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Jiang J, McCartt AD. Mid-infrared trace detection with parts-per-quadrillion quantitation accuracy: Expanding frontiers of radiocarbon sensing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2314441121. [PMID: 38513090 PMCID: PMC11009668 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2314441121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Detection sensitivity is a critical characteristic to consider during selection of spectroscopic techniques. However, high sensitivity alone is insufficient for spectroscopic measurements in spectrally congested regions. Two-color cavity ringdown spectroscopy (2C-CRDS), based on intra-cavity pump-probe detection, simultaneously achieves high detection sensitivity and selectivity. This combination enables mid-infrared detection of radiocarbon dioxide ([Formula: see text]CO[Formula: see text]) molecules in room-temperature CO[Formula: see text] samples, with 1.4 parts-per-quadrillion (ppq, 10[Formula: see text]) sensitivity (average measurement precision) and 4.6-ppq quantitation accuracy (average calibrated measurement error for 21 samples from four separate trials) demonstrated on samples with [Formula: see text]C/C up to [Formula: see text]1.5[Formula: see text] natural abundance ([Formula: see text]1,800 ppq). These highly reproducible measurements, which are the most sensitive and quantitatively accurate in the mid-infrared, are accomplished despite the presence of orders-of-magnitude stronger, one-photon signals from other CO[Formula: see text] isotopologues. This is a major achievement in laser spectroscopy. A room-temperature-operated, compact, and low-cost 2C-CRDS sensor for [Formula: see text]CO[Formula: see text] benefits a wide range of scientific fields that utilize [Formula: see text]C for dating and isotope tracing, most notably atmospheric [Formula: see text]CO[Formula: see text] monitoring to track CO[Formula: see text] emissions from fossil fuels. The 2C-CRDS technique significantly enhances the general utility of high-resolution mid-infrared detection for analytical measurements and fundamental chemical dynamics studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Jiang
- Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Atmospheric, Earth, and Energy Division, Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA94550
| | - A. Daniel McCartt
- Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Atmospheric, Earth, and Energy Division, Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA94550
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McCartt D, Jiang J. Room-Temperature Optical Detection of 14CO 2 below the Natural Abundance with Two-Color Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy. ACS Sens 2022; 7:3258-3264. [PMID: 36315969 PMCID: PMC10289126 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c01253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Radiocarbon's natural production, radiative decay, and isotopic rarity make it a unique tool to probe carbonaceous systems in the life and earth sciences. However, the difficulty of current radiocarbon (14C) detection methods limits scientific adoption. Here, two-color cavity ring-down spectroscopy detects 14CO2 in room-temperature samples with an accuracy of one-tenth the natural abundance in 3 min. The intracavity pump-probe measurement uses two cavity-enhanced lasers to cancel out cavity ring-down rate fluctuations and strong one-photon absorption interference (>10 000 1/s) from hot-band transitions of CO2 isotopologues. Selective, room-temperature detection of small 14CO2 absorption signals (<1 1/s) reduces the technical and operational burdens for cavity-enhanced measurements of radiocarbon, which can benefit a wide range of applications like biomedical research and field-detection of combusted fossil fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel McCartt
- Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Jun Jiang
- Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
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Jiang J, McCartt AD. Two-color, intracavity pump-probe, cavity ringdown spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:104201. [PMID: 34525821 PMCID: PMC8428946 DOI: 10.1063/5.0054792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a proof-of-principle demonstration of intracavity pump-probe, cavity ringdown (CRD) detection in a three-mirror, traveling-wave cavity. With cavity-enhanced pump power and probe absorption path length, the technique is a generally applicable, high-sensitivity, high-selectivity detection method. In our experiments, the pump radiation is switched off during every other probe ringdown, which allows uncorrelated measurements of analyte and background cavity decay rates. The net, two-color signal from the difference between the pump-on and pump-off decay rates is immune to empty-CRD drifts and spectral overlaps from non-target molecular transitions. The immunity to the ringdown drifts allows longer signal-averaging and, thus, higher detection sensitivity. The ability to compensate for the background absorption enhances the detection selectivity in spectrally congested regions. Our technique is well-suited for trace-detection in the mid-IR region, where pump-probe schemes based on strong rovibrational transitions can be applied. In this work, two-color CRD detection is implemented on a ladder-type, three-level system based on the N2O, ν3 = 1 ← 0, P(19) (pump) and ν3 = 2 ← 1, R(18) (probe), rovibrational transitions. By frequency-locking two-quantum cascade lasers to the p-polarization (pump, Finesse = 5280) and s-polarization (probe, Finesse = 67 700) cavity modes, we achieve high intracavity pump power (36 W) and high probe ringdown rates (>2 kHz). The observed two-color spectra are simulated by a density-matrix, three-level system model that is solved under the constraints of the cavity resonance conditions. In addition to its background compensation capability, experimental flexibility in the selection of pump-probe schemes and signal insensitivity to intracavity laser power are further features that enhance the utility of our technique for mid-IR trace-detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Jiang
- Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A. Daniel McCartt
- Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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Huang J, Wang Z, Fan W, Xing L, Zhang W, Duan L, Quan W. Analysis and suppression of the polarization error for the optical rotation detection system in an atomic comagnetometer. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:35748-35760. [PMID: 33379685 DOI: 10.1364/oe.406073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This paper investigates the laser polarization error in the optical rotation detection system (ORDS) of an atomic comagnetometer (ACM), which will seriously degrade the long-term performance of the ORDS. We first establish an optical transmission model of the ORDS by using Jones matrix concerning the optical imperfection of polarizers. Then, we analyze the polarization error based on this model and propose a novel error suppression method. Finally, we experimentally test the long-term performance of the ORDS and the ACM before and after the polarization error suppression to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. The experimental results show that the long-term performance of the ORDS and the ACM can be improved by approximately 3.4 times with the proposed polarization error suppression method.
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He D, Xie B, Feng S. Null polarimetry near shot noise limit at 1 Hz. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2016; 87:043102. [PMID: 27131649 DOI: 10.1063/1.4945310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We describe the principle and report on the realization of a null polarimeter with two demonstrated features: (1) the sensitivity of the system is near shot noise limit and (2) quasi-stationary signals at 1 Hz can be measured without signal modulation. The achieved single-pass sensitivity is 7 × 10(-9) rad/Hz with a pair of Glan-Taylor polarizers, which should be of great interest for experiments such as observation of vacuum magnetic birefringence and search for new particles. The system is brought near its shot noise limit by appropriate polarization control and coherent heterodyne detection of light, resulting in a sensitivity improvement by two orders of magnitude in comparison with the case of no control on light polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dechao He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Fundamental Physical Quantities Measurement, School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Boya Xie
- MOE Key Laboratory of Fundamental Physical Quantities Measurement, School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Sheng Feng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Fundamental Physical Quantities Measurement, School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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Uran C, Erdem T, Guzelturk B, Perkgöz NK, Jun S, Jang E, Demir HV. Highly polarized light emission by isotropic quantum dots integrated with magnetically aligned segmented nanowires. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 2014; 105. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4897971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we demonstrate a proof-of-concept system for generating highly polarized light from colloidal quantum dots (QDs) coupled with magnetically aligned segmented Au/Ni/Au nanowires (NWs). Optical characterizations reveal that the optimized QD-NW coupled structures emit highly polarized light with an s-to p-polarization (s/p) contrast as high as 15:1 corresponding to a degree of polarization of 0.88. These experimental results are supported by the finite-difference time-domain simulations, which demonstrate the interplay between the inter-NW distance and the degree of polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Uran
- Bilkent University 1 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Department of Physics, and UNAM - National Nanotechnology Research Center, Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, , Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Talha Erdem
- Bilkent University 1 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Department of Physics, and UNAM - National Nanotechnology Research Center, Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, , Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Burak Guzelturk
- Bilkent University 1 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Department of Physics, and UNAM - National Nanotechnology Research Center, Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, , Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Nihan Kosku Perkgöz
- Bilkent University 1 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Department of Physics, and UNAM - National Nanotechnology Research Center, Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, , Ankara 06800, Turkey
- Anadolu University 2 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, , Eskisehir 26555, Turkey
