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Kalaparthi V, Peng B, Peerzade SAMA, Palantavida S, Maloy B, Dokukin ME, Sokolov I. Ultrabright fluorescent nanothermometers. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:5090-5101. [PMID: 36132344 PMCID: PMC9418727 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00449b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Here we report on the first ultrabright fluorescent nanothermometers, ∼50 nm-size particles, capable of measuring temperature in 3D and down to the nanoscale. The temperature is measured through the recording of the ratio of fluorescence intensities of fluorescent dyes encapsulated inside the nanochannels of the silica matrix of each nanothermometer. The brightness of each particle excited at 488 nm is equivalent to the fluorescence coming from 150 molecules of rhodamine 6G and 1700 molecules of rhodamine B dyes. The fluorescence of both dyes is excited with a single wavelength due to the Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET). We demonstrate repeatable measurements of temperature with the uncertainty down to 0.4 K and a constant sensitivity of ∼1%/K in the range of 20-50 °C, which is of particular interest for biomedical applications. Due to the high fluorescence brightness, we demonstrate the possibility of measurement of accurate 3D temperature distributions in a hydrogel. The accuracy of the measurements is confirmed by numerical simulations. We further demonstrate the use of single nanothermometers to measure temperature. As an example, 5-8 nanothermometers are sufficient to measure temperature with an error of 2 K (with the measurement time of >0.7 s).
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Affiliation(s)
- V Kalaparthi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University 200 College Ave. Medford MA 02155 USA
| | - B Peng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering 4 Colby Str. Medford MA 02155 USA
| | - S A M A Peerzade
- Department of Biomedical Engineering 4 Colby Str. Medford MA 02155 USA
| | - S Palantavida
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University 200 College Ave. Medford MA 02155 USA
| | - B Maloy
- Department of Physics, Tufts University 547 Boston Ave. Medford MA 02155 USA
| | - M E Dokukin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University 200 College Ave. Medford MA 02155 USA
- Sarov Physics and Technology Institute Sarov Russian Federation
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI Moscow Russian Federation
| | - I Sokolov
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University 200 College Ave. Medford MA 02155 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering 4 Colby Str. Medford MA 02155 USA
- Department of Physics, Tufts University 547 Boston Ave. Medford MA 02155 USA
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Hsu PS, Jiang N, Patnaik AK, Katta V, Roy S, Gord JR. All Fiber-Coupled OH Planar Laser-Induced-Fluorescence (OH-PLIF)-Based Two-Dimensional Thermometry. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 72:604-610. [PMID: 29148279 DOI: 10.1177/0003702817744519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Two-color, planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF)-based two-dimensional (2D) thermometry techniques for reacting flows, which are typically developed in the laboratory conditions, face a stiff challenge in their practical implementation in harsh environments such as combustion rigs. In addition to limited optical access, the critical experimental conditions (i.e., uncontrolled humidity, vibration, and large thermal gradients) often restrict sensitive laser system operation and cause difficulties maintaining beam-overlap. Thus, an all fiber-coupled, two-color OH-PLIF system has been developed, employing two long optical fibers allowing isolation of the laser and signal-collection systems. Two OH-excitation laser beams (∼283 nm and ∼286 nm) are delivered through a common 6 m long, 400 µm core, deep ultraviolet (UV)-enhanced multimode fiber. The fluorescence signal (∼310 nm) is collected by a 3 m long, UV-grade imaging fiber. Proof-of-principle temperature measurements are demonstrated in atmospheric pressure, near adiabatic, CH4/O2/N2 jet flames. The effects of the excitation pulse interval on fiber transmission are investigated. The proof-of-principle measurements show significant promise for thermometry in harsh environments such as gas turbine engine tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Hsu
- 1 Spectral Energies, LLC, Beavercreek, OH, USA
| | - Naibo Jiang
- 1 Spectral Energies, LLC, Beavercreek, OH, USA
| | | | - Vish Katta
- 2 Innovative Scientific Solutions, Inc., Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Sukesh Roy
- 1 Spectral Energies, LLC, Beavercreek, OH, USA
| | - James R Gord
- 3 33319 Air Force Research Laboratory, Aerospace Systems Directorate, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, USA
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Ehn A, Zhu J, Li X, Kiefer J. Advanced Laser-Based Techniques for Gas-Phase Diagnostics in Combustion and Aerospace Engineering. