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Xing H, Eckert GJ, Ando M. Detection and analyzing plane of non-cavitated approximal caries by cross-polarized optical coherence tomography (CP-OCT). J Dent 2021; 110:103679. [PMID: 33895241 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2021.103679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective was to assess the detection ability and the effect of analyzing plane of CP-OCT for non-cavitated approximal caries. METHODS Thirty human extracted premolars were selected based on micro-computed tomography [μ-CT: μ- CT = 0: sound (n = 12), μ-CT = 1/2: caries into outer-/inner-half of enamel (n = 6 each), μ-CT = 3: caries into outer one-third of dentine (n = 6)]. Teeth were mounted in a custommade device to simulate approximal contact, and scanned from the marginal ridge above the contact area. CP-OCT images were analyzed by deepest caries extension from horizontal and coronal planes, and repeated 48-hrs later. Sensitivity, specificity,percent correct, area under the ROC curve (Az), intra-examiner repeatability and correlation with μ-CT were determined. RESULTS Sensitivity/specificity/Az for Horizontalplane, Coronal-plane, and Deepest from both planes were 94percent/58percent/0.76,81percent/100percent/0.90, and 94 %/58 %/0.82. Coronal-plane had significantly higher specificity than Horizontal-plane and Deepest (p = 0.004) but Horizontal-plane and Deepest were not different (p = 1.00). Horizontal-plane had significantly lower Az than Deepest (p = 0.048), but Coronal-plane was not different than Horizontal-plane (p = 0.07) or Deepest (p = 0.20). Correlation coefficients were Horizontal-plane (0.53, p < 0.001), Coronal-plane (0.84, p < 0.001), and Deepest (0.66, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Within the limitations of this study, CP-OCT could be used to detect non-cavitated approximal caries. Analysis using the Coronal-plane is superior to the Horizontal-plane. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE It is challenging to detect non-cavitated approximal caries clinically due to the adjacent tooth. CP-OCT is a nondestructive, no ionized-radiation caries detection technique. CP-OCT seems suitable to detect non-cavitated approximal caries and observing the Coronal-plane appears better than Horizontal-plane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Xing
- Department of General Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China; Department of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - George J Eckert
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Masatoshi Ando
- Department of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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Detection of Caries Around Resin-Modified Glass Ionomer and Compomer Restorations Using Four Different Modalities In Vitro. Dent J (Basel) 2018; 6:dj6030047. [PMID: 30223618 PMCID: PMC6162688 DOI: 10.3390/dj6030047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of visual examination (International Caries Detection and Assessment System—ICDAS II), light-emitting diodes (LED) fluorescence (SPECTRA), laser fluorescence (DIAGNODent, DD), photothermal radiometry and modulated luminescence (PTR-LUM, The Canary System, CS) to detect natural decay beneath resin-modified glass ionomer (RMGIC) and compomer restorations in vitro. Twenty-seven extracted human molars and premolars, consisting of 2 control teeth, 10 visually healthy/sound and 15 teeth with natural cavitated lesions, were selected. For the carious teeth, caries was removed leaving some carious tissue on one wall of the preparation. For the sound teeth, 3 mm deep cavity preparations were made. All cavities were restored with RMGIC or compomer restorative materials. Sixty-eight sites (4 sites on sound unrestored teeth, 21 sound sites and 43 carious sites with restorations) were selected. CS and DD triplicate measurements were done at 2, 1.5, 0.5, and 0 mm away from the margin of the restoration (MOR). SPECTRA images were taken, and two dentists provided ICDAS II scoring for the restored surfaces. The SPECTRA data and images were inconclusive due to signal interference from the restorations. Visual examinations of the restored tooth surfaces were able to identify 5 of the 15 teeth with caries. In these situations, the teeth were ranked as having ICDAS II 1 or 2 rankings, but they could not identify the location of the caries or depth of the lesion. CS and DD were able to differentiate between sound and carious tissue at the MOR, but larger variation in measurement, and poorer accuracy, was observed for DD. It was concluded that the CS has the potential to detect secondary caries around RMGIC and compomer restorations more accurately than the other modalities used in this study.
