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Dorohoi DO, Postolache M, Nechifor CD, Dimitriu DG, Albu RM, Stoica I, Barzic AI. Review on Optical Methods Used to Characterize the Linear Birefringence of Polymer Materials for Various Applications. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28072955. [PMID: 37049717 PMCID: PMC10096153 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28072955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Optical polymers are recognized for their high transparency, raised flexibility, low cost, and good film-forming ability; hence, they introduce a multitude of benefits in a wide range of devices, such as information storage, displays, optical communications, and filters. Among the optical properties, birefringence is an essential parameter in practical cases that demand the control of the state of polarization of light. This review is focused on describing some fundamental and applicative aspects concerning the optical birefringence of the polymer materials. First, elementary notions depicting the phenomenon of light double refraction in macromolecular media are provided. Furthermore, the most relevant optical techniques to determine birefringence are reviewed by highlighting the working principle and mathematical basis for computing this parameter. Then, a series of investigations of optically birefringent polymers are described, summarizing the most utilized approaches to induce light double refraction in such materials. The selected results are analyzed in relation to the pursued applications. In the end, the future of this scientific domain is briefly presented by establishing the research paths that need further exploration. Moreover, the novel directions that could be formulated and might contribute to certain considerable advancements in the materials employed in the modern optical technologies are mentioned.
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Tamura M, Kurokawa N, Hotta A. Compensation for Orientation Birefringence of PMMA by Blending Bottlebrush Polymers Composed of Well-Controlled Graft Chains. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:799-804. [PMID: 35658425 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The birefringence of optical polymers is a great issue in optical devices, inhibiting major applications of polymers to optical lenses and films. In this study, we have synthesized effective bottlebrush polymers with which we could attain almost zero birefringence when mixed with optical poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). In detail, the PMMA bottlebrush polymers (PMMA-BBP) were synthesized by the ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of norbornene-terminated PMMA macromonomers prepared via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Linear PMMA and PMMA-BBP were mixed to fabricate blend-film samples (PMMA/PMMA-BBP), which were uniaxially drawn to introduce molecular orientations. Linear PMMA possessed a negative value for its orientation birefringence, while the value of PMMA/PMMA-BBP increased as the PMMA-BBP content increased, whose orientation birefringence could reach almost zero when the ratio of the linear PMMA to PMMA-BBP became 73:27, regardless of the magnitude of the strain. The results reveal that the orientation birefringence of PMMA can be effectively controlled and removed by blending the appropriate content of PMMA-BBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Tamura
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Keio University, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Naruki Kurokawa
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Keio University, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hotta
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Keio University, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
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Design of birefringence and its wavelength dispersion for cellulose derivatives using substitution, low-mass additives, and porous structures. Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-019-0199-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Danjo T, Enomoto Y, Shimada H, Nobukawa S, Yamaguchi M, Iwata T. Zero birefringence films of pullulan ester derivatives. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46342. [PMID: 28417955 PMCID: PMC5394688 DOI: 10.1038/srep46342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
High-performance films with almost zero-birefringence and zero-wavelength dispersion were succeeded to prepare from pullulan esters derivatives (PLEs) without any additives. Optical transmittance analysis, birefringence measurement of PLE cast film and hot stretched films, and infrared dichroism analysis were conducted to characterize optical properties of PLE films comparing with cellulose triacetate which is commercially used as low-birefringence in optical devices. The aims of this study, characterization of optical properties of pullulan esters, can develop a deep understanding of the fundamental knowing and applicability of polysaccharides. Accordingly, authors believe this paper will open the gate for researches in the application of polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Danjo
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yukiko Enomoto
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hikaru Shimada
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Shogo Nobukawa
