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Szalay G, Judák L, Katona G, Ócsai K, Juhász G, Veress M, Szadai Z, Fehér A, Tompa T, Chiovini B, Maák P, Rózsa B. Fast 3D Imaging of Spine, Dendritic, and Neuronal Assemblies in Behaving Animals. Neuron 2016; 92:723-738. [PMID: 27773582 PMCID: PMC5167293 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Understanding neural computation requires methods such as 3D acousto-optical (AO) scanning that can simultaneously read out neural activity on both the somatic and dendritic scales. AO point scanning can increase measurement speed and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) by several orders of magnitude, but high optical resolution requires long point-to-point switching time, which limits imaging capability. Here we present a novel technology, 3D DRIFT AO scanning, which can extend each scanning point to small 3D lines, surfaces, or volume elements for flexible and fast imaging of complex structures simultaneously in multiple locations. Our method was demonstrated by fast 3D recording of over 150 dendritic spines with 3D lines, over 100 somata with squares and cubes, or multiple spiny dendritic segments with surface and volume elements, including in behaving animals. Finally, a 4-fold improvement in total excitation efficiency resulted in about 500 × 500 × 650 μm scanning volume with genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Szalay
- Laboratory of 3D Functional Network and Dendritic Imaging, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1083, Hungary
| | - Linda Judák
- Laboratory of 3D Functional Network and Dendritic Imaging, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1083, Hungary
| | - Gergely Katona
- Laboratory of 3D Functional Network and Dendritic Imaging, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1083, Hungary; MTA-PPKE ITK-NAP B-2p Measurement Technology Group, Faculty of Information Technology, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest 1083, Hungary
| | - Katalin Ócsai
- MTA-PPKE ITK-NAP B-2p Measurement Technology Group, Faculty of Information Technology, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest 1083, Hungary
| | - Gábor Juhász
- Laboratory of 3D Functional Network and Dendritic Imaging, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1083, Hungary; MTA-PPKE ITK-NAP B-2p Measurement Technology Group, Faculty of Information Technology, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest 1083, Hungary
| | - Máté Veress
- Department of Atomic Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest 1111, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Szadai
- Laboratory of 3D Functional Network and Dendritic Imaging, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1083, Hungary; Two-Photon Laboratory, Faculty of Information Technology, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest 1083, Hungary
| | - András Fehér
- Department of Atomic Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest 1111, Hungary
| | - Tamás Tompa
- Laboratory of 3D Functional Network and Dendritic Imaging, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1083, Hungary; Two-Photon Laboratory, Faculty of Information Technology, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest 1083, Hungary
| | - Balázs Chiovini
- Laboratory of 3D Functional Network and Dendritic Imaging, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1083, Hungary; Two-Photon Laboratory, Faculty of Information Technology, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest 1083, Hungary
| | - Pál Maák
- Department of Atomic Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest 1111, Hungary
| | - Balázs Rózsa
- Laboratory of 3D Functional Network and Dendritic Imaging, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1083, Hungary; Two-Photon Laboratory, Faculty of Information Technology, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest 1083, Hungary.
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Kerekes BP, Tóth K, Kaszás A, Chiovini B, Szadai Z, Szalay G, Pálfi D, Bagó A, Spitzer K, Rózsa B, Ulbert I, Wittner L. Combined two-photon imaging, electrophysiological, and anatomical investigation of the human neocortex in vitro. NEUROPHOTONICS 2014; 1:011013. [PMID: 26157969 PMCID: PMC4478968 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.1.1.011013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Spontaneous synchronous population activity (SPA) can be detected by electrophysiological methods in cortical slices of epileptic patients, maintained in a physiological medium in vitro. In order to gain additional spatial information about the network mechanisms involved in the SPA generation, we combined electrophysiological studies with two-photon imaging. Neocortical slices prepared from postoperative tissue of epileptic and tumor patients were maintained in a dual perfusion chamber in a physiological incubation medium. SPA was recorded with a 24-channel extracellular linear microelectrode covering all neocortical layers. After identifying the electrophysiologically active regions of the slice, bolus loading of neuronal and glial markers was applied on the tissue. SPA-related [Formula: see text] transients were detected in a large population of neighboring neurons with two-photon microscopy, simultaneous with extracellular SPA and intracellular whole-cell patch-clamp recordings. The intracellularly recorded cells were filled for subsequent anatomy. The cells were reconstructed in three dimensions and examined with light- and transmission electron microscopy. Combining high spatial resolution two-photon [Formula: see text] imaging techniques and high temporal resolution extra- and intracellular electrophysiology with cellular anatomy may permit a deeper understanding of the structural and functional properties of the human neocortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bálint Péter Kerekes
- Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, H-1083 Budapest, Práter utca 50/a, Hungary
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kinga Tóth
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Kaszás
- Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, H-1083 Budapest, Práter utca 50/a, Hungary
- Two-Photon Imaging Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Chiovini
- Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, H-1083 Budapest, Práter utca 50/a, Hungary
- Two-Photon Imaging Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Szadai
- Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, H-1083 Budapest, Práter utca 50/a, Hungary
- Two-Photon Imaging Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gergely Szalay
- Two-Photon Imaging Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dénes Pálfi
- Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, H-1083 Budapest, Práter utca 50/a, Hungary
- Two-Photon Imaging Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Bagó
- National Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Neurooncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Klaudia Spitzer
- Two-Photon Imaging Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Rózsa
- Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, H-1083 Budapest, Práter utca 50/a, Hungary
- Two-Photon Imaging Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Ulbert
- Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, H-1083 Budapest, Práter utca 50/a, Hungary
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Budapest, Hungary
- Address all correspondence to: István Ulbert, E-mail:
| | - Lucia Wittner
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Budapest, Hungary
- National Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Neurooncology, Budapest, Hungary
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Smedemark-Margulies N, Trapani JG. Tools, methods, and applications for optophysiology in neuroscience. Front Mol Neurosci 2013; 6:18. [PMID: 23882179 PMCID: PMC3713398 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2013.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent of optogenetics and genetically encoded photosensors has provided neuroscience researchers with a wealth of new tools and methods for examining and manipulating neuronal function in vivo. There exists now a wide range of experimentally validated protein tools capable of modifying cellular function, including light-gated ion channels, recombinant light-gated G protein-coupled receptors, and even neurotransmitter receptors modified with tethered photo-switchable ligands. A large number of genetically encoded protein sensors have also been developed to optically track cellular activity in real time, including membrane-voltage-sensitive fluorophores and fluorescent calcium and pH indicators. The development of techniques for controlled expression of these proteins has also increased their utility by allowing the study of specific populations of cells. Additionally, recent advances in optics technology have enabled both activation and observation of target proteins with high spatiotemporal fidelity. In combination, these methods have great potential in the study of neural circuits and networks, behavior, animal models of disease, as well as in high-throughput ex vivo studies. This review collects some of these new tools and methods and surveys several current and future applications of the evolving field of optophysiology.
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Russell JT. Imaging calcium signals in vivo: a powerful tool in physiology and pharmacology. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 163:1605-25. [PMID: 20718728 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00988.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The design and engineering of organic fluorescent Ca(2+) indicators approximately 30 years ago opened the door for imaging cellular Ca(2+) signals with a high degree of temporal and spatial resolution. Over this time, Ca(2+) imaging has revolutionized our approaches for tissue-level spatiotemporal analysis of functional organization and has matured into a powerful tool for in situ imaging of cellular activity in the living animal. In vivo Ca(2+) imaging with temporal resolution at the millisecond range and spatial resolution at micrometer range has been achieved through novel designs of Ca(2+) sensors, development of modern microscopes and powerful imaging techniques such as two-photon microscopy. Imaging Ca(2+) signals in ensembles of cells within tissue in 3D allows for analysis of integrated cellular function, which, in the case of the brain, enables recording activity patterns in local circuits. The recent development of miniaturized compact, fibre-optic-based, mechanically flexible microendoscopes capable of two-photon microscopy opens the door for imaging activity in awake, behaving animals. This development is poised to open a new chapter in physiological experiments and for pharmacological approaches in the development of novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T Russell
- Section on Cell Biology and Signal Transduction, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurophysiology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development/NIH, 49 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-4480, USA.