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Abrams TE, Abrams SH, Sivagurunathan KS, Silvertown JD, Hellen WMP, Elman GI, Amaechi BT. In Vitro Detection of Caries Around Amalgam Restorations Using Four Different Modalities. Open Dent J 2018; 11:609-620. [PMID: 29290839 PMCID: PMC5738745 DOI: 10.2174/1874210601711010609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of PTR-LUM (The Canary System, CS), laser fluorescence (DIAGNOdent, DD), LED fluorescence (Spectra), and visual inspection (ICDAS II) to detect natural decay around bonded amalgam restorations in vitro. Methods: Seventeen extracted human molars and premolars, consisting of visually healthy (n=5) and natural cavitated (n=12) teeth were selected. For the carious teeth, caries was removed leaving some decayed tissue on the floor and or wall of the preparation. For sound teeth, 3 mm. deep cavity preparations were made and teeth were restored with bonded-amalgam restorations. Thirty-six sites (13 sound sites; 23 carious sites) were selected. CS and DD scans were performed in triplicate at 2, 1.5, 0.5, and 0 mm away from the margin of the restoration (MOR). Spectra images were captured for the entire surface, and dentists blinded to the samples provided ICDAS II scoring. Results: Canary Numbers (Mean±SE) for healthy and carious sites at 2, 1.5, 0.5, and 0 mm from the MOR ranged from 12.9±0.9 to 15.4±0.9 and 56.1±4.0 to 56.3±2.0, respectively. DD peak values for healthy and carious sites ranged from 4.7±0.5 to 13.5±2.99, and 16.7±3.7 to 24.5±4.4, respectively. For CS and DD, sensitivity/specificity for sites at 2.0, 1.5, 0.5, 0 mm ranged from 0.95-1.0/0.85-1.0, and 0.45-0.74/0.54-1.0, respectively. For ICDAS II, sensitivity and specificity were 1.0 and 0.17, respectively. For Spectra, data and images were inconclusive due to signal intereference from the amalgam restoration. Conclusions: Using this in-vitro model, CS and DD were able to differentiate between sound and carious tissue at the MOR, but larger variation, less reliability, and poorer accuracy was observed for DD. Therefore, CS has the potential to detect secondary caries around amalgam restorations more accurately than the other investigated modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen H Abrams
- Quantum Dental Technologies Inc, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Cliffcrest Dental Office, Scarborough, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Gary I Elman
- Cliffcrest Dental Office, Scarborough, Ontario, Canada
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Abrams SH, Sivagurunathan KS, Silvertown JD, Wong B, Hellen A, Mandelis A, Hellen WMP, Elman GI, Mathew SM, Mensinkai PK, Amaechi BT. Correlation with Caries Lesion Depth of The Canary System, DIAGNOdent and ICDAS II. Open Dent J 2017; 11:679-689. [PMID: 29387284 PMCID: PMC5750685 DOI: 10.2174/1874210601711010679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The aim of this study was to correlate lesion depth of natural caries, measured with Polarized Light Microscopy (PLM), to Canary Numbers (CN) derived from The Canary System™ (CS), numerical readings from DIAGNOdent (DD), and lesion scores from ICDAS II. Methods: A total of 20 examination sites on extracted human molars and premolars were selected. The selected examination sites consisted of healthy and enamel caries on smooth and occlusal surfaces of each tooth. Two blinded dentists ranked each examination site using ICDAS II and the consensus score for each examined site was recorded. The same examination sites were scanned with CS and DD, and the CN and DD readings were recorded. After all the measurements were completed, the readings of the three caries detection methods were validated with a histological method, Polarized Light Microscopy (PLM). PLM performed by blinded examiners was used as the ‘gold standard’ to confirm the presence or absence of a caries lesion within each examined site and to determine caries lesion depth. Results: Pearson’s coefficients of correlation with caries lesion depth of CNs, DD readings and ICDAS scores were 0.84, 0.21 and 0.77, respectively. Mean ± SD CN for sound sites (n=3), caries lesion depths <800 µm (n=11), and caries lesion depths >800 µm (n=6) were 11±1, 55±15, and 75±22, respectively. Mean ± SD DD readings for sound sites, caries lesion depths <800 µm, and caries lesion depths >800 µm were 1±1, 7±11, and 8±9, respectively. Mean ± SD ICDAS II scores for sound sites, caries lesion depths <800 µm, and caries lesion depths >800 µm were 0±0, 2±1, and 2±1, respectively. The intra-operator repeatability for the Canary System was .953 (0.913, 0.978). Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the CS exhibits much higher correlation with caries lesion depth compared to ICDAS II and DD. CS may provide the clinician with more information about the size and position of the lesion which might help in monitoring or treating the lesion. The present extracted tooth study found that The Canary System correlates with caries lesion depth more accurately that ICDAS II and DIAGNOdent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen H Abrams
- Quantum Dental Technologies Inc, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Cliffcrest Dental Office, Scarborough, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Bonny Wong
- Quantum Dental Technologies Inc, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adam Hellen
- Quantum Dental Technologies Inc, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andreas Mandelis
- Quantum Dental Technologies Inc, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Center for Advanced Diffusion Wave and Photoacoustic Technologies (CADIPT), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canadas