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamaguchi
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Tadahisa Iwata
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Nobukawa S, Nakao A, Songsurang K, Pulkerd P, Shimada H, Kondo M, Yamaguchi M. Birefringence and strain-induced crystallization of stretched cellulose acetate propionate films. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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The effect of flexible chains on the orientation dynamics of small molecules dispersed in polymer films during stretching. Polym J 2014. [DOI: 10.1038/pj.2014.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Extraordinary wavelength dispersion of birefringence in cellulose triacetate film with anisotropic nanopores. POLYMER 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2014.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Nobukawa S, Hayashi H, Shimada H, Kiyama A, Yoshimura H, Tachikawa Y, Yamaguchi M. Strong orientation correlation and optical anisotropy in blend of cellulose ester and poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalate) oligomer. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Nobukawa
- Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology; 1-1 Asahidai Nomi Ishikawa 923-1292 Japan
| | - Hiroki Hayashi
- Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology; 1-1 Asahidai Nomi Ishikawa 923-1292 Japan
| | - Hikaru Shimada
- Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology; 1-1 Asahidai Nomi Ishikawa 923-1292 Japan
| | - Ayumi Kiyama
- Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology; 1-1 Asahidai Nomi Ishikawa 923-1292 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yoshimura
- DIC Corporation; Chiba Plant; 12 Yawata-kaigandori Ichihara Chiba 290-8585 Japan
| | - Yutaka Tachikawa
- DIC Corporation; Central Research Laboratories; 631 Sakado Sakura Chiba 285-8668 Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamaguchi
- Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology; 1-1 Asahidai Nomi Ishikawa 923-1292 Japan
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Park EJ, Kim IS, Park SS, Lee HS, Lee MS. Miscibility of Melt-mixed PLLA/PMMA Blends for Optical Film Application. POLYMER KOREA 2013. [DOI: 10.7317/pk.2013.37.6.744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Nobukawa S, Aoki Y, Yoshimura H, Tachikawa Y, Yamaguchi M. Effect of aromatic additives with various alkyl groups on orientation birefringence of cellulose acetate propionate. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.39609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Nobukawa
- Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology; 1-1 Asahidai; Nomi; Ishikawa; 923-1292; Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Aoki
- Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology; 1-1 Asahidai; Nomi; Ishikawa; 923-1292; Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yoshimura
- DIC Corporation, Chiba Plant; 12 Yawata-kaigandori; Ichihara; Chiba; 290-8585; Japan
| | - Yutaka Tachikawa
- DIC Corporation, Central Research Laboratories; 631 Sakado; Sakura; Chiba; 285-8668; Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamaguchi
- Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology; 1-1 Asahidai; Nomi; Ishikawa; 923-1292; Japan
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Yamaguchi M, Manaf MEA, Songsurang K, Nobukawa S. Material design of retardation films with extraordinary wavelength dispersion of orientation birefringence: a review. CELLULOSE 2012; 19:601-613. [DOI: 10.1007/s10570-012-9660-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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13
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Improvement of the physical properties of poly(methyl methacrylate) by copolymerization with N-pentafluorophenyl maleimide; zero-orientational and photoelastic birefringence polymers with high glass transition temperatures. Sci China Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-012-4498-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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14
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Tagaya A, Koike Y. Compensation and control of the birefringence of polymers for photonics. Polym J 2012. [DOI: 10.1038/pj.2011.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ohkita H, Mukoh M, Tagaya A, Koike Y. Synthesis of a Zero-Birefringence Optical Polymer by the Birefringent Crystal DopantMethod. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1557/proc-771-l7.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBirefringence induced by the orientation of polymer main chains during an injectionmolding or extrusion processing restricts the application of optical polymers to optical devices that require maintaining the polarization state of incident light. We propose the “birefringent crystal dopant method” to compensate the birefringence of polymers by homogeneous doping with an opposite birefringent needle-like crystal. Strontium carbonate (SrCO3) was selected for this method and synthesized, with particle lengths of 50-200nm and aspect ratios of 2-5. SrCO3 was doped into poly(MMA/BzMA= 78/22(wt./wt.)) film. The film was uniaxially drawn at 130°C and 4mm/min. For the first time, the positive birefringence of the drawn copolymer film at a wavelength of 633nm was compensated by doping with 0.3wt.% of SrCO3 without losing transparency and thermostability.
