1
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Sundaram P, Spencer RB, Tiwari A, Whittaker SJ, Mandal T, Yang Y, Holland EK, Kingsbury CJ, Klopfenstein M, Anthony JE, Kahr B, Jeong S, Shtukenberg AG, Lee SS. Polymer-Assisted Polymorph Transition in Melt-Processed Molecular Semiconductor Crystals. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2024; 36:5976-5985. [PMID: 38947980 PMCID: PMC11209941 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.4c00418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
A previously unreported polymorph of 5,11-bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl)anthradithiophene (TIPS ADT), Form II, crystallizes from melt-processed TIPS ADT films blended with 16 ± 1 wt % medium density polyethylene (PE). TIPS ADT/PE blends that initially are crystallized from the melt produce twisted TIPS ADT crystals of a metastable polymorph (Form IV, space group P1̅) with a brickwork packing motif distinct from the slipstack packing by solution-processed TIPS ADT crystals (Form I, space group P21/c) at room temperature. When these films were cooled to room temperature and subsequently annealed at 100 °C, near a PE melting temperature of 110 °C, Form II crystals nucleated and grew while consuming Form IV. The growth rate and orientations of Form II crystals were predetermined by the twisting pitch and growth direction of the original banded spherulites in the melt-processed films of the blends. Notably, the Form IV → II transition was not observed during thermal annealing of neat TIPS ADT films without PE. The presence of the mobile PE phase during thermal annealing of TIPS ADT/PE blend films increases the diffusion rate of TIPS ADT molecules, and the rate of nucleation of Form II. Form IV crystals are more conductive but less emissive compared to Form II crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Sundaram
- Molecular
Design Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Rochelle B. Spencer
- Molecular
Design Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Akash Tiwari
- Molecular
Design Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - St. John Whittaker
- Molecular
Design Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Trinanjana Mandal
- Molecular
Design Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Yongfan Yang
- Molecular
Design Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Emma K. Holland
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | | | - Mia Klopfenstein
- Molecular
Design Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - John E. Anthony
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Bart Kahr
- Molecular
Design Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Sehee Jeong
- Molecular
Design Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Alexander G. Shtukenberg
- Molecular
Design Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Stephanie S. Lee
- Molecular
Design Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
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2
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Gust D, Scholz M, Schumacher V, Mulatier JC, Pitrat D, Guy L, Oum K, Lenzer T. Annealing temperature-dependent induced supramolecular chiroptical response of copolymer thin films studied by pump-modulated transient circular dichroism spectroscopy. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12694. [PMID: 38830981 PMCID: PMC11148131 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63126-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Copolymer thin films showing induced supramolecular chirality are of considerable interest for optoelectronic applications such as organic light-emitting diodes. Here, we introduce a new helicene-like chiral additive with two octyloxy substituents which displays excellent chiral induction properties in an achiral polyfluorene copolymer, leading to a circular dichroism (CD) response of up to 10,000 mdeg. This chiral inducer also displays very good thermal stability, which enables us to perform an extended study on the induced chiroptical properties of the cholesteric copolymer thin films annealed at different temperatures in the range 140-260 °C. Starting from about 180 °C, a distinct change in the morphology of the CD-active film is observed by CD microscopy, from micrometre-size granular to extended CD-active regions, where the latter ones display skewed distributions of the dissymmetry parameter gabs. Broadband Müller matrix spectroscopy finds a pronounced CD and circular birefringence (CB) response and only weak linear dichroism (LD, LD') and linear birefringence (LB, LB'). Ultrafast transient CD spectroscopy with randomly polarised excitation reveals a clean mirror-image-type transient response, which shows a second-order decay of the S1 population due to singlet-singlet annihilation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenic Gust
- Faculty IV: School of Science and Technology, Department Chemistry and Biology, Physical Chemistry 2, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, 57068, Siegen, Germany
| | - Mirko Scholz
- Faculty IV: School of Science and Technology, Department Chemistry and Biology, Physical Chemistry 2, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, 57068, Siegen, Germany
| | - Vivien Schumacher
- Faculty IV: School of Science and Technology, Department Chemistry and Biology, Physical Chemistry 2, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, 57068, Siegen, Germany
| | - Jean-Christophe Mulatier
- Univ. Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5182, Laboratoire de Chimie, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69342, Lyon, France
| | - Delphine Pitrat
- Univ. Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5182, Laboratoire de Chimie, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69342, Lyon, France
| | - Laure Guy
- Univ. Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5182, Laboratoire de Chimie, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69342, Lyon, France
| | - Kawon Oum
- Faculty IV: School of Science and Technology, Department Chemistry and Biology, Physical Chemistry 2, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, 57068, Siegen, Germany.
| | - Thomas Lenzer
- Faculty IV: School of Science and Technology, Department Chemistry and Biology, Physical Chemistry 2, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, 57068, Siegen, Germany.
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3
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Ku S, Kaniyala Melanthota S, U R, Rai S, Mahato KK, Mazumder N. Characterization and classification of ductal carcinoma tissue using four channel based stokes-mueller polarimetry and machine learning. Lasers Med Sci 2024; 39:123. [PMID: 38703302 PMCID: PMC11069477 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-024-04056-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Interaction of polarized light with healthy and abnormal regions of tissue reveals structural information associated with its pathological condition. Even a slight variation in structural alignment can induce a change in polarization property, which can play a crucial role in the early detection of abnormal tissue morphology. We propose a transmission-based Stokes-Mueller microscope for quantitative analysis of the microstructural properties of the tissue specimen. The Stokes-Mueller based polarization microscopy provides significant structural information of tissue through various polarization parameters such as degree of polarization (DOP), degree of linear polarization (DOLP), and degree of circular polarization (DOCP), anisotropy (r) and Mueller decomposition parameters such as diattenuation, retardance and depolarization. Further, by applying a suitable image processing technique such as Machine learning (ML) output images were analysed effectively. The support vector machine image classification model achieved 95.78% validation accuracy and 94.81% testing accuracy with polarization parameter dataset. The study's findings demonstrate the potential of Stokes-Mueller polarimetry in tissue characterization and diagnosis, providing a valuable tool for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spandana Ku
- Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Sindhoora Kaniyala Melanthota
- Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Raghavendra U
- Department of Instrumentation and Control Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Sharada Rai
- Department of Pathology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Karnataka, 575001, India
| | - K K Mahato
- Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Nirmal Mazumder
- Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India.