| | | | - Gary I Elman
- Cliffcrest Dental Office, Scarborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - S M Mathew
- University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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Silvertown JD, Abrams SH, Sivagurunathan KS, Kennedy J, Jeon J, Mandelis A, Hellen A, Hellen W, Elman G, Ehrlich R, Chouljian R, Finer Y, Amaechi BT. Multi-Centre Clinical Evaluation of Photothermal Radiometry and Luminescence Correlated with International Benchmarks for Caries Detection. Open Dent J 2017; 11:636-647. [PMID: 29290842 PMCID: PMC5738748 DOI: 10.2174/1874210601711010636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A clinical study was initiated to investigate a caries detection device (The Canary System (CS)), based on photothermal radiometry and modulated luminescence (PTR-LUM). The primary objective of this study was to determine if PTR-LUM values (in the form of Canary Numbers; CN) correlate with International Caries Diagnostic and Assessment System (ICDAS II) scores and clinical situations. The secondary objectives of this study were to monitor the safety of PTR-LUM, and collect data to determine how CN values could be used to differentiate healthy from decayed tooth surfaces on a normalized scale. METHODS The trial was a four site, non-blinded study. Data was collected from 92 patients, resulting in 842 scanned tooth surfaces over multiple appointments. Surfaces were assessed according to ICDAS II, and further stratified into five clinical situation categories: 1) healthy surface, 2) non-cavitated white and/or brown spots; 3) caries lesions; 4) cavitation and 5) teeth undergoing remineralization therapy.CN data was analyzed separately for smooth and occlusal surfaces. Using a semi-logarithmic graph to plot raw CN (rCN) and normalized (CN) values, rCN data was normalized into a scale of 0-100. RESULTS Linear correlations (R2) between CN and ICDAS II groupings for smooth and occlusal surfaces were calculated as 0.9759 and 0.9267, respectively. The mean CN values derived from smooth (20.2±0.6) and occlusal (19±1.0) surfaces identified as healthy had significantly lower CN values (P<0.05) compared with the values from the other clinical situation categories. No adverse events were reported. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrated the safety of PTR-LUM for clinical application and its ability to distinguish sound from carious tooth surfaces. A clear shift from the baseline in both PTR and LUM in carious enamel was observed depending on the type and nature of the lesion, and correlated to ICDAS II classification codes, which enabled the preliminary development of a Canary Scale.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen H. Abrams
- Quantum Dental Technologies Inc, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Cliffcrest Dental Office, Scarborough, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Julia Kennedy
- Quantum Dental Technologies Inc, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jinseok Jeon
- Quantum Dental Technologies Inc, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andreas Mandelis
- Quantum Dental Technologies Inc, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Center for Advanced Diffusion Wave and Photoacoustic Technologies (CADIPT), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adam Hellen
- Quantum Dental Technologies Inc, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Cliffcrest Dental Office, Scarborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Warren Hellen
- Cliffcrest Dental Office, Scarborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gary Elman
- Downsview Plaza Dental Office, Toronto Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Yoav Finer
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Dabbagh A, Abdullah BJJ, Ramasindarum C, Abu Kasim NH. Tissue-mimicking gel phantoms for thermal therapy studies. ULTRASONIC IMAGING 2014; 36:291-316. [PMID: 24626566 DOI: 10.1177/0161734614526372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-mimicking phantoms that are currently available for routine biomedical applications may not be suitable for high-temperature experiments or calibration of thermal modalities. Therefore, design and fabrication of customized thermal phantoms with tailored properties are necessary for thermal therapy studies. A multitude of thermal phantoms have been developed in liquid, solid, and gel forms to simulate biological tissues in thermal therapy experiments. This article is an attempt to outline the various materials and techniques used to prepare thermal phantoms in the gel state. The relevant thermal, electrical, acoustic, and optical properties of these phantoms are presented in detail and the benefits and shortcomings of each type are discussed. This review could assist the researchers in the selection of appropriate phantom recipes for their in vitro study of thermal modalities and highlight the limitations of current phantom recipes that remain to be addressed in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Dabbagh
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia University of Malaya Research Imaging Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Basri Johan Jeet Abdullah
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia University of Malaya Research Imaging Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chanthiriga Ramasindarum
- Biomaterials Technology Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Dental Research Management Centre, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Noor Hayaty Abu Kasim
- Biomaterials Technology Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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