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 71:341-366. [PMID: 28155328 DOI: 10.1177/0003702817690161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Gaining information of species, temperature, and velocity distributions in turbulent combustion and high-speed reactive flows is challenging, particularly for conducting measurements without influencing the experimental object itself. The use of optical and spectroscopic techniques, and in particular laser-based diagnostics, has shown outstanding abilities for performing non-intrusive in situ diagnostics. The development of instrumentation, such as robust lasers with high pulse energy, ultra-short pulse duration, and high repetition rate along with digitized cameras exhibiting high sensitivity, large dynamic range, and frame rates on the order of MHz, has opened up for temporally and spatially resolved volumetric measurements of extreme dynamics and complexities. The aim of this article is to present selected important laser-based techniques for gas-phase diagnostics focusing on their applications in combustion and aerospace engineering. Applicable laser-based techniques for investigations of turbulent flows and combustion such as planar laser-induced fluorescence, Raman and Rayleigh scattering, coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering, laser-induced grating scattering, particle image velocimetry, laser Doppler anemometry, and tomographic imaging are reviewed and described with some background physics. In addition, demands on instrumentation are further discussed to give insight in the possibilities that are offered by laser flow diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Ehn
- 1 Combustion Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jiajian Zhu
- 2 Science and Technology on Scramjet Laboratory, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Xuesong Li
- 3 Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Johannes Kiefer
- 4 Technische Thermodynamik and MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, Universität Bremen, Bremen, Germany
- 5 School of Engineering, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
- 6 Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Chien YC, Escofet-Martin D, Dunn-Rankin D. CO Emission from an Impinging Non-Premixed Flame. COMBUSTION AND FLAME 2016; 174:16-24. [PMID: 28989179 PMCID: PMC5628611 DOI: 10.1016/j.combustflame.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) results from the incomplete oxidation of hydrocarbon fuels. While CO can be desirable in some syngas processes, it is a dangerous emission from fires, gas heaters, gas stoves, or furnaces where insufficient oxygen in the core reaction prevents complete oxidation of fuel to carbon dioxide and water, particularly when the reaction is interrupted by interaction with relatively cool solid boundaries. This research examines the physico-thermo-chemical processes responsible for carbon monoxide release from a small laminar non-premixed methane/air flame impinging on a nearby surface. We measure the changes in CO emission as correlated with variations in flame structure observed using planar laser induced fluorescence (PLIF of OH and 2-photon CO), and two-line OH PLIF thermometry, as a function of burner-to-plate distance. In particular, this work combines the use of OH and CO PLIF, and PLIF thermometry to describe the relative locations of the CO rich region, the peak heat release zone as indicated by chemiluminescence and OH gradients, and the extended oxidative zone in the impinging flames. The results show that CO release correlates strongly with stagnating flow-driven changes in the location and extent of high concentration regions of OH in surface-impinging diffusion flames.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y C Chien
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, 92697. USA
| | - D Escofet-Martin
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, 92697. USA
| | - D Dunn-Rankin
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, 92697. USA
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Fond B, Abram C, Heyes AL, Kempf AM, Beyrau F. Simultaneous temperature, mixture fraction and velocity imaging in turbulent flows using thermographic phosphor tracer particles. OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 20:22118-22133. [PMID: 23037361 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.022118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents an optical diagnostic technique based on seeded thermographic phosphor particles, which allows the simultaneous two-dimensional measurement of gas temperature, velocity and mixture fraction in turbulent flows. The particle Mie scattering signal is recorded to determine the velocity using a conventional PIV approach and the phosphorescence emission is detected to determine the tracer temperature using a two-color method. Theoretical models presented in this work show that the temperature of small tracer particles matches the gas temperature. In addition, by seeding phosphorescent particles to one stream and non-luminescent particles to the other stream, the mixture fraction can also be determined using the phosphorescence emission intensity after conditioning for temperature. The experimental technique is described in detail and a suitable phosphor is identified based on spectroscopic investigations. The joint diagnostics are demonstrated by simultaneously measuring temperature, velocity and mixture fraction in a turbulent jet heated up to 700 K. Correlated single shots are presented with a precision of 2 to 5% and an accuracy of 2%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Fond
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, UK
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Heinze J, Meier U, Behrendt T, Willert C, Geigle KP, Lammel O, Lückerath R. PLIF Thermometry Based on Measurements of Absolute Concentrations of the OH Radical. Z PHYS CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1524/zpch.2011.0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A method for measurements of planar temperature distributions based on planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) of the OH radiacal is described. The technique was developed specifically for the application in lean combustion systems, where OH equilibrium concentrations are largely independent on equivalence ratio and a function of temperature only. It is thus possible to derive a temperature information from measurements of absolute OH concentration, which can be obtained from a combined PLIF/absorption measurement.
