continuous-wave DOT system. Functional images were obtained by our finite element based image reconstruction algorithm. A series of dynamic 2D images were obtained to delineate the time course of concentration changes of oxyhaemoglobin, deoxyhaemoglobin, and total hemoglobin in the rat brain during seizure onset. The BMI induced epileptic foci were localized and observed over time from the images obtained. Our results suggest that diffuse optical tomography may be a promising modality for epilepsy imaging due to its ability to localize epileptic foci as well as its potential to map the functional activity in the area of human cerebral cortex in planning of epilepsy surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
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Yuan Z, Jiang H. Image reconstruction scheme that combines modified Newton method and efficient initial guess estimation for optical tomography of finger joints. APPLIED OPTICS 2007; 46:2757-68. [PMID: 17446925 DOI: 10.1364/ao.46.002757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
What we believe to be a novel 3D diffuse optical tomography scheme is developed to reconstruct images of both absorption and scattering coefficients of finger joint systems. Compared with our previous reconstruction method, the improved 3D algorithm employs both modified Newton methods and an enhanced initial value optimization scheme to recover the optical properties of highly heterogeneous media. The developed approach is tested using simulated, phantom, and in vivo measurement data. The recovered results suggest that the improved approach is able to provide quantitatively better images than our previous algorithm for optical tomography reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, FL 32611-6131, USA
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18
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Yuan Z, Zhang Q, Sobel E, Jiang H. Three-dimensional diffuse optical tomography of osteoarthritis: initial results in the finger joints. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2007; 12:034001. [PMID: 17614709 DOI: 10.1117/1.2737420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
This work presents a pilot study to show the potential of an emerging imaging modality, near-infrared diffuse optical tomography (DOT), for the diagnosis of osteoarthritis (OA). We report quantitative absorption and scattering images of joint tissue that allow for differentiation between diseased and healthy joints. An automatic, multichannel optical imaging system is used to image finger joints from two OA patients and three healthy volunteers. 3-D optical images of the joint tissue are recovered using a finite-element-based reconstruction algorithm. The reconstructed images demonstrate differences in optical properties at the joint region (cartilage/synovial fluid) between the OA and healthy joints. Quantitative analysis from the patients and healthy volunteers also indicate that the recovered joint sizes are consistent with those from x-ray findings. The results of this pilot study show potential for quantitative imaging and diagnosis of early OA by DOT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yuan
- University of Florida, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Gainesville, Florida 32611-6131, USA
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Li C, Zhao H, Anderson B, Jiang H. Multispectral breast imaging using a ten-wavelength, 64 x 64 source/detector channels silicon photodiode-based diffuse optical tomography system. Med Phys 2006; 33:627-36. [PMID: 16878566 DOI: 10.1118/1.2171508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a compact diffuse optical tomography system specifically designed for breast imaging. The system consists of 64 silicon photodiode detectors, 64 excitation points, and 10 diode lasers in the near-infrared region, allowing multispectral, three-dimensional optical imaging of breast tissue. We also detail the system performance and optimization through a calibration procedure. The system is evaluated using tissue-like phantom experiments and an in vivo clinic experiment. Quantitative two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) images of absorption and reduced scattering coefficients are obtained from these experiments. The ten-wavelength spectra of the extracted reduced scattering coefficient enable quantitative morphological images to be reconstructed with this system. From the in vivo clinic experiment, functional images including deoxyhemoglobin, oxyhemoglobin, and water concentration are recovered and tumors are detected with correct size and position compared with the mammography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqing Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-6131, USA
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Li C, Jiang H. Measurement of particle-size distribution and concentration in heterogeneous turbid media with multispectral diffuse optical tomography. APPLIED OPTICS 2005; 44:1838-1844. [PMID: 15813520 DOI: 10.1364/ao.44.001838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We present a method that is capable of extracting particle-size distribution (PSD) and concentration in heterogeneous turbid media by use of multispectral diffuse optical tomography (MSDOT). After the spectroscopic scattering images of the heterogeneous turbid media are obtained with MSDOT, the morphologic information of particles in the heterogeneities is recovered with an iterative regularized reconstruction algorithm based on Mie scattering theory when a particular form of PSD is assumed (Gaussian distribution is used in this study). The method described is tested and evaluated with both simulated and experimental data. The simulations are intended to test the sensitivity of the overall approach to noise effect. A series of phantom experiments are conducted with our newly developed ten-wavelength MSDOT system. Polystyrene microsphere suspensions contain particles of varying size from 2 to 6 microm as targets are embedded in a scattering background medium in these experiments. To achieve optimized results from experimental data, we developed a data preprocessing method for MSDOT as well as a scheme for calibrating scattering spectra. The results from both simulations and experiments show that the particle mean size and concentration can be reconstructed with acceptable accuracy, whereas the recovery of the standard deviation is sensitive to noise effect and can be as large as 86% from the experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqing Li
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, 118 Kinard Lab, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA