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4
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Martínez-Prat B, Arteaga O, Sagués F, Ignés-Mullol J. Multimodal fluorescence microscope with fast adaptive polarimetry. HARDWAREX 2023; 16:e00480. [PMID: 37817881 PMCID: PMC10560837 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2023.e00480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Polarized light microscopy is a widely used technique to observe specimens that are optically anisotropic, or birefringent. It has a broad applicability in the study of minerals, soft materials such as polymers, complex fluids or liquid crystals, and organic tissues in biology and medicine. Most of these observations are qualitative in nature, as it is not obvious to quantify the spatial distribution of optical anisotropy of specimens. Moreover, existing commercial implementations for quantitative polarimetry are costly and slow in nature, precluding real time observation of dynamical processes. Here, we present a custom-made implementation of an optical microscope for quantitative polarimetry at the cost of a standard scientific polarizing microscope. The instrument allows to extract the local optical axis and birefringence of transparent materials with a frequency of several Hz. The instrument is built using off-the-shelf optomechanical components, which optimizes cost, availability, and modularity. An example of the latter is the fact that we combine the polarimetry measurements with simultaneous fluorescence microscopy, which results in a powerful multimodal instrument with broad potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berta Martínez-Prat
- Universitat de Barcelona and Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Martíi Franquès 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oriol Arteaga
- Universitat de Barcelona and Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Martíi Franquès 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Sagués
- Universitat de Barcelona and Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Martíi Franquès 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Ignés-Mullol
- Universitat de Barcelona and Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Martíi Franquès 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
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5
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Albano G, Taddeucci A, Pescitelli G, Di Bari L. Spatially Resolved Chiroptical Spectroscopies Emphasizing Recent Applications to Thin Films of Chiral Organic Dyes. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301982. [PMID: 37515814 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Instrumental techniques able to identify and structurally characterize the aggregation states in thin films of chiral organic π-conjugated materials, from the first-order supramolecular arrangement up to the microscopic and mesoscopic scale, are very helpful for clarifying structure-property relationships. Chiroptical imaging is currently gaining a central role, for its ability of mapping local supramolecular structures in thin films. The present review gives an overview of electronic circular dichroism imaging (ECDi), circularly polarized luminescence imaging (CPLi), and vibrational circular dichroism imaging (VCDi), with a focus on their applications on thin films of chiral organic dyes as case studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluigi Albano
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Taddeucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
- Diamond Light Source, Ltd., Chilton, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Gennaro Pescitelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Di Bari
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
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6
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Tu H, Bu X, Liao R, Zhang H, Ma G, Li H, Wan J, Ma H. Creep Monitoring of Submersible Observation Windows Using Mueller Matrix Imaging. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:4733. [PMID: 37445047 DOI: 10.3390/ma16134733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Safety of the observation window is one of the core concerns for manned submersibles. When subjected to underwater static pressure, extrusion and creep deformation always occur in the observation window, which can pose a threat to both safety and optical performance. To assess the deformation, real-time and non-contact monitoring methods are necessary. In this study, a conceptual setup based on the waveplate rotation and dual-DoFP (division of focal-plane polarimeter) polarization camera is built for the observation window's creep monitoring by measuring the Mueller matrix images of the samples under different pressures and durations. Then, a series of characteristic parameters, such as t1, R, r, R', are extracted from the Muller matrix images by Mueller matrix transformation (MMT), Mueller matrix polar decomposition (MMPD), correlation analysis and phase unwrapping method. The results demonstrate that these parameters can effectively describe the observation window's creep at different pressure levels which are simulated by finite element analysis. Additionally, more characterization parameters, such as ψ, A and D, are given from the Mueller matrix images and discussed to illustrate the method's potential for further applications and investigations. Ultimately, future devices based on this method could serve as a valuable tool for real-time and non-contact creep monitoring of the submersible observation windows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Tu
- Department of Physics, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434100, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine IntelliSensing and Computation, Guangdong Research Center of Polarization Imaging and Measurement Engineering Technology, Institute for Ocean Engineering, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xingying Bu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine IntelliSensing and Computation, Guangdong Research Center of Polarization Imaging and Measurement Engineering Technology, Institute for Ocean Engineering, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ran Liao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine IntelliSensing and Computation, Guangdong Research Center of Polarization Imaging and Measurement Engineering Technology, Institute for Ocean Engineering, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hailong Zhang
- Institute of Deep-Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Guoliang Ma
- Institute of Deep-Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Hening Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine IntelliSensing and Computation, Guangdong Research Center of Polarization Imaging and Measurement Engineering Technology, Institute for Ocean Engineering, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jiachen Wan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine IntelliSensing and Computation, Guangdong Research Center of Polarization Imaging and Measurement Engineering Technology, Institute for Ocean Engineering, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hui Ma
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine IntelliSensing and Computation, Guangdong Research Center of Polarization Imaging and Measurement Engineering Technology, Institute for Ocean Engineering, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
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7
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Bendada H, Bakhouche B, González-Siu LO, Bruce NC, Arteaga O. Spectrally modulated polarimetry with wavelength domain analysis. APPLIED OPTICS 2022; 61:5608-5613. [PMID: 36255788 DOI: 10.1364/ao.456608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Spectrally modulated Stokes polarimeters use a pair of high-order crystal retarders to generate a spectrally dependent modulation of the polarization of light. In these systems, the detected intensity versus wavenumber spectrum is usually referred to as a channeled spectrum, and the Fourier inversion of this spectrum allows the determination of Stokes parameters of light without needing any other mechanical or active device for polarization control. This work proposes a spectrally modulated polarimeter beyond the concept of a channeled wavenumber spectrum, so effectively detaching the spectral modulation from the Fourier analysis technique. The wavelength domain analysis we use is best suited for dispersive spectrometers offering intensity versus wavelength measurements. The technique is illustrated with the measurement of very small optical rotations produced by sucrose solutions. The proposed technique is easily extendable to spectrally modulated Mueller polarimeters.
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8
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Theillier X, Rivet S, Dubreuil M, Grand YL. Swept-wavelength null polarimeter for high-speed weak anisotropy measurements. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:18889-18902. [PMID: 36221680 DOI: 10.1364/oe.454193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Null-polarimeters provide the best sensitivity to anisotropy measurements and so far have been developed for the detection of small optical activities. This paper revisits null polarimetry through an original configuration based on the concept of spectrally encoded light polarization, in order to measure, with unprecedented speed, either linear or circular retardance with the same degree of sensitivity . Using passive polarization optics and a high speed wavelength swept laser source, the achieved single-pass sensitivity was 55nrad/Hz and 45nrad/Hz for respectively linear and circular retardance considering a minimum acquisition time of 10 µs. Due to its compactness and rapidity, the method could be further implemented in laser scanning microscopes, which should be of great interest for revealing very low anisotropies in biological tissues.
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9
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Ossikovski R, Arteaga O, Garcia-Caurel E, Hingerl K. Model for the depolarizing retarder in Mueller matrix polarimetry. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2022; 39:873-882. [PMID: 36215449 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.451106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We advance an analytical model describing the polarimetric response of a depolarizing retarder whose retardance varies spatially in magnitude or in orientation. The variation of the retarder parameters may be either of deterministic or of random nature. The model provides both the mean values and the uncertainties of the parameters. Its application is illustrated on two experimental examples, respectively covering the deterministic and the random cases.
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10
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Polarization Aberrations in High-Numerical-Aperture Lens Systems and Their Effects on Vectorial-Information Sensing. REMOTE SENSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14081932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The importance of polarization aberrations has been recognized and studied in numerous optical systems and related applications. It is known that polarization aberrations are particularly crucial in certain photogrammetry and microscopy techniques that are related to vectorial information—such as polarization imaging, stimulated emission depletion microscopy, and structured illumination microscopy. Hence, a reduction in polarization aberrations would be beneficial to different types of optical imaging/sensing techniques with enhanced vectorial information. In this work, we first analyzed the intrinsic polarization aberrations induced by a high-NA lens theoretically and experimentally. The aberrations of depolarization, diattenuation, and linear retardance were studied in detail using the Mueller matrix polar-decomposition method. Based on an analysis of the results, we proposed strategies to compensate the polarization aberrations induced by high-NA lenses for hardware-based solutions. The preliminary imaging results obtained using a Mueller matrix polarimeter equipped with multiple coated aspheric lenses for polarization-aberration reduction confirmed that the conclusions and strategies proposed in this study had the potential to provide more precise polarization information of the targets for applications spanning across classical optics, remote sensing, biomedical imaging, photogrammetry, and vectorial optical-information extraction.
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11
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Valentín-Pérez Á, Rosa P, Hillard EA, Giorgi M. Chirality determination in crystals. Chirality 2021; 34:163-181. [PMID: 34766388 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This tutorial review article discusses chirality determination in the solid state, both in single crystals and in crystal assemblies, with an emphasis on X-ray diffraction. The main principles of using X-ray diffraction to reliably determine absolute structure are summarized, and the complexity which can be encountered in chiral structures-kryptoracemates, scalemates, and inversion twinning-is illustrated with examples from our laboratories and the literature. We then address the problem of the bulk crystallization and discuss different techniques to determine chirality in a large assembly of crystal structures, with a special prominence given to an X-ray natural circular dichroism mapping technique that we recently reported.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick Rosa
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux-INP, ICMCB, UMR 5026, F-33600 Pessac, Cedex, France
| | - Elizabeth A Hillard
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux-INP, ICMCB, UMR 5026, F-33600 Pessac, Cedex, France.,CNRS, Univ. Bordeaux, CRPP, UMR 5031, Pessac, France
| | - Michel Giorgi
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, FSCM, Spectropole, Marseille, France
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12
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Gottlieb D, Arteaga O. Mueller matrix imaging with a polarization camera: application to microscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:34723-34734. [PMID: 34809255 DOI: 10.1364/oe.439529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we describe the design and implementation of a Mueller matrix imaging polarimeter that uses a polarization camera as a detector. This camera simultaneously measures the first three Stokes components, allowing for the top three rows of the Mueller matrix to be determined after only N = 4 measurements using a single rotating compensator, which is sufficient to fully characterize nondepolarizing samples. This setup provides the polarimetric analysis with micrometric resolution in about 3 seconds and can also perform live birefringence imaging at the camera frame rate by fixing the compensator at a static 45° angle. To further improve the conditioning of the setup, we also give the first experimental demonstration of an optimal elliptical retarder design.
