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Pereira L, Min R, Woyessa G, Bang O, Marques C, Varum H, Antunes P. Interrogation Method with Temperature Compensation Using Ultra-Short Fiber Bragg Gratings in Silica and Polymer Optical Fibers as Edge Filters. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 23:23. [PMID: 36616621 PMCID: PMC9823740 DOI: 10.3390/s23010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The use of simpler and less bulky equipment, with a reliable performance and at relative low cost is increasingly important when assembling sensing configurations for a wide variety of applications. Based on this concept, this paper proposes a simple, efficient and relative low-cost fiber Bragg grating (FBG) interrogation solution using ultra-short FBGs (USFBGs) as edge filters. USFBGs with different lengths and reflection bandwidths were produced in silica optical fiber and in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) microstructured polymer optical fiber (mPOF), and by adjusting specific inscription parameters and the diffraction pattern, these gratings can present self-apodization and unique spectral characteristics suitable for filtering operations. In addition to being a cost-effective edge filter solution, USFBGs and standard uniform FBGs in silica fiber have similar thermal sensitivities, which results in a straightforward operation without complex equipment or calculations. This FBG interrogation configuration is also quite promising for dynamic measurements, and due to its multiplexing capabilities multiple USFBGs can be inscribed in the same optical fiber, allowing to incorporate several filters with identical or different spectral characteristics at specific wavelength regions in the same fiber, thus showing great potential to create and develop new sensing configurations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Pereira
- I3N & Physics Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rui Min
- Center for Cognition and Neuroergonomics, State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
| | - Getinet Woyessa
- DTU Electro, Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ole Bang
- DTU Electro, Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Carlos Marques
- I3N & Physics Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Humberto Varum
- CONSTRUCT-LESE, Structural Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulo Antunes
- I3N & Physics Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Huang B, Xu Z, Shu X. Dual interference effects in a line-by-line inscribed fiber Bragg grating. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:2950-2953. [PMID: 32479430 DOI: 10.1364/ol.393242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) usually can be seen as a stack of Fabry-Perot (FP) cavities, which result in strong Bragg resonance through multi-cavity FP interference. In this Letter, we report surprising and interesting dual interference effects in a line-by-line (LBL) inscribed FBG with a femtosecond laser. Besides the well-known FP effect, the equivalent Mach-Zehnder interference (MZI) effect caused by mode interference can also be observed in the LBL FBG simultaneously. The experimental results of the comparison between the LBL FBGs and the point-by-point inscribed FBGs show that the dual interference effects are merely observed in the LBL FBGs. Meanwhile, the achieved MZI exhibits a strong polarization dependence. Sharing the merits of the FBG and MZI simultaneously, the achieved optical fiber device may find potential applications in optical fiber communication, fiber lasers, and multi-parameter sensor systems.
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Scholl SL, Jantzen A, Bannerman RHS, Gow PC, Smith DH, Gates JC, Boyd LJ, Smith PGR, Holmes C. Thermal approach to classifying sequentially written fiber Bragg gratings. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:703-706. [PMID: 30702715 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.000703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate thermal classification of sequentially written fiber Bragg gratings. This Letter presents a process to determine the type of fiber Bragg grating written in SMF28 and GF4A by introducing the gratings to thermal treatment. This technique can be applied to several approaches based on sequential writing, including the small spot direct ultraviolet writing technique. Four different types of gratings have been identified, which are dependent on the fiber type and fluence used during the writing process.
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Amiri IS, Azzuhri SRB, Jalil MA, Hairi HM, Ali J, Bunruangses M, Yupapin P. Introduction to Photonics: Principles and the Most Recent Applications of Microstructures. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:mi9090452. [PMID: 30424385 PMCID: PMC6187676 DOI: 10.3390/mi9090452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Light has found applications in data transmission, such as optical fibers and waveguides and in optoelectronics. It consists of a series of electromagnetic waves, with particle behavior. Photonics involves the proper use of light as a tool for the benefit of humans. It is derived from the root word “photon”, which connotes the tiniest entity of light analogous to an electron in electricity. Photonics have a broad range of scientific and technological applications that are practically limitless and include medical diagnostics, organic synthesis, communications, as well as fusion energy. This will enhance the quality of life in many areas such as communications and information technology, advanced manufacturing, defense, health, medicine, and energy. The signal transmission methods used in wireless photonic systems are digital baseband and RoF (Radio-over-Fiber) optical communication. Microwave photonics is considered to be one of the emerging research fields. The mid infrared (mid-IR) spectroscopy offers a principal means for biological structure analysis as well as nonintrusive measurements. There is a lower loss in the propagations involving waveguides. Waveguides have simple structures and are cost-efficient in comparison with optical fibers. These are important components due to their compactness, low profile, and many advantages over conventional metallic waveguides. Among the waveguides, optofluidic waveguides have been found to provide a very powerful foundation for building optofluidic sensors. These can be used to fabricate the biosensors based on fluorescence. In an optical fiber, the evanescent field excitation is employed to sense the environmental refractive index changes. Optical fibers as waveguides can be used as sensors to measure strain, temperature, pressure, displacements, vibrations, and other quantities by modifying a fiber. For some application areas, however, fiber-optic sensors are increasingly recognized as a technology with very interesting possibilities. In this review, we present the most common and recent applications of the optical fiber-based sensors. These kinds of sensors can be fabricated by a modification of the waveguide structures to enhance the evanescent field; therefore, direct interactions of the measurand with electromagnetic waves can be performed. In this research, the most recent applications of photonics components are studied and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iraj Sadegh Amiri
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Saaidal Razalli Bin Azzuhri
- Department of Computer System & Technology, Faculty of Computer Science & Information Technology, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Muhammad Arif Jalil
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81300 Johor Bahru, Malaysia.
