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Malallah R, Cassidy D, Wan M, Muniraj I, Healy JJ, Sheridan JT. Optical Trajectory Manipulations Using the Self-Written Waveguide Technique. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12071438. [PMID: 32605110 PMCID: PMC7408574 DOI: 10.3390/polym12071438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study is novel for several reasons: We used a thin drop cast layer of dry photosensitive materials to study the behaviors of wet photopolymer media using microscopic distances during the Self-Written Waveguide (SWW) process; then, we examined the self-trajectories formed inside the solid material. The results provide a framework for theoretical and experimental examinations by handling the effects of manipulating the alignment of fibers. The other main advantage of these techniques is their lightweight, easy to process, highly flexible, and ultimately low-cost nature. First, the SWW process in wet photopolymer media (liquid solutions) was examined under three cases: single-, counter-, and co-fiber exposure. Then, the SWWs formed inside the solid material were examined along with the effects of manipulating the alignment of the fibers. In all cases, high precision measurements were used to position the fiber optic cables (FOCs) before exposure using a microscope. The self-writing process was indirectly monitored by observing (imaging) the light emerging from the side of the material sample during SWW formation. In this way, we examined the optical waveguide trajectories formed in Acrylamide/Polyvinyl Alcohol (AA/PVA), a photopolymer material (sensitized at 532 nm). First, the transmission of light by this material is characterized. Then, the bending and merging of the waveguides that occur are investigated. The predictions of our model are shown to qualitatively agree with the observed trajectories. The largest index changes taking place at any time during exposure, i.e., during SWW formation, are shown to take place at the positions where the largest exposure light intensity is present. Typically, such maxima exist close to the input face. The first maximum is referred to as the location of the Primary Eye. Other local maxima also appear further along the SWW and are referred to as Secondary Eyes, i.e., eyes deeper within the material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ra’ed Malallah
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, College of Engineering and Architecture, University College Dublin, D 4 Dublin, Ireland; (D.C.); (M.W.); (I.M.); (J.J.H.)
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, University of Basrah, Garmat Ali, Basrah 61004, Iraq
- Correspondence: (R.M.); (J.T.S.); Tel.: +353-1-716-1927 (J.T.S.); Fax: +353-1-283-0921 (J.T.S.)
| | - Derek Cassidy
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, College of Engineering and Architecture, University College Dublin, D 4 Dublin, Ireland; (D.C.); (M.W.); (I.M.); (J.J.H.)
| | - Min Wan
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, College of Engineering and Architecture, University College Dublin, D 4 Dublin, Ireland; (D.C.); (M.W.); (I.M.); (J.J.H.)
| | - Inbarasan Muniraj
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, College of Engineering and Architecture, University College Dublin, D 4 Dublin, Ireland; (D.C.); (M.W.); (I.M.); (J.J.H.)
| | - John J. Healy
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, College of Engineering and Architecture, University College Dublin, D 4 Dublin, Ireland; (D.C.); (M.W.); (I.M.); (J.J.H.)
| | - John T. Sheridan
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, College of Engineering and Architecture, University College Dublin, D 4 Dublin, Ireland; (D.C.); (M.W.); (I.M.); (J.J.H.)
- Correspondence: (R.M.); (J.T.S.); Tel.: +353-1-716-1927 (J.T.S.); Fax: +353-1-283-0921 (J.T.S.)