This paper discusses the basics of the method, and describes validation experiments in high pressure laminar premixed flames which were performed to asses its applicability and accuracy. Therefore, we compared our LIF based results with CARS measurements performed in the same flames. Finally, an example for the application in a lean gas turbine model combustor is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ulrich Meier
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institute of Propulsion Technology, Köln, Deutschland
| | - Thomas Behrendt
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institute of Propulsion Technology, Köln, Deutschland
| | - Chris Willert
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Institut für Antriebstechnik, Köln
| | - Klaus-Peter Geigle
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institute of Combustion Technology, Stuttgart, Deutschland
| | - Oliver Lammel
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institute of Combustion Technology, Stuttgart, Deutschland
| | - Rainer Lückerath
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institute of Combustion Technology, Stuttgart, Deutschland
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Kostka S, Roy S, Lakusta PJ, Meyer TR, Renfro MW, Gord JR, Branam R. Comparison of line-peak and line-scanning excitation in two-color laser-induced-fluorescence thermometry of OH. APPLIED OPTICS 2009; 48:6332-6343. [PMID: 19904334 DOI: 10.1364/ao.48.006332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Two-line laser-induced-fluorescence (LIF) thermometry is commonly employed to generate instantaneous planar maps of temperature in unsteady flames. The use of line scanning to extract the ratio of integrated intensities is less common because it precludes instantaneous measurements. Recent advances in the energy output of high-speed, ultraviolet, optical parameter oscillators have made possible the rapid scanning of molecular rovibrational transitions and, hence, the potential to extract information on gas-phase temperatures. In the current study, two-line OH LIF thermometry is performed in a well-calibrated reacting flow for the purpose of comparing the relative accuracy of various line-pair selections from the literature and quantifying the differences between peak-intensity and spectrally integrated line ratios. Investigated are the effects of collisional quenching, laser absorption, and the integration width for partial scanning of closely spaced lines on the measured temperatures. Data from excitation scans are compared with theoretical line shapes, and experimentally derived temperatures are compared with numerical predictions that were previously validated using coherent anti-Stokes-Raman scattering. Ratios of four pairs of transitions in the A2Sigma+<--X2Pi (1,0) band of OH are collected in an atmospheric-pressure, near-adiabatic hydrogen-air flame over a wide range of equivalence ratios--from 0.4 to 1.4. It is observed that measured temperatures based on the ratio of Q1(14)/Q1(5) transition lines result in the best accuracy and that line scanning improves the measurement accuracy by as much as threefold at low-equivalence-ratio, low-temperature conditions. These results provide a comprehensive analysis of the procedures required to ensure accurate two-line LIF measurements in reacting flows over a wide range of conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Kostka
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, 191 Auditorium Road, U-3139, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
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Devillers R, Bruneaux G, Schulz C. Development of a two-line OH-laser-induced fluorescence thermometry diagnostics strategy for gas-phase temperature measurements in engines. APPLIED OPTICS 2008; 47:5871-5885. [PMID: 19122729 DOI: 10.1364/ao.47.005871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This study aims at optimizing two-line OH thermometry strategies for in-cylinder measurement in internal combustion engines. Various aspects are investigated experimentally, such as the selection of suitable OH lines and the possibility of using a single calibration coefficient for variable mixture composition, temperature, and pressure conditions. Two kinds of experimental systems have been investigated. First, a laminar methane-air burner flame at atmospheric pressure, whose stability allowed the determination of OH-laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) intensity ratios from nonsimultaneous imaging. The temperature distribution in the flame is presented for OH-transition pairs with various temperature sensitivities. The burner flame was studied for equivalence ratios from phi=0.93 to 1.30 in order to check for the stability of calibration over various flame conditions. Additionally, OH LIF images were acquired in an optical engine for the chosen OH transitions yielding data about the effect of pressure on OH LIF signals under realistic experimental conditions.
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