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Gu X, Zhang Q, Bartlett M, Schutz L, Fajardo LL, Jiang H. Differentiation of cysts from solid tumors in the breast with diffuse optical tomography. Acad Radiol 2004; 11:53-60. [PMID: 14746402 DOI: 10.1016/s1076-6332(03)00562-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Near-infrared diffuse optical tomography (DOT) is an emerging imaging technology that has the potential to offer enhanced contrast resolution over the existing technologies for detection and diagnosis of breast cancer. Thus far, the clinical evaluation of DOT has been largely limited to solid tumors. A pilot clinical study focused on DOT imaging of breasts with cysts is presented. MATERIALS AND METHODS Six cases were studied using the recently developed compact, parallel-detection DOT system. Images characterizing the tissue absorption and scattering were obtained with a finite element-based reconstruction algorithm. The optical images were compared with the mammograms and sonograms. In one case, in vitro measurements of optical properties were conducted for the fluid obtained from needle aspiration. RESULTS Substantial contrast between cyst and adjacent parenchyma is observed. For the six cases evaluated, the locations and sizes of cysts imaged optically are accurate and consistent with the mammographic and sonographic findings. For the case that aspiration was performed, the absorption and scattering coefficients imaged in the cyst region are quantitatively accurate compared with that measured in vitro from the fluid aspirated. CONCLUSION This pilot study shows that cysts ranging from 1-4 cm in diameter can be quantitatively imaged. They can be differentiated from solid breast tumors because cysts generally demonstrate lower absorption and scattering coefficients compared with the surrounding normal tissue, whereas solid tumors show concurrent higher absorption and scattering related to the normal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejun Gu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0978, USA
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22
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23
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Milstein AB, Stott JJ, Oh S, Boas DA, Millane RP, Bouman CA, Webb KJ. Fluorescence optical diffusion tomography using multiple-frequency data. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2004; 21:1035-49. [PMID: 15191186 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.21.001035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A method is presented for fluorescence optical diffusion tomography in turbid media using multiple-frequency data. The method uses a frequency-domain diffusion equation model to reconstruct the fluorescent yield and lifetime by means of a Bayesian framework and an efficient, nonlinear optimizer. The method is demonstrated by using simulations and laboratory experiments to show that reconstruction quality can be improved in certain problems through the use of more than one frequency. A broadly applicable mutual information performance metric is also presented and used to investigate the advantages of using multiple modulation frequencies compared with using only one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam B Milstein
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2035, USA
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24
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Liang X, Jiang H. Experimental studies of near-infrared diffuse optical tomography in turbid media: distributed excitation source and periodical boundary conditions coefficient. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1088/1464-4258/6/4/025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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25
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Hielscher AH, Klose AD, Scheel AK, Moa-Anderson B, Backhaus M, Netz U, Beuthan J. Sagittal laser optical tomography for imaging of rheumatoid finger joints. Phys Med Biol 2004; 49:1147-63. [PMID: 15128195 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/49/7/005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We present a novel optical tomographic imaging system that was designed to determine two-dimensional spatial distribution of optical properties in a sagittal plane through finger joints. The system incorporates a single laser diode and a single silicon photodetector into a scanning device that records spatially resolved light intensities as they are transmitted through a finger. These data are input to a model-based iterative image reconstruction (MOBIIR) scheme, which uses the equation of radiative transfer (ERT) as a forward model for light propagation through tissue. We have used this system to obtain tomographic images of six proximal interphalangeal finger joints from two patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The optical images were compared to clinical symptoms and ultrasound images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas H Hielscher
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
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26
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Xu Y, Zhang Q, Jiang H. Optical image reconstruction of non-scattering and low scattering heterogeneities in turbid media based on the diffusion approximation model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1088/1464-4258/6/1/007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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27
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Xu Y, Gu X, Fajardo LL, Jiang H. In vivo breast imaging with diffuse optical tomography based on higher-order diffusion equations. APPLIED OPTICS 2003; 42:3163-3169. [PMID: 12790467 DOI: 10.1364/ao.42.003163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We report on in vivo absorption and scattering imaging of a human breast cyst and implant, using a reconstruction algorithm based on our third-order diffusion equations. To validate these in vivo images, a series of phantom experiments were conducted, in which we used low-absorbing and low-scattering heterogeneities to mimic a breast cyst or implant. These heterogeneities or targets were composed of pure water or a mixture of water and very dilute Intralipid (0.05% and 0.1%). The phantom experiment confirmed the quantitative imaging capability of our improved algorithm for reconstructing heterogeneities where the conventional diffusion approximation is inadequate. Pilot clinical results from female volunteers indicate that enhanced diffuse optical tomography can quantitatively image findings such as breast cysts or implants in which the absorption and scattering coefficients are usually low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Xu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA
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28
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Abstract
We describe a new model-based image reconstruction method that can extract the spatial variation of tissue refractive index with near-infrared diffusing light. The model of light propagation is a diffusion approximation to the radiative transfer equation for highly scattering media with spatially varying refractive index. The spatial map of refractive index is recovered using a finite element-based Newton-type reconstruction algorithm. The imaging method is validated using several tissue-like phantom experiments. Initial in vivo imaging of breast tissue is also presented, demonstrating the ability of this new imaging method for tumor detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huabei Jiang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0978, USA.
