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Wolffsohn JS, Hill JS, Hunt C, Young G. Visual impact of diffusion optic technology lenses for myopia control. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2024. [PMID: 39225035 DOI: 10.1111/opo.13386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 08/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the visual impact of Diffusion Optics Technology™ 0.2 DOT lenses (SightGlass Vision Inc.) designed for myopia control on primary gaze. DOT spectacle lenses contain light scattering elements that scatter light as it passes through the lens which, in turn, reduces retinal image contrast. METHODS Fifty-one children (12.2 ± 1.3, range 10-14 years; 51% females) were randomly assigned to wear DOT spectacle (n = 27) or single vision lenses (n = 24) across six investigational sites in North America. Binocular high- and low-contrast distant visual acuities, near visual acuity, reading speed, contrast sensitivity, stereoacuity and glare were assessed in primary gaze after at least 3 years of wear, with the study 95% powered in all metrics to detect significant differences between the groups. RESULTS Mean binocular distance high-contrast (-0.09 ± 0.02 vs. -0.08 ± 0.02 logMAR, p = 0.81), low-contrast (0.05 ± 0.02 vs. 0.07 ± 0.02 logMAR, p = 0.52) and near visual acuity with glare sources (-0.06 ± 0.03 vs. -0.09 ± 0.03 logMAR, p = 0.32) were similar for DOT and single vision lens wearers, respectively. Contrast sensitivity was similar between children wearing DOT or single vision lenses across 11 of the 16 spatial frequencies (p > 0.05). Mean stereopsis was similar (p = 0.30) with the DOT lenses (33.2 ± 12.5″) and single vision lenses (38.1 ± 14.2″). Functional reading speed metrics were similar in both study groups, as was the objectively measured head tilt during reading (p > 0.05). The mean halo radius was 0.56° ± 0.17° with the DOT lenses compared with 0.50° ± 0.12° with single vision lenses (p = 0.02), but the statistically significant difference was smaller than the non-inferiority bound of 0.4°. CONCLUSION Diffusion optics technology lenses provide a clinically equivalent visual experience to a standard single vision lens.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Wolffsohn
- Optometry and Vision Sciences Research Group, Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
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Alfaraj A, Lin WS. Color reproduction trueness of 3D-printed full-color dental casts with scans derived from an intraoral scanner. J Prosthodont 2023. [PMID: 38112239 DOI: 10.1111/jopr.13821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effects of shade tab color variations (tooth-colored vs. gingiva-colored) and surface treatment (application of mineral oil) on the trueness of color reproduction from dental shade tabs to 3D-printed full-color dental casts, using digital scans obtained from an intraoral scanner. MATERIALS AND METHODS Pristine tooth-colored (with 16 shade tabs) and gingiva-colored (with five shade tabs) shade guides were digitally scanned using an intraoral scanner, and subsequently, 3D-printed replicas were created using a full-color material jetting 3D printer. Three color measurements using a contact type digital spectrophotometer were recorded, including actual shade tabs (R0), dried 3D-printed study samples (RP1 ), and study samples with mineral oil application (RP2 ), in this study to calculate color differences between the actual shade tabs and 3D-printed ones. The CIEDE2000 formula was used to calculate the color differences (color reproduction trueness) between reference shade tabs and 3D-printed full-color study samples-without and with mineral oil, ∆E00 (RP1 ), and ∆E00 (RP2 ). ∆E00 (RP1 ) and ∆E00 (RP2 ) were compared with a 50:50% accessibility threshold (AT) and a 50:50% perceptibility threshold (PT). A grading system, based on the relative ranges of AT and PT, was employed. The percentage of samples falling into each color-matching category was then recorded. The data collected were subjected to statistical analysis, utilizing a mixed model ANOVA to evaluate the effects of shade tab color and mineral oil application on color differences, α = 0.05. RESULTS The application of mineral oil significantly affected the ∆E00 [F(1, 378) = 19.1, p = < 0.0001]. However, this effect was only significant for the gingiva-colored study samples; the mineral oil application significantly decreased color difference, showing ∆E00 (RP1 ) of 8.71 ± 3.78 and ∆E00 (RP2 ) of 6.55 ± 2.14 (p < 0.0001). For the tooth-colored groups, the mineral oil application did not yield any color difference, showing ∆E00 (RP1 ) of 7.05 ± 2.35 and ∆E00 (RP2 ) of 6.94 ± 2.35 (p = 0.497). In the absence of mineral oil, gingiva-colored samples revealed a significantly larger ∆E00 (RP1 ) of 8.71 ± 3.78 compared to tooth-colored samples at 7.05 ± 2.35 (p = 0.017). Conversely, mineral oil application rendered comparable ∆E00 (RP2 ) values between gingiva-colored (6.55 ± 2.14) and tooth-colored (6.94 ± 2.35) samples (p = 0.558). All 3D-printed full-color samples showed Grade 1 (extremely unacceptable mismatch) and Grade 2 (clearly unacceptable mismatch), regardless of the shades or the presence of mineral oil. CONCLUSIONS Utilizing an intraoral scanner to gather digital color data, along with an MJ 3D printer, offers the potential for producing 3D-printed full-color dental casts for prosthesis characterization in the dental laboratory. While mineral oil improves the color reproduction trueness of gingiva-colored objects, all 3D-printed full-color samples exhibited unacceptable mismatches when compared to their target objects. This underscores the need for future improvement in the digital color data acquisition process and color optimization protocols in 3D printing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Alfaraj