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13
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Chen C, Chen X, Wang C, Sheng S, Song L, Gu H, Liu S. Imaging Mueller matrix ellipsometry with sub-micron resolution based on back focal plane scanning. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:32712-32727. [PMID: 34615336 DOI: 10.1364/oe.439941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The development of nanotechnology and nanomaterials has put forward higher requirements and challenges for precision measurement or nanometer measurement technology. In order to cope with this situation, a new type of imaging Mueller matrix ellipsometer (IMME) has been developed. A back focal plane scanning method is designed to make the IMME have the ability to measure multiple incident angles. A two-step calibration method is proposed to ensure the measurement accuracy of IMME. After calibration, the IMME can achieve measurement with wavelengths from 410 nm to 700 nm and incident angles from 0° to 65°. The lateral resolution of the IMME is demonstrated to be 0.8 μm over the entire measurement wavelength range. In addition, a Hadamard imaging mode is proposed to significantly improve the imaging contrast compared with the Mueller matrix imaging mode. Subsequently, the IMME is applied for the measurement of isotropic and anisotropic samples. Experimental results have demonstrated that the proposed IMME has the ability to characterize materials with complex features of lateral micron-distribution, vertical nano-thickness, optical anisotropy, etc., by virtue of its advantages of high lateral resolution and high precision ellipsometric measurement.
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14
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Sheng S, Chen X, Chen C, Zhuang J, Wang C, Gu H, Liu S. Eigenvalue calibration method for dual rotating-compensator Mueller matrix polarimetry. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:4618-4621. [PMID: 34525062 DOI: 10.1364/ol.437542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Dual rotating-compensator Mueller matrix polarimetry (DRC-MMP) has achieved wide spread applications in material characterization, nano-scale measurement, and biomedical diagnostics. However, the traditional calibration method for DRC-MMP relies on establishing an accurate system model, making its implementation cumbersome, especially in the presence of polarizing components that are to complex to be modeled. We propose a novel, to the best of our knowledge, eigenvalue calibration method for DRC-MMP without system modeling. Two specific basis vectors are introduced in order to transform the continuously modulated light intensity in DRC-MMP into a 5×5 projection matrix. Eigenvalue analysis is then performed based on the light intensity projection matrix to obtain the modulation matrix and the analysis matrix associated with the polarization state generator and the polarization state analyzer, respectively. The method is applied for DRC-MMP in both single-pass and double-pass setups. The experimental results have verified the proposed calibration method.
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15
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Ruder A, Wright B, Feder R, Kilic U, Hilfiker M, Schubert E, Herzinger CM, Schubert M. Mueller matrix imaging microscope using dual continuously rotating anisotropic mirrors. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:28704-28724. [PMID: 34614995 DOI: 10.1364/oe.435972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate calibration and operation of a Mueller matrix imaging microscope using dual continuously rotating anisotropic mirrors for polarization state generation and analysis. The mirrors contain highly spatially coherent nanostructure slanted columnar titanium thin films deposited onto optically thick titanium layers on quartz substrates. The first mirror acts as polarization state image generator and the second mirror acts as polarization state image detector. The instrument is calibrated using samples consisting of laterally homogeneous properties such as straight-through-air, a clear aperture linear polarizer, and a clear aperture linear retarder waveplate. Mueller matrix images are determined for spatially varying anisotropic samples consisting of a commercially available (Thorlabs) birefringent resolution target and a spatially patterned titanium slanted columnar thin film deposited onto a glass substrate. Calibration and operation are demonstrated at a single wavelength (530 nm) only, while, in principle, the instrument can operate regardless of wavelength. We refer to this imaging ellipsometry configuration as rotating-anisotropic-mirror-sample-rotating-anisotropic-mirror ellipsometry (RAM-S-RAM-E).
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16
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Martin AT, Nichols SM, Murphy VL, Kahr B. Chiroptical anisotropy of crystals and molecules. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:8107-8120. [PMID: 34322691 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc00991e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Optical activity, a foundational part of chemistry, is not restricted to chiral molecules although generations have been instructed otherwise. A more inclusive view of optical activity is valuable because it clarifies structure-property relationships however, this view only comes into focus in measurements of oriented molecules, commonly found in crystals. Unfortunately, measurements of optical rotatory dispersion or circular dichroism in anisotropic single crystals have challenged scientists for more than two centuries. New polarimetric methods for unpacking the optical activity of crystals in general directions are still needed. Such methods are reviewed as well as some of the 'nourishment' they provide, thereby inviting to new researchers. Methods for fitting intensity measurements in terms of the constitutive tensor that manifests as the differential refraction and absorption of circularly polarized light, are described, and examples are illustrated. Single oriented molecules, as opposed to single oriented crystals, can be treated computationally. Structure-property correlations for such achiral molecules with comparatively simple electronic structures are considered as a heuristic foundation for the response of crystals that may be subject to measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander T Martin
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York City, NY 10003, USA.
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Meng R, Shao C, Li P, Dong Y, Hou A, Li C, Lin L, He H, Ma H. Transmission Mueller matrix imaging with spatial filtering. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:4009-4012. [PMID: 34388798 DOI: 10.1364/ol.435166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, we report a study on the effects of spatial filtering for a transmission Mueller matrix imaging system. A spatial filter (SF) is placed on the back Fourier plane of the imaging lens in a dual-rotating-retarders Mueller matrix imaging system to select photons within a certain scattering angle. The system is then applied to three types of human cancerous tissues. When imaging with a small-aperture SF, some polarimetry basis parameters show sharp changes in contrast in the cancerous regions. Monte Carlo simulations using a simple sphere-cylinder scattering model also show that spatial filtering of the scattered photons provides extra information on the size and shape of the scattering particles. The results indicate that spatial filtering enhances the capability of polarization imaging as a powerful tool for biomedical diagnosis.
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18
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Huang SY, Singh AK, Huang JS. Signal and noise analysis for chiral structured illumination microscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:23056-23072. [PMID: 34614578 DOI: 10.1364/oe.425670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Recently, chiral structured illumination microscopy has been proposed to image fluorescent chiral domains at sub-wavelength resolution. Chiral structured illumination microscopy is based on the combination of structured illumination microscopy, fluorescence-detected circular dichroism, and optical chirality engineering. Since circular dichroism of natural chiral molecules is typically weak, the differential fluorescence is also weak and can be easily buried by the noise, hampering the fidelity of the reconstructed images. In this work, we systematically study the impact of the noise on the quality and resolution of chiral domain images obtained by chiral SIM. We analytically describe the signal-to-noise ratio of the reconstructed chiral SIM image in the Fourier domain and verify our theoretical calculations with numerical demonstrations. Accordingly, we discuss the feasibility of chiral SIM in different experimental scenarios and propose possible strategies to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio for samples with weak circular dichroism.
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Gottlieb D, Arteaga O. Optimal elliptical retarder in rotating compensator imaging polarimetry. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:3139-3142. [PMID: 34197400 DOI: 10.1364/ol.430266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, we present a new, to the best of our knowledge, design for elliptical retarders based on two quarter-wave retarders with an angle offset, which is particularly well suited for polarimetric measurements based on rotating compensator systems. We show that this simple elliptical retarder design offers the minimum condition number achieved by traditionally optimal polarimeter setups and can be used to further improve the accuracy of polarimetric imaging measurements in the presence of error sources, with the advantage that it only requires common quarter-wave retarders.
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20
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Bian S, Cui C, Arteaga O. Mueller matrix ellipsometer based on discrete-angle rotating Fresnel rhomb compensators. APPLIED OPTICS 2021; 60:4964-4971. [PMID: 34143059 DOI: 10.1364/ao.425899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A spectroscopic Mueller matrix ellipsometer based on two rotating Fresnel rhomb compensators with a nearly achromatic response and optimal retardance is described. In this instrument, the compensators rotate in a discrete manner instead of continuously rotating, and this allows for a well-conditioned measurement even for low intensity samples. Moreover, in this configuration, the exposure time of the CCD detector can be varied within orders of magnitude without interfering with the dynamics of the compensator rotation. An optimization algorithm determines the optimal set of discrete angles that allows the determination of the Mueller matrix in the presence of noise. The calibration of the instrument is discussed, and examples of experimentally determined Mueller matrices are provided.
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21
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Huang T, Meng R, Qi J, Liu Y, Wang X, Chen Y, Liao R, Ma H. Fast Mueller matrix microscope based on dual DoFP polarimeters. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:1676-1679. [PMID: 33793516 DOI: 10.1364/ol.421394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, we report a dual division of focal plane (DoFP) polarimeters-based full Mueller matrix microscope (DoFPs-MMM) for fast polarization imaging. Both acquisition speed and measurement accuracy are improved compared with those of a Mueller matrix microscope based on dual rotating retarders. Then, the system is applied to probe the polarization properties of a red blood cells smear. The experimental results show that a DoFPs-MMM has the potential to be a powerful tool for probing dynamic processes in living cells in future studies.