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29
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Abstract
Two mesh-based methods including dual meshing and adaptive meshing are developed to improve the finite element-based reconstruction of both absorption and scattering images of heterogeneous turbid media. The idea of dual meshing scheme is to use a fine mesh for the solution of photon propagation and a coarse mesh for the inversion of optical property distributions. The adaptive meshing method is accomplished by the automatic mesh refinement in the region of heterogeneity during reconstruction. These schemes are validated using tissue-like phantom measurements. Our results demonstrate the capabilities of the dual meshing and adaptive meshing in both qualitative and quantitative improvement of optical image reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejun Gu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0978, USA
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30
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Oh S, Milstein AB, Millane RP, Bouman CA, Webb KJ. Source-detector calibration in three-dimensional Bayesian optical diffusion tomography. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2002; 19:1983-1993. [PMID: 12365618 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.19.001983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Optical diffusion tomography is a method for reconstructing three-dimensional optical properties from light that passes through a highly scattering medium. Computing reconstructions from such data requires the solution of a nonlinear inverse problem. The situation is further complicated by the fact that while reconstruction algorithms typically assume exact knowledge of the optical source and detector coupling coefficients, these coupling coefficients are generally not available in practical measurement systems. A new method for estimating these unknown coupling coefficients in the three-dimensional reconstruction process is described. The joint problem of coefficient estimation and three-dimensional reconstruction is formulated in a Bayesian framework, and the resulting estimates are computed by using a variation of iterative coordinate descent optimization that is adapted for this problem. Simulations show that this approach is an accurate and efficient method for simultaneous reconstruction of absorption and diffusion coefficients as well as the coupling coefficients. A simple experimental result validates the approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungseok Oh
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1285, USA
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31
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Xu Y, Gu X, Khan T, Jiang H. Absorption and scattering images of heterogeneous scattering media can be simultaneously reconstructed by use of dc data. APPLIED OPTICS 2002; 41:5427-5437. [PMID: 12211574 DOI: 10.1364/ao.41.005427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We present a carefully designed phantom experimental study aimed to provide solid evidence that both absorption and scattering images of heterogeneous scattering media can be reconstructed independently from dc data. We also study the important absorption-scattering cross-talk issue. In this regard, we develop a simple normalizing scheme that is incorporated into our nonlinear finite-element-based reconstruction algorithm. Our results from the controlled phantom experiments show that the cross talk of an absorption object appearing in scattering images can be eliminated and that the cross talk of a scattering object appearing in absorption images can be reduced considerably. In addition, these carefully designed phantom experiments clearly suggest that both absorption and scattering images can be simultaneously recovered and quantitatively separated in highly scattering media by use of dc measurements. Finally, we discuss our results in light of recent theoretical findings on nonuniqueness for dc image reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Xu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, South Carolina 29634, USA
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32
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Jiang H, Iftimia NV, Xu Y, Eggert JA, Fajardo LL, Klove KL. Near-infrared optical imaging of the breast with model-based reconstruction. Acad Radiol 2002; 9:186-94. [PMID: 11918371 DOI: 10.1016/s1076-6332(03)80169-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Near-infrared diffuse optical imaging may offer enhanced contrast resolution over that of the existing technologies for detection and diagnosis of breast cancer. The authors report quantitative absorption and scattering images of the human breast with model-based reconstruction methods using near-infrared continuous-wave tomographic data. MATERIALS AND METHODS An automatic, multichannel optical imaging system was used to image the breasts of nine women: four with infiltrating ductal carcinomas, one with infiltrating lobular carcinoma, one with fibroadenoma, and three control subjects with no breast lesion. The image reconstruction methods are centered on the finite element solution of photon diffusion in breast tissue. RESULTS Substantial contrast between tumor and adjacent parenchyma was observed. Images of the control subjects showed homogeneous optical features. In the six women with breast lesions, the locations and sizes of tumors imaged optically were accurate and consistent with the mammographic findings. CONCLUSION The results of this pilot study show that cancers as small as 5 mm can be quantitatively imaged. In addition, preliminary data from the scattering images suggest that benign and malignant tumors can be noninvasively differentiated with optical imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huabei Jiang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, SC 29634-0978, USA
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33
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Milstein AB, Oh S, Reynolds JS, Webb KJ, Bouman CA, Millane RP. Three-dimensional Bayesian optical diffusion tomography with experimental data. OPTICS LETTERS 2002; 27:95-7. [PMID: 18007723 DOI: 10.1364/ol.27.000095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Reconstructions of a three-dimensional absorber embedded in a scattering medium by use of frequency domain measurements of the transmitted light in a single source-detector plane are presented. The reconstruction algorithm uses Bayesian regularization and iterative coordinate descent optimization, and it incorporates estimation of the detector noise level, the source-detector coupling coefficient, and the background diffusion coefficient in addition to the absorption image. The use of multiple modulation frequencies is also investigated. The results demonstrate the utility of this algorithm, the importance of a three-dimensional model, and that out-of-plane scattering permits recovery of three-dimensional features from measurements in a single plane.