| | - Haryana Mohd Hairi
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi Mara, Pasir Gudang Campus, 81750 Johor, Malaysia.
| | - Jalil Ali
- Laser Centre, IBNU SINA ISIR, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Malaysia.
| | - Montree Bunruangses
- Faculty of Industrial Education, Rajamangala University of Technology Phranakorn, Bangkok 10300, Thailand.
| | - Preecha Yupapin
- Computational Optics Research Group, Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Ton Duc Thang University, District 7, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
- Faculty of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Ton Duc Thang University, District 7, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
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Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors for the Oil Industry. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17030429. [PMID: 28241460 PMCID: PMC5375715 DOI: 10.3390/s17030429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
With the oil and gas industry growing rapidly, increasing the yield and profit require advances in technology for cost-effective production in key areas of reservoir exploration and in oil-well production-management. In this paper we review our group’s research into fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) and their applications in the oil industry, especially in the well-logging field. FBG sensors used for seismic exploration in the oil and gas industry need to be capable of measuring multiple physical parameters such as temperature, pressure, and acoustic waves in a hostile environment. This application requires that the FBG sensors display high sensitivity over the broad vibration frequency range of 5 Hz to 2.5 kHz, which contains the important geological information. We report the incorporation of mechanical transducers in the FBG sensors to enable enhance the sensors’ amplitude and frequency response. Whenever the FBG sensors are working within a well, they must withstand high temperatures and high pressures, up to 175 °C and 40 Mpa or more. We use femtosecond laser side-illumination to ensure that the FBGs themselves have the high temperature resistance up to 1100 °C. Using FBG sensors combined with suitable metal transducers, we have experimentally realized high- temperature and pressure measurements up to 400 °C and 100 Mpa. We introduce a novel technology of ultrasonic imaging of seismic physical models using FBG sensors, which is superior to conventional seismic exploration methods. Compared with piezoelectric transducers, FBG ultrasonic sensors demonstrate superior sensitivity, more compact structure, improved spatial resolution, high stability and immunity to electromagnetic interference (EMI). In the last section, we present a case study of a well-logging field to demonstrate the utility of FBG sensors in the oil and gas industry.
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Kinet D, Mégret P, Goossen KW, Qiu L, Heider D, Caucheteur C. Fiber Bragg grating sensors toward structural health monitoring in composite materials: challenges and solutions. SENSORS 2014; 14:7394-419. [PMID: 24763215 PMCID: PMC4029641 DOI: 10.3390/s140407394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, smart composite materials embed miniaturized sensors for structural health monitoring (SHM) in order to mitigate the risk of failure due to an overload or to unwanted inhomogeneity resulting from the fabrication process. Optical fiber sensors, and more particularly fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors, outperform traditional sensor technologies, as they are lightweight, small in size and offer convenient multiplexing capabilities with remote operation. They have thus been extensively associated to composite materials to study their behavior for further SHM purposes. This paper reviews the main challenges arising from the use of FBGs in composite materials. The focus will be made on issues related to temperature-strain discrimination, demodulation of the amplitude spectrum during and after the curing process as well as connection between the embedded optical fibers and the surroundings. The main strategies developed in each of these three topics will be summarized and compared, demonstrating the large progress that has been made in this field in the past few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Kinet
- Electromagnetism and Telecommunication Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Mons, Boulevard Dolez 31, 7000 Mons, Belgium.
| | - Patrice Mégret
- Electromagnetism and Telecommunication Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Mons, Boulevard Dolez 31, 7000 Mons, Belgium.
| | - Keith W Goossen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Evans Hall Newark 202, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716-3130, USA.
| | - Liang Qiu
- Source Photonics, 20550 Nordhoff Street, Chatsworth, CA 91311, USA.
| | - Dirk Heider
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Evans Hall Newark 202, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716-3130, USA.
| | - Christophe Caucheteur
- Electromagnetism and Telecommunication Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Mons, Boulevard Dolez 31, 7000 Mons, Belgium.
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Dong B, Hao J, Liaw CY, Lin B, Tjin SC. Simultaneous strain and temperature measurement using a compact photonic crystal fiber inter-modal interferometer and a fiber Bragg grating. APPLIED OPTICS 2010; 49:6232-6235. [PMID: 21068853 DOI: 10.1364/ao.49.006232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
An all-fiber sensor scheme for simultaneous strain and temperature measurement is presented. The sensing head is formed by serially connecting a polarization maintaining photonic-crystal-fiber-based inter-modal interferometer (IMI) with a fiber Bragg grating (FBG). The IMI, exhibiting an opposite strain response as compared to that of the FBG, is highly sensitive to strain, while it is insensitive to temperature. This has potential for improving the strain and temperature measurement resolutions. A sensor resolution of ±8.3 με in strain and ±2 °C in temperature are experimentally achieved within a strain range of 0-957.6 με and a temperature range of 24 °C-64 °C, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Dong
- RF & Optical Department, Institute for Infocomm Research, 138632, Singapore.
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