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Katona G, Szalay G, Maák P, Kaszás A, Veress M, Hillier D, Chiovini B, Vizi ES, Roska B, Rózsa B. Fast two-photon in vivo imaging with three-dimensional random-access scanning in large tissue volumes. Nat Methods 2012; 9:201-8. [PMID: 22231641 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.1851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The understanding of brain computations requires methods that read out neural activity on different spatial and temporal scales. Following signal propagation and integration across a neuron and recording the concerted activity of hundreds of neurons pose distinct challenges, and the design of imaging systems has been mostly focused on tackling one of the two operations. We developed a high-resolution, acousto-optic two-photon microscope with continuous three-dimensional (3D) trajectory and random-access scanning modes that reaches near-cubic-millimeter scan range and can be adapted to imaging different spatial scales. We performed 3D calcium imaging of action potential backpropagation and dendritic spike forward propagation at sub-millisecond temporal resolution in mouse brain slices. We also performed volumetric random-access scanning calcium imaging of spontaneous and visual stimulation-evoked activity in hundreds of neurons of the mouse visual cortex in vivo. These experiments demonstrate the subcellular and network-scale imaging capabilities of our system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Katona
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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Roller Coaster Scanning reveals spontaneous triggering of dendritic spikes in CA1 interneurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:2148-53. [PMID: 21224413 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1009270108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory interneurons are considered to be the controlling units of neural networks, despite their sparse number and unique morphological characteristics compared with excitatory pyramidal cells. Although pyramidal cell dendrites have been shown to display local regenerative events--dendritic spikes (dSpikes)--evoked by artificially patterned stimulation of synaptic inputs, no such studies exist for interneurons or for spontaneous events. In addition, imaging techniques have yet to attain the required spatial and temporal resolution for the detection of spontaneously occurring events that trigger dSpikes. Here we describe a high-resolution 3D two-photon laser scanning method (Roller Coaster Scanning) capable of imaging long dendritic segments resolving individual spines and inputs with a temporal resolution of a few milliseconds. By using this technique, we found that local, NMDA receptor-dependent dSpikes can be observed in hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum interneurons during spontaneous network activities in vitro. These NMDA spikes appear when approximately 10 spatially clustered inputs arrive synchronously and trigger supralinear integration in dynamic interaction zones. In contrast to the one-to-one relationship between computational subunits and dendritic branches described in pyramidal cells, here we show that interneurons have relatively small (∼14 μm) sliding interaction zones. Our data suggest a unique principle as to how interneurons integrate synaptic information by local dSpikes.
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Carriles R, Schafer DN, Sheetz KE, Field JJ, Cisek R, Barzda V, Sylvester AW, Squier JA. Invited review article: Imaging techniques for harmonic and multiphoton absorption fluorescence microscopy. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2009; 80:081101. [PMID: 19725639 PMCID: PMC2736611 DOI: 10.1063/1.3184828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2008] [Accepted: 06/14/2009] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We review the current state of multiphoton microscopy. In particular, the requirements and limitations associated with high-speed multiphoton imaging are considered. A description of the different scanning technologies such as line scan, multifoci approaches, multidepth microscopy, and novel detection techniques is given. The main nonlinear optical contrast mechanisms employed in microscopy are reviewed, namely, multiphoton excitation fluorescence, second harmonic generation, and third harmonic generation. Techniques for optimizing these nonlinear mechanisms through a careful measurement of the spatial and temporal characteristics of the focal volume are discussed, and a brief summary of photobleaching effects is provided. Finally, we consider three new applications of multiphoton microscopy: nonlinear imaging in microfluidics as applied to chemical analysis and the use of two-photon absorption and self-phase modulation as contrast mechanisms applied to imaging problems in the medical sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Carriles
- Department of Photonics, Centro de Investigaciones en Optica, León, Mexico
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Nikolenko V, Watson BO, Araya R, Woodruff A, Peterka DS, Yuste R. SLM Microscopy: Scanless Two-Photon Imaging and Photostimulation with Spatial Light Modulators. Front Neural Circuits 2008; 2:5. [PMID: 19129923 PMCID: PMC2614319 DOI: 10.3389/neuro.04.005.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2008] [Accepted: 11/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Laser microscopy has generally poor temporal resolution, caused by the serial scanning of each pixel. This is a significant problem for imaging or optically manipulating neural circuits, since neuronal activity is fast. To help surmount this limitation, we have developed a “scanless” microscope that does not contain mechanically moving parts. This microscope uses a diffractive spatial light modulator (SLM) to shape an incoming two-photon laser beam into any arbitrary light pattern. This allows the simultaneous imaging or photostimulation of different regions of a sample with three-dimensional precision. To demonstrate the usefulness of this microscope, we perform two-photon uncaging of glutamate to activate dendritic spines and cortical neurons in brain slices. We also use it to carry out fast (60 Hz) two-photon calcium imaging of action potentials in neuronal populations. Thus, SLM microscopy appears to be a powerful tool for imaging and optically manipulating neurons and neuronal circuits. Moreover, the use of SLMs expands the flexibility of laser microscopy, as it can substitute traditional simple fixed lenses with any calculated lens function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr Nikolenko