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Diffraction Tomography for Turbid Media. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1076-5670(02)80045-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
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35
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Xu Y, Iftimia N, Jiang H, Key LL, Bolster MB. Three-dimensional diffuse optical tomography of bones and joints. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2002; 7:88-92. [PMID: 11818016 DOI: 10.1117/1.1427336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2001] [Revised: 08/23/2001] [Accepted: 08/24/2001] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We present for the first time full three-dimensional (3D) volumetric reconstruction of absorption images of in vitro and in vivo bones and joints from near-infrared tomographic measurements. Imaging experiments were conducted on human finger and chicken bones embedded in cylindrical scattering media using a Clemson multichannel diffuse optical imager. The volumetric optical images were recovered with our 3D finite element based reconstruction algorithm. Our results show that 3D imaging methods can provide details of the joint structure/composition that would be impossible from two-dimensional imaging methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Xu
- Clemson University, Biomedical Optics Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0978, USA
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36
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Jiang H, Xu Y, Iftimia N, Eggert J, Klove K, Baron L, Fajardo L. Three-dimensional optical tomographic imaging of breast in a human subject. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2001; 20:1334-40. [PMID: 11811833 DOI: 10.1109/42.974928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We present for the first time a full three-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction of absorption images of breast from continuous-wave (cw) measurements performed on a premenopausal woman. Our 3-D optical images clearly reveal a large primary tumor as well as a small secondary tumor in a separate location of the breast. The multiple tumors identified by our 3-D optical imaging have been confirmed by the subsequent biopsy examination of the breast. Quantitative information of the optical images obtained is provided in terms of the location, size, and absorption coefficient of the tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Jiang
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Clemson University, SC 29634-0978, USA.
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37
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Matson CL. Deconvolution-based spatial resolution in optical diffusion tomography. APPLIED OPTICS 2001; 40:5791-5801. [PMID: 18364871 DOI: 10.1364/ao.40.005791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The role that deconvolution plays in the achievable spatial resolution in optical diffusion tomography is examined for the case of imaging an inhomogeneity in an otherwise homogeneous medium. It is shown that, in the measured data, it is the shape of the turbid medium modulation transfer function that determines the maximum spatial resolution. When the turbid medium transfer function is deconvolved from the measured data, it is the signal-to-noise ratio properties of the Fourier-transformed measured data that determine the maximum spatial resolution. It is shown that deconvolution-based methods can improve the spatial resolution in measured data up to a factor of 5 for realistic noise levels. These results are demonstrated with computer-simulated data.
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38
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Pei Y, Graber H, Barbour R. Normalized-constraint algorithm for minimizing inter-parameter crosstalk in DC optical tomography. OPTICS EXPRESS 2001; 9:97-109. [PMID: 19421278 DOI: 10.1364/oe.9.000097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In this report, we present a method for reducing the inter-coefficient crosstalk problem in optical tomography. The method described is an extension of a previously reported normalized difference method that evaluates relative detector values, and employs a weight matrix scaling technique together with a constrained CGD method for image reconstruction. Results from numerical and experimental studies using DC measurement data demonstrate that the approach can effectively isolate absorption and scattering heterogeneities, even for complex combinations of perturbations in optical properties. The significance of these results in light of recent theoretical findings is discussed.
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