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Meng R, Chen Z, Wang X, Liu Y, He H, Ma H. Comparison of different calibration methods for Mueller matrix microscopy of cells. APPLIED OPTICS 2021; 60:1380-1386. [PMID: 33690582 DOI: 10.1364/ao.411625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mueller matrix (MM) imaging has demonstrated its potential application in much research, especially in probing delicate and complex biomedical specimens. Qualities of MM images are important for further quantitative characterization. In this paper, we compare the performance and imaging qualities of three calibration methods. Air, waveplate and cell specimen are selected as standard samples for comparison. In addition, we also propose two general MM imaging quality indices that can be used as quantitative evaluations for MM imaging systems and calculation processes based on real samples. The numerical calibration method turns out to give the best accuracy and precision, as well as the best image qualities.
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Dubreuil M, Tissier F, Rivet S, Grand YL. Linear diattenuation imaging of biological tissues with near infrared Mueller scanning microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:41-54. [PMID: 33659070 PMCID: PMC7899510 DOI: 10.1364/boe.408354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Among the multitude of optical polarization contrasts that can be observed in complex biological specimens, linear diattenuation (LD) imaging has received little attention. It is indeed challenging to image LD with basic polarizing microscopes because it is often relatively small in comparison with linear retardance (LR). In addition, interpretation of LD images is not straightforward when experiments are conducted in the visible range because LD can be produced by both dichroism and anisotropic scattering. Mueller polarimetry is a powerful implementation of polarization sensing able to differentiate and measure the anisotropies of specimens. In this article, near infrared transmission Mueller scanning microscopy is used to image LD in thin biological specimen sections made of various proteins with unprecedented resolution and sensitivity. The near infrared spectral range makes it possible to lower the contribution of dichroism to the total linear diattenuation in order to highlight anisotropic scattering. Pixel-by-pixel comparison of LD images with LR and multiphoton images demonstrates that LD is produced by under-resolved structures that are not revealed by other means, notably within the sarcomere of skeletal muscles. LD microscopy appears as a powerful tool to provide new insights into the macro-molecular organization of biological specimens at the sub-microscopic scale without labelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Dubreuil
- Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Laboratoire d’Optique et de Magnétisme OPTIMAG EA 938, IBSAM, 6 Avenue Le Gorgeu, Brest 29238, France
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Florine Tissier
- Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Laboratoire Optimisation des Régulations Physiologiques ORPHY EA 4324, IBSAM, 6 Avenue Le Gorgeu, Brest 29238, France
| | - Sylvain Rivet
- Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Laboratoire d’Optique et de Magnétisme OPTIMAG EA 938, IBSAM, 6 Avenue Le Gorgeu, Brest 29238, France
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Yann Le Grand
- Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Laboratoire d’Optique et de Magnétisme OPTIMAG EA 938, IBSAM, 6 Avenue Le Gorgeu, Brest 29238, France
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Butt MA, Mamonova D, Petrov Y, Proklova A, Kritchenkov I, Manshina A, Banzer P, Leuchs G. Hybrid Orthorhombic Carbon Flakes Intercalated with Bimetallic Au-Ag Nanoclusters: Influence of Synthesis Parameters on Optical Properties. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10071376. [PMID: 32679699 PMCID: PMC7407132 DOI: 10.3390/nano10071376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Until recently, planar carbonaceous structures such as graphene did not show any birefringence under normal incidence. In contrast, a recently reported novel orthorhombic carbonaceous structure with metal nanoparticle inclusions does show intrinsic birefringence, outperforming other natural orthorhombic crystalline materials. These flake-like structures self-assemble during a laser-induced growth process. In this article, we explore the potential of this novel material and the design freedom during production. We study in particular the dependence of the optical and geometrical properties of these hybrid carbon-metal flakes on the fabrication parameters. The influence of the laser irradiation time, concentration of the supramolecular complex in the solution, and an external electric field applied during the growth process are investigated. In all cases, the self-assembled metamaterial exhibits a strong linear birefringence in the visible spectral range, while the wavelength-dependent attenuation was found to hinge on the concentration of the supramolecular complex in the solution. By varying the fabrication parameters one can steer the shape and size of the flakes. This study provides a route towards fabrication of novel hybrid carbon-metal flakes with tailored optical and geometrical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Abdullah Butt
- Emeritus Group Leuchs, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Institute of Optics, Information and Photonics, University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- School of Advanced Optical Technologies, University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Daria Mamonova
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Yuri Petrov
- Faculty of physics, St. Petersburg State University, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexandra Proklova
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ilya Kritchenkov
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alina Manshina
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Peter Banzer
- Emeritus Group Leuchs, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Institute of Optics, Information and Photonics, University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- School of Advanced Optical Technologies, University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gerd Leuchs
- Emeritus Group Leuchs, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Institute of Optics, Information and Photonics, University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- School of Advanced Optical Technologies, University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
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25
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Tan M, Jiang W, Martin AT, Shtukenberg AG, McKee MD, Kahr B. Polarized light through polycrystalline vaterite helicoids. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:7353-7356. [PMID: 32484482 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc01958e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Vaterite helicoids [W. Jiang et al., Nat. Commun., 2017, 8, 15066] are chiral, polycrystalline suprastructures grown in the presence of the amino acids, aspartic (Asp) or glutamic (Glu) acid, that are abundant in proteins regulating biomineralization. These complex objects are composed of hexagonal vaterite nanocrystals assembled as curved-edge platelets that form chiral ensembles. The sense stacked platelets is correlated with the stereochemistry of the amino acid additive: l-Asp gives counterclockwise architectures while d-Asp gives the clockwise enantiomorphs. As new layers stack, platelets become progressively inclined with respect to the substrate suface. The growth and structure of vaterite helicoids was originally evidenced by electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Here, we develop an optical model for describing polarized light transmission through helicoids as measured by Mueller matrix polarimetry. The close agreement between experimental measurements and simulation confirms that the propellor-like organization of inclined platelets creates optically active structures determined by growth additive stereochemistry. The microscopy employed demonstrates the information that can be obtained by complete polarimetry using a camera as a light detector, a technique that could be applied profitably to all manner of complex structures organized from anisotropic particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Tan
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York City, NY 10003, USA.
| | - Wenge Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, and Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China.
| | - Alexander T Martin
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York City, NY 10003, USA.
| | - Alexander G Shtukenberg
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York City, NY 10003, USA.
| | - Marc D McKee
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C7, Canada. and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Bart Kahr
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York City, NY 10003, USA.
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Si L, Li X, Zhu Y, Sheng Y, Ma H. Feature extraction on Mueller matrix data for detecting nonporous electrospun fibers based on mutual information. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:10456-10466. [PMID: 32225629 DOI: 10.1364/oe.389181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The surface morphology of electrospun fibers largely determines their application scenarios. Conventional scanning electron microscopy is usually used to observe the microstructure of polymer electrospun fibers, which is time consuming and will cause damage to the samples. In this paper, we use backscattering Mueller polarimetry to classify the microstructural features of materials by statistical learning methods. Before feeding the Mueller matrix (MM) data into the classifier, we use a two-stage feature extraction method to find out representative polarization parameters. First, we filter out the irrelevant MM elements according to their characteristic powers measured by mutual information. Then we use Correlation Explanation (CorEx) method to group interdependent elements and extract parameters that represent their relationships in each group. The extracted parameters are evaluated by the random forest classifier in a wrapper forward feature selection way and the results show the effectiveness in classification performance, which also shows the possibility to detect nonporous electrospun fibers automatically in real time.
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Rivet S, Dubreuil M, Grand YL. Optimization of fast spectrally encoded Mueller polarimeters for real-time monitoring. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2019; 36:C9-C17. [PMID: 31873689 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.36.0000c9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we report a generalized theoretical framework on spectrally encoded polarimeters to display in real time both linear and circular retardance as well as linear and circular diattenuation on the basis of a recent experimental work detailed in Sci. Rep.9, 3972 (2019)SRCEC32045-232210.1038/s41598-019-40467-z. The considered polarimeters use a broadband light source and wavelength-dependent retarders whose thicknesses are selected to guarantee minimal noise propagation and reduced data processing for real-time display of pure polarimetric effects.
