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Puerto D, Gallego S, Francés J, Márquez A, Pascual I, Beléndez A. Phase-Shift Optimization in AA/PVA Photopolymers by High-Frequency Pulsed Laser. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12091887. [PMID: 32825693 PMCID: PMC7565850 DOI: 10.3390/polym12091887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Photopolymers can be used to fabricate different holographic optical elements, although maximization of the phase-shift in photopolymers has been a challenge for the last few decades. Different material compositions and irradiation conditions have been studied in order to achieve it. One of the main conclusions has been that with continuous laser exposure better results are achieved. However, our results show for the first time that higher phase-shift can be achieved using a pulsed laser. The study has been conducted with crosslinked acrylamide-based photopolymers exposed with a pulsed laser (532 nm). The increment of the phase-shift between the pulsed laser and continuous laser exposure is 17%, achieving a maximum phase-shift of 3π radians and a refractive index shift of 0.0084 at the zero spatial frequency limit, where monomer diffusion does not take place. This allows this photopolymer to be used in large-scale manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Puerto
- Departamento de Física, Ingeniería de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante, Ap. 99, E03080 Alicante, Spain; (S.G.); (J.F.); (A.M.); (A.B.)
- Instituto Universitario de Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Universidad de Alicante, Ap. 99, E03080 Alicante, Spain;
- Correspondence:
| | - Sergi Gallego
- Departamento de Física, Ingeniería de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante, Ap. 99, E03080 Alicante, Spain; (S.G.); (J.F.); (A.M.); (A.B.)
- Instituto Universitario de Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Universidad de Alicante, Ap. 99, E03080 Alicante, Spain;
| | - Jorge Francés
- Departamento de Física, Ingeniería de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante, Ap. 99, E03080 Alicante, Spain; (S.G.); (J.F.); (A.M.); (A.B.)
- Instituto Universitario de Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Universidad de Alicante, Ap. 99, E03080 Alicante, Spain;
| | - Andrés Márquez
- Departamento de Física, Ingeniería de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante, Ap. 99, E03080 Alicante, Spain; (S.G.); (J.F.); (A.M.); (A.B.)
- Instituto Universitario de Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Universidad de Alicante, Ap. 99, E03080 Alicante, Spain;
| | - Inmaculada Pascual
- Instituto Universitario de Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Universidad de Alicante, Ap. 99, E03080 Alicante, Spain;
- Departamento de Óptica, Farmacología y Anatomía, Universidad de Alicante, Ap. 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - Augusto Beléndez
- Departamento de Física, Ingeniería de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante, Ap. 99, E03080 Alicante, Spain; (S.G.); (J.F.); (A.M.); (A.B.)
- Departamento de Óptica, Farmacología y Anatomía, Universidad de Alicante, Ap. 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
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Application of Photopolymer Materials in Holographic Technologies. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11122020. [PMID: 31817649 PMCID: PMC6960734 DOI: 10.3390/polym11122020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The possibility of the application of acrylate compositions and Bayfol HX photopolymers in holographic technologies is considered. The holographic characteristics of materials, their advantages, and limitations in relation to the tasks of obtaining holographic elements based on periodic structures are given. The conditions for obtaining controlled two and multichannel diffraction beam splitters are determined with advantages in terms of the simplicity of the fabrication process. The diffraction and selective properties of volume and hybrid periodic structures by radiation incidence in a wide range of angles in three-dimensional space are investigated, and new properties are identified that are of interest for the development of elements of holographic solar concentrators with advantages in the material used and the range of incidence angles. A new application of polymer materials in a new method of holographic 3D printing for polymer objects with arbitrary shape fabrication based on the projection of a holographic image of the object into the volume of photopolymerizable material is proposed, the advantage of which, relative to additive 3D printing technologies, is the elimination of the sequential synthesis of a three-dimensional object. The factors determining the requirements for the material, fabrication conditions, and properties of three-dimensional objects are identified and investigated.
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Complex Diffractive Optical Elements Stored in Photopolymers. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11121920. [PMID: 31766539 PMCID: PMC6960652 DOI: 10.3390/polym11121920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We study the recording of complex diffractive elements, such as achromatic lenses, fork gratings or axicons. Using a 3-D diffusion model, previously validated, we are able to predict the behavior of photopolymer during recording. The experimental recording of these complex elements is possible thanks to a new generation spatial light modulator capable of generating periodic and aperiodic profiles. Both experimental and theoretical are analyzed and compared. The results show not only the good response of theoretical model to predict the behavior of the materials, but also the viability of photopolymers to store these kind of elements.
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Fernández R, Gallego S, Tomita Y, Pascual I, Beléndez A. Diffractive and Interferometric Characterization of Nanostructured Photopolymer for Sharp Diffractive Optical Elements Recording. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E518. [PMID: 30966552 PMCID: PMC6415438 DOI: 10.3390/polym10050518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We study the behavior of a nanoparticle-polymer composite (NPC) material, based on a thiol-ene monomer system, working with long grating spacing. Thus, we evaluate the suitability of the NPC for storing complex diffractive optical elements with sharp profiles, such as blazed gratings. Using holographic methods, we measure the "apparent" diffusion of the material and the influence of the spatial period on this diffusion. The applicability of this material in complex diffractive optical elements (DOEs) recording is analyzed using an interferometric method. Supported by the results of this analysis, we record blazed gratings with different grating spacing and measure the maximum diffraction efficiency (DE) achieved. The results show that NPC has a good behavior in this range of spatial frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Fernández
- Instituto Universitario de Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Universidad de Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Sergi Gallego
- Instituto Universitario de Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Universidad de Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
- Departamento de Física, Ingeniería de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Yasuo Tomita
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan.
| | - Inmaculada Pascual
- Instituto Universitario de Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Universidad de Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
- Departamento de Óptica, Farmacología y Anatomía, Universidad de Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Augusto Beléndez
- Instituto Universitario de Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Universidad de Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
- Departamento de Física, Ingeniería de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
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