| | - Shinae Jun
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology 3 Inorganic Material Laboratory, Material Research Center, , Samsung Electronics Co., 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 443-803, South Korea
| | - Eunjoo Jang
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology 3 Inorganic Material Laboratory, Material Research Center, , Samsung Electronics Co., 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 443-803, South Korea
| | - Hilmi Volkan Demir
- Bilkent University 1 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Department of Physics, and UNAM - National Nanotechnology Research Center, Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, , Ankara 06800, Turkey
- Nanyang Technological University 4 Luminous! Center of Excellence for Semiconductor Lighting and Displays, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, School of Physical and Materials Sciences, , Singapore, Singapore 639798
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Kosuge A, Mori M, Okada H, Hajima R, Nagashima K. Polarization-selectable cavity locking method for generation of laser Compton scattered γ-rays. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:6613-6619. [PMID: 24664010 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.006613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, generation of energy-tunable, monochromatic γ-rays is needed to establish a nondestructive assay method of nuclear fuel materials. The γ-rays are generated by collision of laser photons stored in a cavity and relativistic electrons. We propose a configuration of an enhancement cavity capable of performing polarization control fabricated by a combination of a four-mirror ring cavity with a small spot inside a cavity and a three-mirror of reflective optics as an image inverter for polarization-selectable γ-rays. The image inverter introduces a phase shift of specific polarization which can be used to generate an error signal to lock an optical cavity at a resonance condition.
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Antypas D, Elliott D. Measurement of weak optical transition moments through two-pathway coherent control. CAN J CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2013-0318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We present a full description of the (ω, 2ω) two-pathway coherent control interference technique for measurement of weak, highly forbidden optical transitions. We have recently applied this technique to the measurement of the magnetic dipole transition moment M1 of the 6s 2S1/2 → 7s 2S1/2 transition in atomic cesium. We also demonstrate detailed methods by which this technique may be used for measurement of the electroweak-induced parity nonconserving amplitude in atomic cesium. The principal benefits of this technique include reduced systematic errors related to field reversals often encountered in related measurements, reduced interference from adjacent, noninterfering transitions, and the absence of electric quadrupole transitions. We present a critical evaluation of the effects induced by stray fields and other systematic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Antypas
- Department of Physics and School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - D.S. Elliott
- Department of Physics and School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Zomer F, Fedala Y, Pavloff N, Soskov V, Variola A. Polarization induced instabilities in external four-mirror Fabry-Perot cavities. APPLIED OPTICS 2009; 48:6651-6661. [PMID: 20011005 DOI: 10.1364/ao.48.006651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Various four-mirror optical resonators are studied from the perspective of realizing passive stacking cavities. A comparative study of the mechanical stability is provided. The polarization properties of the cavity eigenmodes are described, and it is shown that the effect of mirror misalignments (or motions) induces polarization and stacking power instabilities. These instabilities increase with the finesse of the Fabry-Perot cavity. A tetrahedral configuration of the four mirrors is found to minimize the consequences of the mirrors' motion and misalignment by reducing the instability parameter by at least 2 orders of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Zomer
- Laboratoire de l'Accélérateur Linéaire, CNRS, Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et Physiquedes Particules, Université Paris Sud, Bâtiment 200, BP 34 Orsay Cedex, France.
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Bullington AL, Lantz BT, Fejer MM, Byer RL. Modal frequency degeneracy in thermally loaded optical resonators. APPLIED OPTICS 2008; 47:2840-2851. [PMID: 18493291 DOI: 10.1364/ao.47.002840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We observe power coupling from the fundamental mode to frequency-degenerate higher-order spatial modes in optical resonators illuminated with a 30 W laser. Thermally-induced modal frequency degeneracy facilitates power transfer from the fundamental mode to higher-order modes, reduces power coupling into the cavity, and triggers power fluctuations. Modeling thermoelastic deformation of a mirror's surface shows predicted modal frequency degeneracy to be in reasonable agreement with experimental observations. Predictions for the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) show that the circulating fundamental-mode power necessary for gravitational-wave detection is compromised at coating absorptions of 3.8 and 0.44 ppm for Enhanced and Advanced LIGO Fabry-Pérot cavities, respectively.
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