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Dika I, Diot F, Bardinal V, Malval J, Ecoffet C, Bruyant A, Barat D, Reig B, Doucet J, Camps T, Soppera O. Near infrared
photopolymer for micro‐optics applications. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20200106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ihab Dika
- Université de Haute‐Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361 Mulhouse France
- Université de Strasbourg Strasbourg France
| | - Frédéric Diot
- Université de Haute‐Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361 Mulhouse France
- Université de Strasbourg Strasbourg France
| | - Véronique Bardinal
- LAAS CNRS Toulouse France
- Université de Toulouse; UPS, INSA, INP, ISAE; LAAS Toulouse France
| | - Jean‐Pierre Malval
- Université de Haute‐Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361 Mulhouse France
- Université de Strasbourg Strasbourg France
| | - Carole Ecoffet
- Université de Haute‐Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361 Mulhouse France
- Université de Strasbourg Strasbourg France
| | - Aurélien Bruyant
- Université de Technologie de Troyes, L2n, CNRS ERL 7004 Troyes Cedex France
| | - David Barat
- LAAS CNRS Toulouse France
- Université de Toulouse; UPS, INSA, INP, ISAE; LAAS Toulouse France
| | - Benjamin Reig
- LAAS CNRS Toulouse France
- Université de Toulouse; UPS, INSA, INP, ISAE; LAAS Toulouse France
| | - Jean‐Baptiste Doucet
- LAAS CNRS Toulouse France
- Université de Toulouse; UPS, INSA, INP, ISAE; LAAS Toulouse France
| | - Thierry Camps
- LAAS CNRS Toulouse France
- Université de Toulouse; UPS, INSA, INP, ISAE; LAAS Toulouse France
| | - Olivier Soppera
- Université de Haute‐Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361 Mulhouse France
- Université de Strasbourg Strasbourg France
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Biria S, Morim DR, An Tsao F, Saravanamuttu K, Hosein ID. Coupling nonlinear optical waves to photoreactive and phase-separating soft matter: Current status and perspectives. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 2017; 27:104611. [PMID: 29092420 DOI: 10.1063/1.5001821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Nonlinear optics and polymer systems are distinct fields that have been studied for decades. These two fields intersect with the observation of nonlinear wave propagation in photoreactive polymer systems. This has led to studies on the nonlinear dynamics of transmitted light in polymer media, particularly for optical self-trapping and optical modulation instability. The irreversibility of polymerization leads to permanent capture of nonlinear optical patterns in the polymer structure, which is a new synthetic route to complex structured soft materials. Over time more intricate polymer systems are employed, whereby nonlinear optical dynamics can couple to nonlinear chemical dynamics, opening opportunities for self-organization. This paper discusses the work to date on nonlinear optical pattern formation processes in polymers. A brief overview of nonlinear optical phenomenon is provided to set the stage for understanding their effects. We review the accomplishments of the field on studying nonlinear waveform propagation in photopolymerizable systems, then discuss our most recent progress in coupling nonlinear optical pattern formation to polymer blends and phase separation. To this end, perspectives on future directions and areas of sustained inquiry are provided. This review highlights the significant opportunity in exploiting nonlinear optical pattern formation in soft matter for the discovery of new light-directed and light-stimulated materials phenomenon, and in turn, soft matter provides a platform by which new nonlinear optical phenomenon may be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Biria
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA
| | - Derek R Morim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Fu An Tsao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Kalaichelvi Saravanamuttu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Ian D Hosein
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA
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Malallah R, Li H, Kelly DP, Healy JJ, Sheridan JT. A Review of Hologram Storage and Self-Written Waveguides Formation in Photopolymer Media. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E337. [PMID: 30971014 PMCID: PMC6418820 DOI: 10.3390/polym9080337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Photopolymer materials have received a great deal of attention because they are inexpensive, self-processing materials that are extremely versatile, offering many advantages over more traditional materials. To achieve their full potential, there is significant value in understanding the photophysical and photochemical processes taking place within such materials. This paper includes a brief review of recent attempts to more fully understand what is needed to optimize the performance of photopolymer materials for Holographic Data Storage (HDS) and Self-Written Waveguides (SWWs) applications. Specifically, we aim to discuss the evolution of our understanding of what takes place inside these materials and what happens during photopolymerization process, with the objective of further improving the performance of such materials. Starting with a review of the photosensitizer absorptivity, a dye model combining the associated electromagnetics and photochemical kinetics is presented. Thereafter, the optimization of photopolymer materials for HDS and SWWs applications is reviewed. It is clear that many promising materials are being developed for the next generation optical applications media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ra'ed Malallah
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, UCD Communications and Optoelectronic Research Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, University of Basrah, Garmat Ali, Basrah, Iraq.