- Department of Biological Sciences, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University New York, NY, USA
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Várallyay Z, Saitoh K, Fekete J, Kakihara K, Koshiba M, Szipocs R. Reversed dispersion slope photonic bandgap fibers for broadband dispersion control in femtosecond fiber lasers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2008; 16:15603-15616. [PMID: 18825199 DOI: 10.1364/oe.16.015603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Higher-order-mode solid and hollow core photonic bandgap fibers exhibiting reversed or zero dispersion slope over tens or hundreds of nanometer bandwidths within the bandgap are presented. This attractive feature makes them well suited for broadband dispersion control in femtosecond pulse fiber lasers, amplifiers and optical parametric oscillators. The canonical form of the dispersion profile in photonic bandgap fibers is modified by a partial reflector layer/interface placed around the core forming a 2D cylindrical Gires-Tournois type interferometer. This small perturbation in the index profile induces a frequency dependent electric field distribution of the preferred propagating higher-order-mode resulting in a zero or reversed dispersion slope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Várallyay
- Furukawa Electric Institute of Technology Ltd, H-1158 Budapest, Hungary.
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Larson AM, Yeh AT. Delivery of sub-10-fs pulses for nonlinear optical microscopy by polarization-maintaining single mode optical fiber. OPTICS EXPRESS 2008; 16:14723-14730. [PMID: 18795010 DOI: 10.1364/oe.16.014723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Broadband, sub-10-fs pulses, can be propagated through polarization-maintaining single mode fiber (PMF) for use in nonlinear optical microscopy (NLOM). We demonstrate delivery of near transform-limited, 1 nJ pulses from a Ti:Al(2)O(3) (75 MHz repetition rate) oscillator via PMF to the NLOM focal plane while maintaining 120 nm of bandwidth. Negative group delay dispersion (GDD) introduced to pre-compensate normal dispersion of the optical fiber and microscope optics ensured linear pulse propagation through the PMF. The minimized time-bandwidth product of the laser pulses at the NLOM focus allowed the nonlinear excitation of multiple fluorophores simultaneously without central wavelength tuning. Polarization sensitive NLOM imaging using second harmonic generation in collagen was demonstrated using PMF delivered pulses. Two-photon excited fluorescence spectra and second harmonic images taken with and without the fiber indicates that the fiber based system is capable of generating optical signals that are within a factor of two to three of our traditional NLOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Larson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Sjulson L, Miesenböck G. Photocontrol of neural activity: biophysical mechanisms and performance in vivo. Chem Rev 2008; 108:1588-602. [PMID: 18447399 DOI: 10.1021/cr078221b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Sjulson
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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Abstract
Spatiotemporal activity patterns in local neural networks are fundamental to brain function. Network activity can now be measured in vivo using two-photon imaging of cell populations that are labeled with fluorescent calcium indicators. In this review, we discuss basic aspects of in vivo calcium imaging and highlight recent developments that will help to uncover operating principles of neural circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Göbel
- Department of Neurophysiology, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fritjof Helmchen
- Department of Neurophysiology, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Abstract
Imaging technologies are well suited to study neuronal dendrites, which are key elements for synaptic integration in the CNS. Dendrites are, however, frequently oriented perpendicular to tissue surfaces, impeding in vivo imaging approaches. Here we introduce novel laser-scanning modes for two-photon microscopy that enable in vivo imaging of spatiotemporal activity patterns in dendrites. First, we developed a method to image planes arbitrarily oriented in 3D, which proved particularly beneficial for calcium imaging of parallel fibers and Purkinje cell dendrites in rat cerebellar cortex. Second, we applied free linescans—either through multiple dendrites or along a single vertically oriented dendrite—to reveal fast dendritic calcium dynamics in neocortical pyramidal neurons. Finally, we invented a ribbon-type 3D scanning method for imaging user-defined convoluted planes enabling simultaneous measurements of calcium signals along multiple apical dendrites. These novel scanning modes will facilitate optical probing of dendritic function in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Göbel
- Department of Neurophysiology, Brain Research Institute, Winterthurerstr 190, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
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