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Ye HM, Freudenthal JH, Tan M, Yang J, Kahr B. Chiroptical Differentiation of Twisted Chiral and Achiral Polymer Crystals. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Mu Ye
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of New Energy and Materials, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, P. R. China
| | - John H. Freudenthal
- Hinds Instruments, 7245 NW Evergreen Parkway, Hillsboro, Oregon 97124, United States
| | - Melissa Tan
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Jingxiang Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Bart Kahr
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
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Mukherjee P, Horiguchi T, Shibata S, Hagen N, Otani Y. Quantitative discrimination of biological tissues by micro-elastographic measurement using an epi-illumination Mueller matrix microscope. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:3847-3859. [PMID: 31452979 PMCID: PMC6701520 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.003847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We propose a method for estimating the stiffness of bio-specimens by measuring their linear retardance properties under applied stress. For this purpose, we employ an epi-illumination Mueller matrix microscope and show the procedures for its calibration. We provide experimental results demonstrating how to apply Mueller matrix data to elastography, using chicken liver and chicken heart as biological samples. Finally, we show how the histograms of linear retardance images can be used to distinguish between specimens and quantify the discrimination accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradipta Mukherjee
- Graduate School of Engineering, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 321-8585, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Horiguchi
- Center for Optical Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 321-8585, Japan
| | - Shuhei Shibata
- Graduate School of Engineering, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 321-8585, Japan
| | - Nathan Hagen
- Center for Optical Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 321-8585, Japan
- Department of Optical Engineering, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 321-8585, Japan
| | - Yukitoshi Otani
- Graduate School of Engineering, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 321-8585, Japan
- Center for Optical Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 321-8585, Japan
- Department of Optical Engineering, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 321-8585, Japan
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Gu H, Chen X, Jiang H, Shi Y, Liu S. Wide field-of-view angle linear retarder with an ultra-flat retardance response. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:3026-3029. [PMID: 31199372 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.003026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We propose a universal method for optimal design of a wide field-of-view (FOV) angle linear retarder with an ultra-flat retardance response based on paired positive/negative birefringent plates. The mechanism and rules for the FOV effect compensation are revealed to determine the structure of the proposed retarder by introducing the partial derivative of refractive index with respect to the incident angle. A concrete example based on quartz/sapphire plates is designed and manufactured as a proof-of-concept of the proposed method. The maximum deviation in the retardance of the optimally designed quartz/sapphire wide FOV angle retarder over the concerned FOV angles (incidence: -20°-20°; azimuth: 0°-360°) is only 0.08°, which has been reduced by 3 orders of magnitude compared with the common quartz retarder.
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31
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Butt MA, Lesina AC, Neugebauer M, Bauer T, Ramunno L, Vaccari A, Berini P, Petrov Y, Danilov D, Manshina A, Banzer P, Leuchs G. Investigating the Optical Properties of a Laser Induced 3D Self-Assembled Carbon-Metal Hybrid Structure. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1900512. [PMID: 30957965 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201900512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-based and carbon-metal hybrid materials hold great potential for applications in optics and electronics. Here, a novel material made of carbon and gold-silver nanoparticles is discussed, fabricated using a laser-induced self-assembly process. This self-assembled metamaterial manifests itself in the form of cuboids with lateral dimensions on the order of several micrometers and a height of tens to hundreds of nanometers. The carbon atoms are arranged following an orthorhombic unit cell, with alloy nanoparticles intercalated in the crystalline carbon matrix. The optical properties of this metamaterial are analyzed experimentally using a microscopic Müller matrix measurement approach and reveal a high linear birefringence across the visible spectral range. Theoretical modeling based on local-field theory applied to the carbon matrix links the birefringence to the orthorhombic unit cell, while finite-difference time-domain simulations of the metamaterial relates the observed optical response to the distribution of the alloy nanoparticles and the optical density of the carbon matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Abdullah Butt
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Institute of Optics, Information and Photonics, University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- School of Advanced Optical Technologies, University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Antonino Calà Lesina
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
- Centre for Research in Photonics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
- Max Planck-University of Ottawa Centre for Extreme and Quantum Photonics, Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Canada
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Martin Neugebauer
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Institute of Optics, Information and Photonics, University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Bauer
- Max Planck-University of Ottawa Centre for Extreme and Quantum Photonics, Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Canada
- Department of Quantum Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CJ, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Lora Ramunno
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
- Centre for Research in Photonics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Alessandro Vaccari
- Centre for Materials and Microsystems, Fondazione Bruno Kessler, 38123, Trento, Italy
| | - Pierre Berini
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
- Centre for Research in Photonics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
- Max Planck-University of Ottawa Centre for Extreme and Quantum Photonics, Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Canada
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Yuriy Petrov
- Faculty of physics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia
| | - Denis Danilov
- Interdisciplinary Resource center for Nanotechnology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia
| | - Alina Manshina
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia
| | - Peter Banzer
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Institute of Optics, Information and Photonics, University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Max Planck-University of Ottawa Centre for Extreme and Quantum Photonics, Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Gerd Leuchs
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Institute of Optics, Information and Photonics, University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
- Max Planck-University of Ottawa Centre for Extreme and Quantum Photonics, Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Canada
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32
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Rivet S, Dubreuil M, Bradu A, Le Grand Y. Fast spectrally encoded Mueller optical scanning microscopy. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3972. [PMID: 30850680 PMCID: PMC6408429 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40467-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mueller microscopes enable imaging of the optical anisotropic properties of biological or non-biological samples, in phase and amplitude, at sub-micrometre scale. However, the development of Mueller microscopes poses an instrumental challenge: the production of polarimetric parameters must be sufficiently quick to ensure fast imaging, so that the evolution of these parameters can be visualised in real-time, allowing the operator to adjust the microscope while constantly monitoring them. In this report, a full Mueller scanning microscope based on spectral encoding of polarization is presented. The spectrum, collected every 10 μs for each position of the optical beam on the specimen, incorporates all the information needed to produce the full Mueller matrix, which allows simultaneous display of all the polarimetric parameters, at the unequalled rate of 1.5 Hz (for an image of 256 × 256 pixels). The design of the optical blocks allows for the real-time display of linear birefringent images which serve as guidance for the operator. In addition, the instrument has the capability to easily switch its functionality from a Mueller to a Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) microscope, providing a pixel-to-pixel matching of the images produced by the two modalities. The device performance is illustrated by imaging various unstained biological specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Rivet
- Laboratoire d'Optique et de Magnétisme, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, IBSAM, 6 avenue Le Gorgeu, 29238, Brest, France.