- Department of Prosthodontics, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Wei-Shao Lin
- Department of Prosthodontics, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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Optimization and Improvement of Display Interaction System Based on Complex Command and Control Tasks. AEROSPACE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/aerospace9070367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A complex command and control task was selected as the test task, which included observing the overall and local situation, the interactive operation and situation display of detection equipment, the erection and launch of air defense equipment, and the check and display status. The disadvantages of the traditional two-dimensional display interactive system include poor intuitiveness, insufficient information display dimension and complicated interactive operation. The mixed reality display interaction system can avoid these problems well and has the advantages of good portability and high efficiency, but this display interaction system has the problem of high cognitive load. Therefore, based on the premise of completing the same complex task, how to select and improve the display interaction system has become a problem worthy of urgent research. Based on the same complex command and control task, this paper compared the traditional two-dimensional display interaction system and the mixed reality display interaction system and analyzed the performance and cognitive load of the two systems. It is concluded that when completing the same task, the performance of the mixed reality display interaction system is significantly higher than that of the traditional two-dimensional display interaction system, but the cognitive load is slightly higher than that of the traditional two-dimensional display. Cognitive load was reduced while task performance was improved through multi-channel improvements to the mixed reality display interaction system. Considering the effects of performance and cognitive load, the improved multi-channel mixed reality display interaction system is superior to the unimproved mixed reality display interaction system and the two-dimensional display interaction system. This research provides an improvement strategy for the existing display interaction system and provides a new display interaction mode for future aerospace equipment and multi-target, multi-dimensional command and control tasks in war.
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Hynes NJ, Cufflin MP, Hampson KM, Mallen EA. The effect of image resolution of display types on accommodative microfluctuations. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2022; 42:514-525. [PMID: 35107178 PMCID: PMC9302673 DOI: 10.1111/opo.12949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether accommodative microfluctuations (AMFs) are affected by the image resolution of the display type being observed. The effect of refractive error is also examined. METHODS Twenty participants, (10 myopes and 10 emmetropes) observed a target on four different displays: paper, smartphone, e-reader and visual display unit screen (VDU), whilst their accommodative responses were measured using a continuous recording infrared autorefractor. The accommodative response and AMF measures comprising low frequency components (LFC), high frequency components (HFC) and the root mean square (RMS) of the AMFs were analysed. RESULTS A significant increase in LFC power was observed for the paper stimulus when compared to the VDU and smartphone conditions. Myopes demonstrated a significantly higher LFC and mean accommodative response compared to emmetropes across the four displays. A significant difference in the mean AR between the displays with the lowest and highest resolution was found. A higher mean AR was found with higher resolution of the image. The HFC and RMS accommodation were not affected by display type. CONCLUSION The mean accommodative response and the mean LFC power appear to respond differently depending on the type of display in use. Higher resolution devices showed a reduced lag of accommodation to the accommodative demand; however, this may cause a lead of accommodation in myopes for higher resolution display types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niall J Hynes
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Matthew P Cufflin
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
| | - Karen M Hampson
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Edward Ah Mallen
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
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Lee SH, Kim M, Kim H, Park CY. Visual fatigue induced by watching virtual reality device and the effect of anisometropia. ERGONOMICS 2021; 64:1522-1531. [PMID: 34270388 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2021.1957158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The effect of small anisometropia on visual fatigue when using virtual reality (VR) devices was investigated. Participants (n = 34) visited three times. In the first visit, VR exposure (10 min) was conducted with the full correction of the refractive error of both eyes. Experimental anisometropia was induced by adding a + 1.0 dioptre spherical lens either on the dominant eyes in the second visit or on the non-dominant eyes in the third visit. At each visit, the participants played a predetermined video game using a head-mounted display VR for 10 min. Visual fatigue was assessed before and after playing VR game using the Virtual Reality Symptom Questionnaire (VRSQ) and high-frequency component of accommodative microfluctuation. Results showed that watching VR induced significant increase of VRSQ score, significant decrease in the maximum accommodation power and