Enhancement of localized surface plasmon resonance detection by incorporating metal-dielectric double-layered subwavelength gratings

Dual modal plasmonic substrates based on a convective self-assembly technique for enhancement in SERS and LSPR detection

In this study, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) scheme is combined with localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) detection on a thin gold film with stripe patterns of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) via convective self-assembly (CSA) method. The potential of dual modal plasmonic substrates was evaluated by binding 4-ABT and IgG analytes, respectively. SERS experiments presented not only a high sensitivity with a detection limit of 4.7 nM and an enhancement factor of 1.34 × 10⁵, but an excellent reproducibility with relative standard deviation of 5.5%. It was found from plasmonic sensing experiments by immobilizing IgG onto GNP-mediated gold film that detection sensitivity was improved by more than 211%, compared with a conventional bare gold film. Our synergistic SERS-LSPR approach based on a simple and cost-effective CSA method could open a route for sensitive, reliable and reproducible dual modal detection to expand the application areas.

Sensitivity-Enhanced SPR Sensor Based on Graphene and Subwavelength Silver Gratings

A novel surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor with graphene and subwavelength gratings is proposed to improve the sensing performance. A series of numerical analyses were performed to investigate the effect of structural parameters on the sensing performance, such as minimum reflectance at resonance (MRR), full width at half maximum (FWHM), and resonance angle. The results indicated that near-zero MRR (2.9 × 10^-6) and narrow FWHM (about 3.5 deg) could be obtained by optimizing the geometrical parameters. Moreover, the influence of the number of graphene layers on sensitivity was also studied. The maximum sensitivity of the designed sensor could reach 192 deg/refractive index unit (RIU), which is a great enhancement compared to the silver-only SPR sensor. In addition, ethylene glycol solutions with different refractive indices were detected. The results showed that the sensitivity of the sensor could reach 220.67 deg/RIU, and the proposed sensor had excellent linearity between the resonance angle and refractive index, enabling extensive potential practical sensing applications.

Resolution-improved SPR sensor with a rotational modulation method

A resolution-improved prism coupler-based surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor with a simple, effective rotational modulation method is proposed in this paper. For a conventional SPR sensor, the way to improve its measurement resolution is usually to use the rotating device with higher resolution. Measurement resolution depends on the modulation resolution of the incident angle; therefore, we propose a rotational modulation method that is implemented by rotating the prism horizontally to improve the modulation resolution of the incident angle, instead of using a more expensive rotating device with higher resolution. This scheme is validated both theoretically and experimentally. Furthermore, theoretical simulations show that the rotational modulation method can also be applied to long-range surface plasmon resonance sensors for better results.

Electromagnetic behavior of dielectric objects on metallic periodically nanostructured substrates

In this research, we investigate the electromagnetic behavior of a metallic thin-film with a periodic array of subwavelength apertures when dielectric objects are located on it. The influence of size, geometry and optical properties of the objects on the transmission spectra is numerically analyzed. We study the sensitivity of this system to changes in the refractive index of the illuminated volume induced by the presence of objects with sizes from hundreds of nanometers (submicron-sized objects) to a few microns (micron-sized objects). Parameters such as the object volume within the penetration depth of the surface plasmon in the buffer medium or the contact surface between the object and the nanostructured substrate strongly affect the sensitivity. The proposed system models the presence of objects and their detection through the spectral shifts undergone by the transmission spectra. Also, we demonstrate that these can be used for obtaining information about the refractive index of a micron-sized object immersed in a buffer and located on the nanostructured sensitive surface. We believe that results found in this study can help biomedical researchers and experimentalists in the process of detecting and monitoring biological organisms of large sizes (notably, cells).

Localized surface plasmon resonance based biosensing

INTRODUCTION

Bioanalytical sensing based on the principle of localized surface plasmon resonance experiences is currently an extremely rapid development. Novel sensors with new kinds of plasmonic transducers and innovative concepts for the signal development as well as read-out principles were identified. This review will give an overview of the development of this field. Areas covered: The focus is primarily on types of transducers by preparation or dimension, factors for optimal sensing concepts and the critical view of the usability of these devices as innovative sensors for bioanalytical applications. Expert commentary: Plasmonic sensor devices offer a high potential for future biosensing given that limiting factors such as long-time stability of the transducers, the required high sensitivity and the cost-efficient production are addressed. For higher sensitivity, the design of the sensor in shape and material has to be combined with optimal enhancement strategies. Plasmonic nanoparticles from bottom-up synthesis with a post-synthetic processing show a high potential for cost-efficient sensor production. Regarding the measurement principle, LSPRi offers a large potential for multiplex sensors and can provide a high-throughput as well as highly paralleled sensing. The main trends are expected towards optimal LSPR concepts which represent cost-efficient and robust point-of-care solutions, and the use of multiplexed devices for clinical applications.

Plasmonic metal-dielectric-metal stack structure with subwavelength metallic gratings for improving sensor sensitivity and signal quality

In this study, we investigated the performance improvement of a localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) biosensor by incorporating a metal-dielectric-metal (MDM) stack structure and subwavelength metallic nanograting. The numerical results showed that the LSPR substrate with a MDM stack can provide not only a better sensitivity by more than five times but also a notably improved signal quality. While the gold nanogratings on a gold film inevitably lead to a broad and shallow reflectance curve, the presence of a MDM stack can prevent propagating surface plasmons from interference by locally enhanced fields excited at the gold nanogratings, finally resulting in a strong and deep absorption band at resonance. Therefore, the proposed LSPR structure could potentially open a new possibility of enhanced detection for monitoring biomolecular interactions of very low molecular weights.

How to avoid a negative shift in reflection-type surface plasmon resonance biosensors with metallic nanostructures

We experimentally demonstrate that introduction of a dielectric film can prevent the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) curve from being shifted to a smaller angle, called negative shift, which occurs unpredictably when metallic nanostructures deposited on a metal film are exposed to an adsorption of binding analytes. From parylene coating experiments, we find that the proposed reflection-type SPR system with a low refractive index MgF2 film and gold nanorods can provide an enhanced sensitivity by more than 6 times as well as a reliable positive shift. It is due to the fact that use of a dielectric film can contribute to the compensation of an anomalous dispersion relation and the prevention of a destructive interaction of propagating surface plasmons with multiple localized plasmon modes. Our approach is intended to show the feasibility and extend the applicability of the proposed SPR system to diverse biomolecular reactions.