| | - Matthieu Dubreuil
- Laboratoire d'Optique et de Magnétisme, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, IBSAM, 6 avenue Le Gorgeu, 29238, Brest, France
| | - Adrian Bradu
- Applied Optics Group, School of Physical Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NH, UK
| | - Yann Le Grand
- Laboratoire d'Optique et de Magnétisme, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, IBSAM, 6 avenue Le Gorgeu, 29238, Brest, France
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Liu T, Sun T, He H, Liu S, Dong Y, Wu J, Ma H. Comparative study of the imaging contrasts of Mueller matrix derived parameters between transmission and backscattering polarimetry. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:4413-4428. [PMID: 30615708 PMCID: PMC6157769 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.004413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Mueller matrix polarimetry is a potentially powerful tool for biomedical diagnosis. Recently, the transmission Mueller matrix microscope and backscattering Mueller matrix endoscope were developed and applied to various pathological samples. However, a comparative study of imaging contrasts of Mueller matrix derived parameters between transmission and backscattering measurements is still needed to help decide which information obtained from transmission Mueller matrix microscope can be directly applied to in vivo Mueller matrix imaging. Here, to compare the imaging contrasts of Mueller matrix derived parameters between transmission and backscattering polarimetry, we measure porcine liver tissue samples and human breast carcinoma tissue specimens. The experiments and corresponding Monte Carlo stimulation results demonstrate that the backscattering and transmission retardance-related Mueller matrix parameters have very similar contrasts to characterize the anisotropic and isotropic structures of pathological tissues, meaning that the conclusions made from Mueller matrix microscopic imaging based on retardance can also be helpful to guide the in situ backscattering Mueller matrix polarimetric diagnosis. However, the values and contrasts of depolarization-related Mueller matrix parameters have some differences between transmission and backscattering polarimetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Liu
- Guangdong Research Center of Polarization Imaging and Measurement Engineering Technology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Minimal Invasive Medical Technologies, Institute of Optical Imaging and Sensing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Tao Sun
- Guangdong Research Center of Polarization Imaging and Measurement Engineering Technology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Minimal Invasive Medical Technologies, Institute of Optical Imaging and Sensing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Honghui He
- Guangdong Research Center of Polarization Imaging and Measurement Engineering Technology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Minimal Invasive Medical Technologies, Institute of Optical Imaging and Sensing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Shaoxiong Liu
- Shenzhen Sixth People’s Hospital (Nanshan Hospital), Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518052, China
| | - Yang Dong
- Guangdong Research Center of Polarization Imaging and Measurement Engineering Technology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Minimal Invasive Medical Technologies, Institute of Optical Imaging and Sensing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Guangdong Research Center of Polarization Imaging and Measurement Engineering Technology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Minimal Invasive Medical Technologies, Institute of Optical Imaging and Sensing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hui Ma
- Guangdong Research Center of Polarization Imaging and Measurement Engineering Technology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Minimal Invasive Medical Technologies, Institute of Optical Imaging and Sensing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Center for Precision Medicine and Healthcare, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, China
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Tan M, Shtukenberg AG, Zhu S, Xu W, Dooryhee E, Nichols S, Ward MD, Kahr B, Zhu Q. ROY revisited, again: the eighth solved structure. Faraday Discuss 2018; 211:477-491. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fd00039e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
X-ray powder diffraction and crystal structure prediction algorithms are used in synergy to establish the crystal structure of the eighth polymorph of ROY, form R05.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Tan
- Department of Chemistry
- Molecular Design Institute
- New York University
- New York City
- USA
| | | | - Shengcai Zhu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy
- High Pressure Science and Engineering Center
- University of Nevada Las Vegas
- USA
| | - Wenqian Xu
- X-ray Science Division
- Advanced Photon Source
- Argonne National Laboratory
- Argonne
- USA
| | - Eric Dooryhee
- Photon Sciences Division
- National Synchrotron Light Source II
- Brookhaven National Laboratory
- Upton
- USA
| | - Shane M. Nichols
- Department of Chemistry
- Molecular Design Institute
- New York University
- New York City
- USA
| | - Michael D. Ward
- Department of Chemistry
- Molecular Design Institute
- New York University
- New York City
- USA
| | - Bart Kahr
- Department of Chemistry
- Molecular Design Institute
- New York University
- New York City
- USA
| | - Qiang Zhu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy
- High Pressure Science and Engineering Center
- University of Nevada Las Vegas
- USA
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35
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Smith KW, Link S, Chang WS. Optical characterization of chiral plasmonic nanostructures. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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36
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Ma W, Xu L, de Moura AF, Wu X, Kuang H, Xu C, Kotov NA. Chiral Inorganic Nanostructures. Chem Rev 2017; 117:8041-8093. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 485] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - André F. de Moura
- Department
of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, CP 676, CEP 13.565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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37
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Gladish JC, Duncan DD. Liquid crystal-based Mueller matrix spectral imaging polarimetry for parameterizing mineral structural organization. APPLIED OPTICS 2017; 56:626-635. [PMID: 28157922 DOI: 10.1364/ao.56.000626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we discuss the remote assessment of the subwavelength organizational structure of a medium. Specifically, we use spectral imaging polarimetry, as the vector nature of polarized light enables it to interact with optical anisotropies within a medium, while the spectral aspect of polarization is sensitive to small-scale structure. The ability to image these effects allows for inference of spatial structural organization parameters. This work describes a methodology for revealing structural organization by exploiting the Stokes/Mueller formalism and by utilizing measurements from a spectral imaging polarimeter constructed from liquid crystal variable retarders and a liquid crystal tunable filter. We provide results to validate the system and then show results from measurements on a mineral sample.
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38
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Ribo JM, El-Hachemi Z, Arteaga O, Canillas A, Crusats J. Hydrodynamic Effects in Soft-matter Self-assembly: The Case of J-Aggregates of Amphiphilic Porphyrins. CHEM REC 2017; 17:713-724. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201600133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Josep M. Ribo
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry; University of Barcelona (UB); c. Martí I Franques 1 08- Barcelona Catalonia Spain
- Institute of Cosmos Sciences; IEEC-UB; c. Martí I Franques 1 08- Barcelona Catalonia Spain
| | - Zoubir El-Hachemi
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry; University of Barcelona (UB); c. Martí I Franques 1 08- Barcelona Catalonia Spain
- Institute of Cosmos Sciences; IEEC-UB; c. Martí I Franques 1 08- Barcelona Catalonia Spain
| | - Oriol Arteaga
- Department of Applied Physics; University of Barcelona (UB); c. Martí I Franques 1 08- Barcelona Catalonia Spain
- FEMAN Group; Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB); c. Martí I Franques 1 08- Barcelona Catalonia Spain
| | - Adolf Canillas
- Department of Applied Physics; University of Barcelona (UB); c. Martí I Franques 1 08- Barcelona Catalonia Spain
- FEMAN Group; Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB); c. Martí I Franques 1 08- Barcelona Catalonia Spain
| | - Joaquim Crusats
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry; University of Barcelona (UB); c. Martí I Franques 1 08- Barcelona Catalonia Spain
- Institute of Cosmos Sciences; IEEC-UB; c. Martí I Franques 1 08- Barcelona Catalonia Spain
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Peev D, Hofmann T, Kananizadeh N, Beeram S, Rodriguez E, Wimer S, Rodenhausen KB, Herzinger CM, Kasputis T, Pfaunmiller E, Nguyen A, Korlacki R, Pannier A, Li Y, Schubert E, Hage D, Schubert M. Anisotropic contrast optical microscope. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2016; 87:113701. [PMID: 27910407 DOI: 10.1063/1.4965878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
An optical microscope is described that reveals contrast in the Mueller matrix images of a thin, transparent, or semi-transparent specimen located within an anisotropic object plane (anisotropic filter). The specimen changes the anisotropy of the filter and thereby produces contrast within the Mueller matrix images. Here we use an anisotropic filter composed of a semi-transparent, nanostructured thin film with sub-wavelength thickness placed within the object plane. The sample is illuminated as in common optical microscopy but the light is modulated in its polarization using combinations of linear polarizers and phase plate (compensator) to control and analyze the state of polarization. Direct generalized ellipsometry data analysis approaches permit extraction of fundamental Mueller matrix object plane images dispensing with the need of Fourier expansion methods. Generalized ellipsometry model approaches are used for quantitative image analyses. These images are obtained from sets of multiple images obtained under various polarizer, analyzer, and compensator settings. Up to 16 independent Mueller matrix images can be obtained, while our current setup is limited to 11 images normalized by the unpolarized intensity. We demonstrate the anisotropic contrast optical microscope by measuring lithographically defined micro-patterned anisotropic filters, and we quantify the adsorption of an organic self-assembled monolayer film onto the anisotropic filter. Comparison with an isotropic glass slide demonstrates the image enhancement obtained by our method over microscopy without the use of an anisotropic filter. In our current instrument, we estimate the limit of detection for organic volumetric mass within the object plane of ≈49 fg within ≈7 × 7 μm2 object surface area. Compared to a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation instrumentation, where contemporary limits require a total load of ≈500 pg for detection, the instrumentation demonstrated here improves sensitivity to a total mass required for detection by 4 orders of magnitude. We detail the design and operation principles of the anisotropic contrast optical microscope, and we present further applications to the detection of nanoparticles, to novel approaches for imaging chromatography and to new contrast modalities for observations on living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Peev
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
| | - T Hofmann
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
| | - N Kananizadeh
- Center for Nanohybrid Functional Materials, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
| | - S Beeram
- Center for Nanohybrid Functional Materials, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
| | - E Rodriguez
- Center for Nanohybrid Functional Materials, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
| | - S Wimer
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
| | | | - C M Herzinger
- J. A. Woollam Co., Inc., Lincoln, Nebraska 68508-2243, USA
| | - T Kasputis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | | | - A Nguyen
- Center for Nanohybrid Functional Materials, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
| | - R Korlacki
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
| | - A Pannier
- Center for Nanohybrid Functional Materials, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
| | - Y Li
- Center for Nanohybrid Functional Materials, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
| | - E Schubert
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
| | - D Hage
- Center for Nanohybrid Functional Materials, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
| | - M Schubert
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
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40
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Circular Dichroism Microscopy Free from Commingling Linear Dichroism via Discretely Modulated Circular Polarization. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35731. [PMID: 27761022 PMCID: PMC5071757 DOI: 10.1038/srep35731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we developed a circular dichroism (CD) imaging microscope with a device to suppress the commingling of linear birefringence (LB) and linear dichroism (LD) signals. CD signals are, in principle, free from the commingling influence of LD and LB if the sample is illuminated with pure circularly polarized light, with no linear polarization contribution. Based on this idea, we here propose a novel circular polarization modulation method to suppress the contribution of linear polarization, which enables high-sensitivity CD detection (10-4 level in optical density unit or mdeg level in ellipticity) for microscopic imaging at a nearly diffraction limited spatial resolution (sub-μm level). The highly sensitive, diffraction-limited local CD detection will make direct analyses of chiral structures and spatial mappings of optical activity feasible for μm- to sub-μm-sized materials and may yield a number of applications as a unique optical imaging method.