objective increase in visual fatigue. Experimental anisometropia induction either on the dominant or non-dominant eyes did not aggravate visual fatigue. Practitioner summary: Mild differences in refractive error (up to 1.0 dioptre) between both eyes do not significantly increase ocular fatigue by viewing virtual reality device (10 min). The impact of small anisometropia may be limited in developing a virtual reality device. Abbreviations: VR: virtual reality; VRSQ: virtual reality symptom questionnaire; HMD: head-mounted display; HFC: high-frequency component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hyeok Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dongguk University, Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Martha Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dongguk University, Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Hyosun Kim
- Samsung Display, Display R&D center, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Choul Yong Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dongguk University, Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, South Korea
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Redondo B, Vera J, Ortega-Sánchez A, Molina R, Jiménez R. Effects of a blue-blocking screen filter on accommodative accuracy and visual discomfort. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2020; 40:790-800. [PMID: 33001489 DOI: 10.1111/opo.12738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The prescription of blue-blocking (B-B) filters for the management of visual symptoms and signs associated with the use of electronic devices is routinely performed by eye care specialists. However, the utility of B-B filters is a matter of debate and discussion by the scientific community due to the lack of evidence supporting their use. Here, we aimed to determine the effects of using B-B filters on the dynamics of the accommodative response and pupil size and perceived levels of visual discomfort, while performing a 30-min reading task at a close distance in subjects who routinely use electronic devices. METHODS Nineteen healthy young adults (22.0 ± 2.7 years) read two 30-min passages on a computer screen placed at 50 cm, either while using a commercially available B-B filter or without any filter on two different days. The magnitude and variability of both the accommodative response and pupil size were dynamically measured for 60 s using the WAM-5500 open field autorefractometer at 4-5, 9-10, 14-15, 19-20, 24-25, and 29-30 min into the trial. The perceived levels of visual discomfort were also obtained. RESULTS The lag and variability of accommodation were insensitive to the blue light level (p = 0.34 and 0.62, respectively). There was a time-on-task effect for the variability of accommodation, showing greater instability over time regardless of the blue light level. The use of the B-B filter was associated with improved reading speed (p = 0.02), with an increase of 16.5 words per minute. However, it was not associated with any significant change in pupil dynamics or the perceived levels of visual discomfort (p> 0.05 in both cases). CONCLUSIONS Our data showed that the use of a B-B filter had no effect on accommodative dynamics or visual symptomatology. Based on these findings, there is no support for the prescription of B-B filters to attenuate the visual symptoms and signs associated with the use of electronic devices in healthy young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jesús Vera
- Department of Optics, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Rubén Molina
- Department of Optics, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Hirota M, Yada K, Morimoto T, Endo T, Miyoshi T, Miyagawa S, Hirohara Y, Yamaguchi T, Saika M, Fujikado T. Objective evaluation of visual fatigue in patients with intermittent exotropia. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230788. [PMID: 32214343 PMCID: PMC7098610 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the degree of visual fatigue in patients with intermittent exotropia (IXT) using the binocular fusion maintenance (BFM) test. Methods Fourteen patients with IXT (32.1 ± 16.4 years) and 15 age-matched healthy volunteers (31.2 ± 9.3 years) participated in the study. BFM was assessed by measuring the transmittance of liquid crystals placed in front of the subject's nondominant eye at the instance when binocular fusion was broken and vergence eye movement was induced. A questionnaire on subjective symptoms was administered to the subjects before and after the visual task. The visual task consisted of a reciprocal movement between 67 and 40 cm. Results The change [post–pre] of BFM was significantly lower in the IXT group (−0.185 ± 0.187) than in the control group (−0.030 ± 0.070) (P = 0.010). The change of total subjective eye symptom score was significantly greater in the IXT group (2.28 ± 1.43) than in the control group (0.93 ± 1.27) (P = 0.018). The reduction in BFM rate with increasing total subjective eye symptom score was significantly greater in the IXT group (−0.106 ± 0.017) than in the control group (−0.030 ± 0.013) (P = 0.006). Conclusion The present findings objectively showed that patients with IXT are at a greater risk of visual fatigue in comparison with healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Hirota
- Department of Applied Visual Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Orthoptics, Teikyo University Faculty of Medical Technology, Itabashi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kozue Yada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Morimoto
- Department of Applied Visual Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Advanced Visual Neuroscience, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takao Endo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomomitsu Miyoshi