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Shafiee H, Tagaya A, Koike Y. Design and synthesis of a zero-photoelastic birefringence polymer with a high glass-transition temperature by a random copolymerization method. Polym J 2011. [DOI: 10.1038/pj.2010.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Nobukawa S, Urakawa O, Shikata T, Inoue T. Evaluation of Nematic Interaction Parameter between Polymer Segments and Low-Mass Molecules in Mixtures. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma100969j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Nobukawa
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Osamu Urakawa
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Shikata
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Tadashi Inoue
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
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KUBOYAMA K, IKUTA A, NAKAJIMA T, OUGIZAWA T. Relation between Wavelength Dispersion of Refractive Index and Birefringence of Polymers Estimated by Quantum Chemical Calculation and Chemical Structure. KOBUNSHI RONBUNSHU 2009. [DOI: 10.1295/koron.66.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Ban HT, Hagihara H, Nishii K, Tsunogae Y, Nojima S, Shiono T. A new approach for controlling birefringent property of cyclic olefin copolymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.23044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Tagaya A, Ohkita H, Koike Y. Zero-birefringence optical polymers by nano-birefringent crystals for liquid crystal displays. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2005.09.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Tagaya A, Ohkita H, Harada T, Ishibashi K, Koike Y. Zero-Birefringence Optical Polymers. Macromolecules 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0527000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Tagaya
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3−14−1 Hiyoshi, Kouhoku-ku, Yokohama 223-0061, Japan, and ERATO-SORST Koike Photonics Polymer Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, E-building, K2 Town Campus, 144-8 Ogura, Saiwai-ku, Kawasaki 212-0054, Japan
| | - Hisanori Ohkita
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3−14−1 Hiyoshi, Kouhoku-ku, Yokohama 223-0061, Japan, and ERATO-SORST Koike Photonics Polymer Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, E-building, K2 Town Campus, 144-8 Ogura, Saiwai-ku, Kawasaki 212-0054, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Harada
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3−14−1 Hiyoshi, Kouhoku-ku, Yokohama 223-0061, Japan, and ERATO-SORST Koike Photonics Polymer Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, E-building, K2 Town Campus, 144-8 Ogura, Saiwai-ku, Kawasaki 212-0054, Japan
| | - Kayoko Ishibashi
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3−14−1 Hiyoshi, Kouhoku-ku, Yokohama 223-0061, Japan, and ERATO-SORST Koike Photonics Polymer Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, E-building, K2 Town Campus, 144-8 Ogura, Saiwai-ku, Kawasaki 212-0054, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Koike
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3−14−1 Hiyoshi, Kouhoku-ku, Yokohama 223-0061, Japan, and ERATO-SORST Koike Photonics Polymer Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, E-building, K2 Town Campus, 144-8 Ogura, Saiwai-ku, Kawasaki 212-0054, Japan
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Ohkita H, Tagaya A, Koike Y. Preparation of a Zero-Birefringence Polymer Doped with a Birefringent Crystal and Analysis of Its Characteristics. Macromolecules 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/ma049296+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Tagaya A, Ohkita H, Mukoh M, Sakaguchi R, Koike Y. Compensation of the birefringence of a polymer by a birefringent crystal. Science 2003; 301:812-4. [PMID: 12907795 DOI: 10.1126/science.1086966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
We report a method for compensating the birefringence of optical polymers by doping them with inorganic birefringent crystals. In this method, an inorganic birefringent material is chosen that has the opposite birefringence to that of the polymer and has rod-shaped crystals that are oriented when the polymer chains are oriented. The birefringence of the polymer is thus compensated by the opposing birefringence of the crystal. Birefringence is minimized in various polymer optical devices by adjusting process conditions, because it degrades the performance of devices. This method minimizes it, independent of process conditions, which potentially improves the productivity of devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Tagaya
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1, Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-0061, Japan.
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