| | - Haoyu Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
| | - Damien P Kelly
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, UCD Communications and Optoelectronic Research Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - John J Healy
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, UCD Communications and Optoelectronic Research Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - John T Sheridan
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, UCD Communications and Optoelectronic Research Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Fernández R, Gallego S, Márquez A, Francés J, Marínez FJ, Beléndez A. Influence of index matching on AA/PVA photopolymers for low spatial frequency recording. APPLIED OPTICS 2015; 54:3132-3140. [PMID: 25967296 DOI: 10.1364/ao.54.003132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Photopolymers present appealing optical properties for holographic and diffractive applications. They enable modulation of the electrical permittivity and thickness and are self-processing, and layers with a wide range of thicknesses and properties can be fabricated on demand. In order to obtain a complete characterization of the material, low spatial frequency analysis has become a fundamental tool because the motion of the components inside of the material can be measured. We propose to use an index matching component to carry out a complete characterization and to differentiate the "apparent" and the real monomer diffusion. We also have quantified the minimum thickness to obtain the phase modulation of 2π required for the fabrication of many diffractive elements such as lenses, axicons, or blazed gratings. Finally, we have studied the influence of the thermal effects in the thickness variations.
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Li H, Qi Y, Ryle JP, Sheridan JT. Self-written waveguides in a dry acrylamide/polyvinyl alcohol photopolymer material. APPLIED OPTICS 2014; 53:8086-8094. [PMID: 25607967 DOI: 10.1364/ao.53.008086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
For the first time it is demonstrated that permanent optical waveguides can be self-written in a solid acrylamide/polyvinyl alcohol photopolymer material. The novel (to our knowledge) technique used to prepare the polymeric medium used is described. It is demonstrated that the resulting waveguides formed can be used to guide different wavelengths. A standard theoretical model is used to predict both the evolution of the light intensity distribution and the channel formation inside the material during the exposure. The experimental results and the numerical simulations are compared, and good agreement is obtained.
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Niu X, Zheng Y, Gu Y, Chen C, Cai Z, Shi Z, Wang F, Sun X, Cui Z, Zhang D. Thermo-optic waveguide gate switch arrays based on direct UV-written highly fluorinated low-loss photopolymer. APPLIED OPTICS 2014; 53:6698-6705. [PMID: 25322371 DOI: 10.1364/ao.53.006698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Novel thermo-optic waveguide gate switch arrays were designed and fabricated based on the direct UV-written technique. Highly fluorinated low-loss photopolymers and organic-inorganic grafting materials were used as the waveguide core and cladding, respectively. The low absorption loss characteristics and excellent thermal stabilities of the core and cladding materials were obtained. The rectangular waveguides and arrayed electrode heaters have been theoretically designed and numerically simulated to realize single-mode transmission. The propagation loss of a 4-μm-wide straight waveguide was measured as 0.15 dB/cm. The insertion loss of the device was directly measured to be about 5.5 dB. The rise and fall times of the device applied 100 Hz square-wave voltage were obtained as 1.068 and 1.245 ms, respectively. The switching power was about 9.2 mW, and the extinction ratio was 17.8 dB. The low-loss integrated switch arrays are suitable for realizing large-scale photonic integrated circuits.
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Zhu J, Wang G, Hao Y, Xie B, Cheng AYS. Highly sensitive and spatially resolved polyvinyl alcohol/acrylamide photopolymer for real-time holographic applications. OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 18:18106-18112. [PMID: 20721198 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.018106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
By employing low molecular-weight polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as binder, the spatial resolution of a red-sensitive PVA/acrylamide based photopolymer are improved from 1000 lines/mm to 3000 lines/mm. By increasing the ambient temperature during the holographic recording, the photosensitivity of photopolymer is also increased about 5 times. The optimized photopolymer system has high capacity such as high photosensitivity (8 mJ/cm(2)), high spatial resolution (over 3000 lines/mm) and high diffraction efficiency (over 94%). To our knowledge, its holographic recording performance is the best of ever reported PVA/acrylamide based photopolymer systems. It has good application prospects in real-time holographic interferometry, holographic storage and holographic display.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Zhu
- Department of Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
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