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Suguru Miyagawa
- Department of Applied Visual Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Special Research Promotion Group, Osaka University Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Topcon Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Hirohara
- Department of Applied Visual Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Special Research Promotion Group, Osaka University Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Topcon Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Takashi Fujikado
- Department of Applied Visual Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Special Research Promotion Group, Osaka University Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Changes in accommodative micro-fluctuations after wearing contact lenses of different optical designs. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2020; 43:493-496. [PMID: 32201056 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Accommodative micro-fluctuations (AMF) are small dioptric changes during accommodation. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare changes in AMF when wearing silicone hydrogel contact lenses of two different optical designs. METHODS A multi-centre, randomised, cross-over, non-dispensing study was conducted on 68 adapted contact lens wearers aged 25-35 years to compare AMF responses to a spherical and aspheric silicone hydrogel (comfilcon A) lens designs. A Righton Speedy "i" series Auto Refractometer in accommodation analyser mode was utilized before and after reading a standard text in font size 8 on an iPhone 5 for 20 min at a 25 cm viewing distance. Phone screen brightness was set by automatic adjustment mode and ambient illumination was controlled at all sites. RESULTS Mean ± SD AMF change from before to after the reading task was 2.25 ± 5.6 and 0.13 ± 5.7 (relative values) for the spherical and aspheric lens designs, respectively. The difference was statistically significant (P = 0.017, Paired t-test). CONCLUSIONS The smaller change in AMF when using an aspheric lens design suggests reduced ciliary muscle stress when reading print on a smart phone at a close distance for short periods (20 min). Contact lens wearers who frequently use digital devices and are experiencing eye strain may benefit from switching from a spherical design to one that incorporates aspheric optics.
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Lee SH, Kim M, Kim H, Park CY. Relationship between Ocular Fatigue and Use of a Virtual Reality Device. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 2020. [DOI: 10.3341/jkos.2020.61.2.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hyeok Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Martha Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea
- Sensory Organ Research Center, Dongguk University, Goyang, Korea
| | - Hyosun Kim
- Display R&D Center, Samsung Display Co., Ltd, Yongin, Korea
| | - Choul Yong Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea
- Sensory Organ Research Center, Dongguk University, Goyang, Korea
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Short-term effects of text-background color combinations on the dynamics of the accommodative response. Vision Res 2020; 166:33-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2019.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Redondo B, Vera J, Luque-Casado A, García-Ramos A, Jiménez R. Associations between accommodative dynamics, heart rate variability and behavioural performance during sustained attention: A test-retest study. Vision Res 2019; 163:24-32. [PMID: 31374236 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the time-on-task effect of a sustained attention task on the accommodative response, explored the link between ocular accommodation, cardiac autonomic regulation and behavioral performance, and tested the inter-session repeatability of these results by performing the same experimental procedure on different days. The accommodative response was measured in 25 university students using a WAM-5500 autorefractor, while participants performed a 10-minute psychomotor vigilance task at 50 cm. There were no time-on-task effects for the lag of accommodation, whereas the microfluctuations of accommodation and reaction time were modulated as a function of time-on-task, observing a progressive increment of both variables over time. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the microfluctuations of accommodation were a reasonably good predictor of behavioral performance. Analysis of inter-session repeatability showed that ocular accommodation, heart rate variability and reaction time had a low to moderate level of repeatability between two measurements. The microfluctuations of accommodation were sensitive to time-on-task effects during sustained attention, with a lower stability of accommodation being linked to reduced behavioral performance. The predictive capacity of the variability of accommodation for behavioral performance might be explained by the brain mechanisms shared by the ocular dynamics and attentional state; however, future studies would be required to elucidate this association. The low to moderate inter-session repeatability indicated that results in two measurement periods cannot be considered interchangeable, and therefore, the results of this study should be interpreted cautiously in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Redondo
- Department of Optics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jesús Vera
- Department of Optics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
| | - Antonio Luque-Casado