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41
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Carnicer A, Arteaga O, Suñé-Negre JM, Javidi B. Authentication of gold nanoparticle encoded pharmaceutical tablets using polarimetric signatures. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:4507-4510. [PMID: 27749867 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.004507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The counterfeiting of pharmaceutical products represents concerns for both industry and the safety of the general public. Falsification produces losses to companies and poses health risks for patients. In order to detect fake pharmaceutical tablets, we propose producing film-coated tablets with gold nanoparticle encoding. These coated tablets contain unique polarimetric signatures. We present experiments to show that ellipsometric optical techniques, in combination with machine learning algorithms, can be used to distinguish genuine and fake samples. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report using gold nanoparticles encoded with optical polarimetric classifiers to prevent the counterfeiting of pharmaceutical products.
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42
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Le Gratiet A, Dubreuil M, Rivet S, Le Grand Y. Scanning Mueller polarimetric microscopy. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:4336-9. [PMID: 27628391 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.004336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A full Mueller polarimeter was implemented on a commercial laser-scanning microscope. The new polarimetric microscope is based on high-speed polarization modulation by spectral coding using a wavelength-swept laser as a source. Calibration as well as estimation of the measurement errors of the device are reported. The acquisition of Mueller images at the speed of a scanning microscope is demonstrated for the first time. Mueller images of mineral and biological samples illustrate this new polarimetric microscopy.
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43
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Cui X, Nichols SM, Arteaga O, Freudenthal J, Paula F, Shtukenberg AG, Kahr B. Dichroism in Helicoidal Crystals. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:12211-8. [PMID: 27617640 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b06278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Accounting for the interactions of light with heterogeneous, anisotropic, absorbing, optically active media is part of the characterization of complex, transparent materials. Stained biological structures in thin tissue sections share many of these features, but systematic optical analyses beyond the employ of the simple petrographic microscopes have not be established. Here, this accounting is made for polycrystalline, spherulitic bundles of twisted d-mannitol lamellae grown from melts containing light-absorbing molecules. It has long been known that a significant percentage of molecular crystals readily grow as helicoidal ribbons with mesoscale pitches, but a general appreciation of the commonality of these non-classical crystal forms has been lost. Helicoidal crystal twisting was typically assayed by analyzing refractivity modulation in the petrographic microscope. However, by growing twisted crystals from melts in the presence of dissolved, light-absorbing molecules, crystal twisting can be assayed by analyzing the dichroism, both linear and circular. The term "helicoidal dichroism" is used here to describe the optical consequences of anisotropic absorbers precessing around radii of twisted crystalline fibrils or lamellae. d-Mannitol twists in two polymorphic forms, α and δ. The two polymorphs, when grown from supercooled melts in the presence of a variety of histochemical stains and textile dyes, are strongly dichroic in linearly polarized white light. The bis-azo dye Chicago sky blue is modeled because it is most absorbing when parallel and perpendicular to the radial axes in the respective spherulitic polymorphs. Optical properties were measured using Mueller matrix imaging polarimetry and simulated by taking into account the microstructure of the lamellae. The optical analysis of the dyed, patterned polycrystals clarifies aspects of the mesostructure that can be difficult to extract from bundles of tightly packed fibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Cui
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University , 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Shane M Nichols
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University , 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Oriol Arteaga
- Departament de Física Aplicada, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona , C/Martí i Franqués 1, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - John Freudenthal
- Hinds Instruments , 7245 NW Evergreen Parkway, Hillsboro, Oregon 97124, United States
| | - Froilanny Paula
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University , 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Alexander G Shtukenberg
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University , 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Bart Kahr
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University , 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, United States.,Department of Advanced Science and Engineering (TWIns), Waseda University , 162-0056 Tokyo, Japan
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44
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Schubert M, Kühne P, Darakchieva V, Hofmann T. Optical Hall effect-model description: tutorial. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2016; 33:1553-1568. [PMID: 27505654 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.33.001553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The optical Hall effect is a physical phenomenon that describes the occurrence of magnetic-field-induced dielectric displacement at optical wavelengths, transverse and longitudinal to the incident electric field, and analogous to the static electrical Hall effect. The electrical Hall effect and certain cases of the optical Hall effect observations can be explained by extensions of the classic Drude model for the transport of electrons in metals. The optical Hall effect is most useful for characterization of electrical properties in semiconductors. Among many advantages, while the optical Hall effect dispenses with the need of electrical contacts, electrical material properties such as effective mass and mobility parameters, including their anisotropy as well as carrier type and density, can be determined from the optical Hall effect. Measurement of the optical Hall effect can be performed within the concept of generalized ellipsometry at an oblique angle of incidence. In this paper, we review and discuss physical model equations, which can be used to calculate the optical Hall effect in single- and multiple-layered structures of semiconductor materials. We define the optical Hall effect dielectric function tensor, demonstrate diagonalization approaches, and show requirements for the optical Hall effect tensor from energy conservation. We discuss both continuum and quantum approaches, and we provide a brief description of the generalized ellipsometry concept, the Mueller matrix calculus, and a 4×4 matrix algebra to calculate data accessible by experiment. In a follow-up paper, we will discuss strategies and approaches for experimental data acquisition and analysis.
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45
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Chang J, He H, Wang Y, Huang Y, Li X, He C, Liao R, Zeng N, Liu S, Ma H. Division of focal plane polarimeter-based 3 × 4 Mueller matrix microscope: a potential tool for quick diagnosis of human carcinoma tissues. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2016; 21:56002. [PMID: 27156716 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.21.5.056002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A polarization microscope is a useful tool to reveal the optical anisotropic nature of a specimen and can provide abundant microstructural information about samples. We present a division of focal plane (DoFP) polarimeter-based polarization microscope capable of simultaneously measuring both the Stokes vector and the 3×4 Mueller matrix with an optimal polarization illumination scheme. The Mueller matrix images of unstained human carcinoma tissue slices show that the m24 and m34 elements can provide important information for pathological observations. The characteristic features of the m24 and m34 elements can be enhanced by polarization staining under illumination by a circularly polarized light. Hence, combined with a graphics processing unit acceleration algorithm, the DoFP polarization microscope is capable of real-time polarization imaging for potential quick clinical diagnoses of both standard and frozen slices of human carcinoma tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jintao Chang
- Tsinghua University, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Minimal Invasive Medical Technologies, Institute of Optical Imaging and Sensing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, 2279 Lishui Street, Shenzhen 518055, ChinabTsinghua University, Department of Physics, 1 Tsinghu
| | - Honghui He
- Tsinghua University, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Minimal Invasive Medical Technologies, Institute of Optical Imaging and Sensing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, 2279 Lishui Street, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ye Wang
- Tsinghua University, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Minimal Invasive Medical Technologies, Institute of Optical Imaging and Sensing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, 2279 Lishui Street, Shenzhen 518055, ChinabTsinghua University, Department of Physics, 1 Tsinghu
| | - Yi Huang
- Tsinghua University, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Minimal Invasive Medical Technologies, Institute of Optical Imaging and Sensing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, 2279 Lishui Street, Shenzhen 518055, ChinacTsinghua University, Department of Biomedical Enginee
| | - Xianpeng Li
- Tsinghua University, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Minimal Invasive Medical Technologies, Institute of Optical Imaging and Sensing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, 2279 Lishui Street, Shenzhen 518055, ChinabTsinghua University, Department of Physics, 1 Tsinghu
| | - Chao He
- Tsinghua University, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Minimal Invasive Medical Technologies, Institute of Optical Imaging and Sensing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, 2279 Lishui Street, Shenzhen 518055, ChinacTsinghua University, Department of Biomedical Enginee
| | - Ran Liao
- Tsinghua University, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Minimal Invasive Medical Technologies, Institute of Optical Imaging and Sensing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, 2279 Lishui Street, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Nan Zeng