- Center for Sport Studies, King Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain; Mind, Brain and Behaviour Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Amador García-Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Faculty of Education, CIEDE, Catholic University of Most Holy Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Raimundo Jiménez
- Department of Optics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Hirota M, Kanda H, Endo T, Miyoshi T, Miyagawa S, Hirohara Y, Yamaguchi T, Saika M, Morimoto T, Fujikado T. Comparison of visual fatigue caused by head-mounted display for virtual reality and two-dimensional display using objective and subjective evaluation. ERGONOMICS 2019; 62:759-766. [PMID: 30773103 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2019.1582805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate objective and subjective visual fatigue experienced before and after performing a visual task while using a head-mounted display for virtual reality (VR-HMD) and two-dimensional (2D) display. Binocular fusion maintenance (BFM) was measured using a binocular open-view Shack-Hartmann wavefront aberrometer equipped with liquid crystal shutters. Twelve healthy subjects performed the BFM test and completed a questionnaire regarding subjective symptoms before and after performing a visual task that induces low visually induced motion sickness (VIMS). BFM (p = .87) and total subjective eye symptom scores (p = .38) were not significantly different between both groups, although these values were significantly lower after the visual task than before the task within both groups (p < .05). These findings suggest that visual fatigue after using a VR-HMD is not significantly different from that after using a 2D display in the presence of low-VIMS VR content. Practitioner summary: Objective and subjective evaluation of visual fatigue were not significantly different with the use of a head-mounted display for virtual reality (VR-HMD) and two-dimensional display. These results should be valuable not only to engineers developing VR content but also to researchers involved in the evaluation of visual fatigue using VR-HMD. Abbreviations: VR: virtual reality; VR-HMD: head-mounted display for virtual reality; BFM: binocular fusion maintenance; BWFA: binocular open-view Shack-Hartmann wavefront aberrometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Hirota
- a Department of Applied Visual Science , Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine , Suita , Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kanda
- a Department of Applied Visual Science , Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine , Suita , Japan
| | - Takao Endo
- b Department of Ophthalmology , Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine , Suita , Japan
| | - Tomomitsu Miyoshi
- c Department of Integrative Physiology , Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine , Suita , Japan
| | - Suguru Miyagawa
- a Department of Applied Visual Science , Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine , Suita , Japan
- d Topcon Corporation , Itabashi , Japan
| | | | | | | | - Takeshi Morimoto
- a Department of Applied Visual Science , Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine , Suita , Japan
| | - Takashi Fujikado
- a Department of Applied Visual Science , Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine , Suita , Japan
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Hirota M, Morimoto T, Kanda H, Endo T, Miyoshi T, Miyagawa S, Hirohara Y, Yamaguchi T, Saika M, Fujikado T. Objective Evaluation of Visual Fatigue Using Binocular Fusion Maintenance. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2018; 7:9. [PMID: 29600117 PMCID: PMC5868862 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.7.2.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose In this study, we investigated whether an individual's visual fatigue can be evaluated objectively and quantitatively from their ability to maintain binocular fusion. Methods Binocular fusion maintenance (BFM) was measured using a custom-made binocular open-view Shack-Hartmann wavefront aberrometer equipped with liquid crystal shutters, wherein eye movements and wavefront aberrations were measured simultaneously. Transmittance in the liquid crystal shutter in front of the subject's nondominant eye was reduced linearly, and BFM was determined from the transmittance at the point when binocular fusion was broken and vergence eye movement was induced. In total, 40 healthy subjects underwent the BFM test and completed a questionnaire regarding subjective symptoms before and after a visual task lasting 30 minutes. Results BFM was significantly reduced after the visual task (P < 0.001) and was negatively correlated with the total subjective eye symptom score (adjusted R2 = 0.752, P < 0.001). Furthermore, the diagnostic accuracy for visual fatigue was significantly higher in BFM than in the conventional test results (aggregated fusional vergence range, near point of convergence, and the high-frequency component of accommodative microfluctuations; P = 0.007). Conclusions These results suggest that BFM can be used as an indicator for evaluating visual fatigue. Translational Relevance BFM can be used to evaluate the visual fatigue caused by the new visual devices, such as head-mount display, objectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Hirota
- Department of Applied Visual Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Morimoto
- Department of Applied Visual Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kanda
- Department of Applied Visual Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takao Endo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomomitsu Miyoshi
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Suguru Miyagawa
- Department of Applied Visual Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Topcon Corporation, Itabashi, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Takashi Fujikado
- Department of Applied Visual Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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14
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Sato T, Bakhit MS, Suzuki K, Sakuma J, Fujii M, Murakami Y, Ito Y, Sugano T, Saito K. Utility and safety of a novel surgical microscope laser light source. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192112. [PMID: 29390016 PMCID: PMC5794154 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tissue injuries caused by the thermal effects of xenon light microscopes have previously been reported. Due to this, the development of a safe microscope light source became a necessity. A newly developed laser light source is evaluated regarding its effectiveness and safety as an alternative to conventional xenon light source. METHODS We developed and tested a new laser light source for surgical microscopes. Four experiments were conducted to compare xenon and laser lights: 1) visual luminance comparison, 2) luminous and light chromaticity measurements, 3) examination and analysis of visual fatigue, and 4) comparison of focal temperature elevation due to light source illumination using porcine muscle samples. RESULTS Results revealed that the laser light could be used at a lower illumination value than the xenon light (p < 0.01). There was no significant difference in visual fatigue status between the laser light and the xenon light. The laser light was superior to the xenon light regarding luminous intensity and color chromaticity. The focal temperature elevation of the muscle samples was significantly higher when irradiated with xenon light in vitro than with laser light (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION The newly developed laser light source is more efficient and safer than a conventional xenon light source. It lacks harmful ultraviolet waves, has a longer lifespan, a lower focal temperature than that of other light sources, a wide range of brightness and color production, and improved safety for the user's vision. Further clinical trials are necessary to validate the impact of this new light source on the patient's outcome and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Sato
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Mudathir S. Bakhit
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Kyouichi Suzuki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fukushima Red Cross Hospital, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Jun Sakuma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Masazumi Fujii
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yuta Murakami
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yuhei Ito
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Sugano
- Kyoto Office, Mitsubishi Electric Engineering Co., Ltd, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Saito
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
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15
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Kaido M, Kawashima M, Ishida R, Tsubota K. Severe symptoms of short tear break-up time dry eye are associated with accommodative microfluctuations. Clin Ophthalmol 2017; 11:861-869. [PMID: 28503063 PMCID: PMC5426475 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s128939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Validating the hypothesis that accommodative microfluctuations (AMFs) may be associated with severe symptoms in short tear break-up time (BUT) dry eye (DE). METHODS This study included 12 subjects with short BUT DE (age: 49.6±18.3 years). Diagnoses were performed based on the presence of DE symptoms, BUT ≤5 s, Schirmer score >5 mm, and negative keratoconjunctival epithelial damage. Tear evaluation, AMF, and functional visual acuity (VA) examinations were conducted before and after DE treatment. The AMF parameters evaluated were: total high-frequency component (HFC), HFC with low accommodation for the task of staring into the distance (HFC1), HFC with high accommodation for deskwork (HFC2). A subjective questionnaire of DE symptoms was also performed. RESULTS Mean BUT increased from 1.9±2.0 to 6.4±2.5 s after treatment (P<0.05). The mean logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution functional VA significantly improved (from 0.19±0.19 to 0.12±0.17; P<0.05). Mean power spectrum values for total HFC and HFC1 decreased (from 61.3±5.7 to 53.8±6.6 dB and from 62.9±10.5 to 52.4±6.2 dB, respectively; P<0.05), while the mean HFC2 power spectrum values did not differ before and after treatment (P>0.05). Subjective DE symptoms were reduced in nine patients. CONCLUSION Along with the improvement of BUT after treatment, DE symptoms diminished and HFC1 and functional VA improved, suggesting that tear film instability is associated with deterioration of functional VA, AMF, and DE symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minako Kaido
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo.,Wada Eye Clinic, Chiba
| | - Motoko Kawashima
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo
| | - Reiko Ishida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo.,Ishida Eye Clinic, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tsubota
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo
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16
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Charman WN, Heron G. Microfluctuations in accommodation: an update on their characteristics and possible role. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2015; 35:476-99. [DOI: 10.1111/opo.12234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W Neil Charman
- Faculty of Life Sciences; University of Manchester; Manchester UK
| | - Gordon Heron
- Vision Sciences; Glasgow Caledonian University; Glasgow UK
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