- Tsinghua University, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Minimal Invasive Medical Technologies, Institute of Optical Imaging and Sensing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, 2279 Lishui Street, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Shaoxiong Liu
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Sixth People's Hospital (Nanshan Hospital), 89 Taoyuan Street, Shenzhen 518052, China
| | - Hui Ma
- Tsinghua University, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Minimal Invasive Medical Technologies, Institute of Optical Imaging and Sensing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, 2279 Lishui Street, Shenzhen 518055, ChinabTsinghua University, Department of Physics, 1 Tsinghu
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46
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Chen X, Du W, Yuan K, Chen J, Jiang H, Zhang C, Liu S. Development of a spectroscopic Mueller matrix imaging ellipsometer for nanostructure metrology. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2016; 87:053707. [PMID: 27250435 DOI: 10.1063/1.4952385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we describe the development of a spectroscopic Mueller matrix imaging ellipsometer (MMIE), which combines the great power of Mueller matrix ellipsometry with the high spatial resolution of optical microscopy. A dual rotating-compensator configuration is adopted to collect the full 4 × 4 imaging Mueller matrix in a single measurement. The light wavelengths are scanned in the range of 400-700 nm by a monochromator. The instrument has measurement accuracy and precision better than 0.01 for all the Mueller matrix elements in both the whole image and the whole spectral range. The instrument was then applied for the measurement of nanostructures combined with an inverse diffraction problem solving technique. The experiment performed on a photoresist grating sample has demonstrated the great potential of MMIE for accurate grating reconstruction from spectral data collected by a single pixel of the camera and for efficient quantification of geometrical profile of the grating structure over a large area with pixel resolution. It is expected that MMIE will be a powerful tool for nanostructure metrology in future high-volume nanomanufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuguo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Weichao Du
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Kui Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Chuanwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shiyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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47
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Arteaga O, El-Hachemi Z, Canillas A, Crusats J, Rovira M, Ribó JM. Reversible and irreversible emergence of chiroptical signals in J-aggregates of achiral 4-sulfonatophenyl substituted porphyrins: intrinsic chirality vs. chiral ordering in the solution. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:10874-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc05709h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Different origins of the reversible and irreversible emergence of chiroptical signals in the title J-aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriol Arteaga
- Department of Applied Physics
- University of Barcelona
- E-08028 Barcelona
- Spain
- FEMAN Group
| | - Zoubir El-Hachemi
- Departament de Quimica Inorgànica I Orgànica
- Seccció d’Orgànica
- Universitat de Barcelona
- E-08028 Barcelona
- Spain
| | - Adolf Canillas
- Department of Applied Physics
- University of Barcelona
- E-08028 Barcelona
- Spain
- FEMAN Group
| | - Joaquim Crusats
- Departament de Quimica Inorgànica I Orgànica
- Seccció d’Orgànica
- Universitat de Barcelona
- E-08028 Barcelona
- Spain
| | - Meritxell Rovira
- Departament de Quimica Inorgànica I Orgànica
- Seccció d’Orgànica
- Universitat de Barcelona
- E-08028 Barcelona
- Spain
| | - Josep M. Ribó
- Departament de Quimica Inorgànica I Orgànica
- Seccció d’Orgànica
- Universitat de Barcelona
- E-08028 Barcelona
- Spain
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Arteaga O, Canillas A, El-Hachemi Z, Crusats J, Ribó JM. Structure vs. excitonic transitions in self-assembled porphyrin nanotubes and their effect on light absorption and scattering. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:20435-20441. [PMID: 26584333 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr05633k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The optical properties of diprotonated meso-tetrakis(4-sulphonatophenyl)porphyrin (TPPS(4)) J-aggregates of elongated thin particles (nanotubes in solution and ribbons when deposited on solid interfaces) are studied by different polarimetric techniques. The selective light extinction in these structures, which depends on the alignment of the nanoparticle with respect to the polarization of light, is contributed by excitonic absorption bands and by resonance light scattering. The optical response as a function of the polarization of light is complex because, although the quasi-one-dimensional structure confines the local fields along the nanotube axis, there are two orthogonal excitonic bands, of H- and J-character, that can work in favor of or against the field confinement. Results suggest that resonance light scattering is the dominant effect in solid state preparations, i.e. in collective groups (bundles) of ribbons but in diluted solutions, i.e. with isolated nanotubes, the absorption at the excitonic transitions remains dominant and linear dichroism spectra can be a direct probe of the exciton orientations. Therefore, by analyzing scattering and absorption data we can determine the alignment of the excitonic bands within the nanoparticle, i.e. of the orientation of the basic 2D porphyrin architecture in the nanoparticle. This is a necessary first step for understanding the directions of energy transport, charge polarization and non-linear optical properties in these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriol Arteaga
- Dep. Física Aplicada i Òptica, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), C/ Martí i Franqués 1, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Adolf Canillas
- Dep. Física Aplicada i Òptica, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), C/ Martí i Franqués 1, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Zoubir El-Hachemi
- Dep. Química Orgànica, Institute of Cosmos Science (IEEC-UB), C/ Martí i Franquès, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joaquim Crusats
- Dep. Química Orgànica, Institute of Cosmos Science (IEEC-UB), C/ Martí i Franquès, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Josep M Ribó
- Dep. Química Orgànica, Institute of Cosmos Science (IEEC-UB), C/ Martí i Franquès, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Carnicer A, Arteaga O, Pascual E, Canillas A, Vallmitjana S, Javidi B, Bertran E. Optical security verification by synthesizing thin films with unique polarimetric signatures. OPTICS LETTERS 2015; 40:5399-5402. [PMID: 26565884 DOI: 10.1364/ol.40.005399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This Letter reports the production and optical polarimetric verification of codes based on thin-film technology for security applications. Because thin-film structures display distinctive polarization signatures, this data is used to authenticate the message encoded. Samples are analyzed using an imaging ellipsometer able to measure the 16 components of the Mueller matrix. As a result, the behavior of the thin film under polarized light becomes completely characterized. This information is utilized to distinguish among true and false codes by means of correlation. Without the imaging optics the components of the Mueller matrix become noise-like distributions and, consequently, the message encoded is no longer available. Then, a set of Stokes vectors are generated numerically for any polarization state of the illuminating beam and thus, machine learning techniques can be used to perform classification. We show that successful authentication is possible using the k-nearest neighbors algorithm in thin-films codes that have been anisotropically phase-encoded with pseudorandom phase code.
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Wang Y, He H, Chang J, Zeng N, Liu S, Li M, Ma H. Differentiating characteristic microstructural features of cancerous tissues using Mueller matrix microscope. Micron 2015; 79:8-15. [PMID: 26280279 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2015.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Polarized light imaging can provide rich microstructural information of samples, and has been applied to the detections of various abnormal tissues. In this paper, we report a polarized light microscope based on Mueller matrix imaging by adding the polarization state generator and analyzer (PSG and PSA) to a commercial transmission optical microscope. The maximum errors for the absolute values of Mueller matrix elements are reduced to 0.01 after calibration. This Mueller matrix microscope has been used to examine human cervical and liver cancerous tissues with fibrosis. Images of the transformed Mueller matrix parameters provide quantitative assessment on the characteristic features of the pathological tissues. Contrast mechanism of the experimental results are backed up by Monte Carlo simulations based on the sphere-cylinder birefringence model, which reveal the relationship between the pathological features in the cancerous tissues at the cellular level and the polarization parameters. Both the experimental and simulated data indicate that the microscopic transformed Mueller matrix parameters can distinguish the breaking down of birefringent normal tissues for cervical cancer, or the formation of birefringent surrounding structures accompanying the inflammatory reaction for liver cancer. With its simple structure, fast measurement and high precision, polarized light microscope based on Mueller matrix shows a good diagnosis application prospect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Minimal Invasive Medical Technologies, Institute of Optical Imaging and Sensing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Honghui He
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Minimal Invasive Medical Technologies, Institute of Optical Imaging and Sensing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jintao Chang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Minimal Invasive Medical Technologies, Institute of Optical Imaging and Sensing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Nan Zeng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Minimal Invasive Medical Technologies, Institute of Optical Imaging and Sensing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Shaoxiong Liu
- Shenzhen Sixth People's Hospital (Nanshan Hospital), Shenzhen 518052, China
| | - Migao Li
- Guangzhou Liss Optical Instrument Factory, Guangzhou 510095, China
| | - Hui Ma
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Minimal Invasive Medical Technologies, Institute of Optical Imaging and Sensing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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