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Kabashin AV, Kravets VG, Grigorenko AN. Label-free optical biosensing: going beyond the limits. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:6554-6585. [PMID: 37681251 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00155e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Label-free optical biosensing holds great promise for a variety of applications in biomedical diagnostics, environmental and food safety, and security. It is already used as a key tool in the investigation of biomolecular binding events and reaction constants in real time and offers further potential additional functionalities and low-cost designs. However, the sensitivity of this technology does not match the routinely used but expensive and slow labelling methods. Therefore, label-free optical biosensing remains predominantly a research tool. Here we discuss how one can go beyond the limits of detection provided by standard optical biosensing platforms and achieve a sensitivity of label-free biosensing that is superior to labelling methods. To this end we review newly emerging optical implementations that overcome current sensitivity barriers by employing novel structural architectures, artificial materials (metamaterials and hetero-metastructures) and using phase of light as a sensing parameter. Furthermore, we elucidate the mechanism of plasmonic phase biosensing and review hyper-sensitive transducers, which can achieve detection limits at the single molecule level (less than 1 fg mm-2) and make it possible to detect analytes at several orders of magnitude lower concentrations than so far reported in literature. We finally discuss newly emerging layouts based on dielectric nanomaterials, bound states in continuum, and exceptional points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei V Kabashin
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, UMR 7341 CNRS, LP3, Campus de Luminy-case 917, 13288, Marseille Cedex 9, France.
| | - Vasyl G Kravets
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
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Excitation of Hybrid Waveguide-Bloch Surface States with Bi2Se3 Plasmonic Material in the Near-Infrared Range. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13071020. [PMID: 35888837 PMCID: PMC9321936 DOI: 10.3390/mi13071020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bloch surface waves (BSWs) with Bi2Se3 in a composite structure consisting of a coupling prism, distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) and cavity layer have been demonstrated. The design relies on the confinement of surface waves that originates from the coupling between the defective layer of plasmonic material (Bi2Se3) and DBR. The presence of the cavity layer modifies the local effective refractive index, enabling direct manipulation of the BSWs. The transfer matrix method (TMM) is used to evaluate the reflectance and absorptance responses in the spectral domain for various angles of incidence, demonstrating the presence of sharp resonances associated with the BSW. With an optimal thickness of DBR bilayers, the energy of an evanescent wave can be transferred into the periodic stack resulting in the excitation of waveguide modes (WGMs). It is believed that the proposed design possesses the advantage in terms of easy fabrication to develop integrated photonic systems, especially for biological and chemical sensing.
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Abstract
In this paper, the thermal stability of a Bloch Surface Wave (BSW) assisted bio-photonic sensor is investigated. The structural analysis is carried out using the transfer matrix method (TMM). The design comprises a truncated one-dimensional photonic crystal (1D-PhC) structure along with a defective top layer. The structural parameters are optimized to excite a BSW at the top interface for an operating wavelength of 632.8 nm. The mode confinement is confirmed by using wavelength interrogation, angular interrogation and surface electric field profile. Further, the effect of thermal variation on BSW excitation angle and sensitivity is carried out. The analysis shows the average variations in excitation angle and sensitivity of about −0.00096 degree/°C and 0.01046 (degree/RIU)/°C, respectively. Additionally, the analysis is also extended towards different lower wavelengths of 400 nm and 550 nm, which provides average variations in the excitation angles of about −0.0027 degree/°C, and 0.0016 degree/°C. This shows that the structural sensitivity response is more thermally stable at the lower wavelength range. Thus, showing its potential applications in designing thermally stable bio-photonic sensors.
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Liu Y, Zheng Q, Yuan H, Wang S, Yin K, Dai X, Zou X, Jiang L. High Sensitivity Terahertz Biosensor Based on Mode Coupling of a Graphene/Bragg Reflector Hybrid Structure. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:bios11100377. [PMID: 34677333 PMCID: PMC8533687 DOI: 10.3390/bios11100377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a high-sensitivity terahertz (THz) biosensor is achieved by using a graphene/Bragg reflector hybrid structure. This high-sensitivity THz biosensor is developed from the sharp Fano resonance transmission peak created by coupling the graphene Tamm plasmons (GTPs) mode to a defect mode. It is found that the proposed THz biosensor is highly sensitive to the Fermi energy of graphene, as well as the thickness and refractive index of the sensing medium. Through specific parameter settings, the composite structure can achieve both a liquid biosensor and a gas biosensor. For the liquid biosensor, the maximum sensitivity of > 1000 °/RIU is obtained by selecting appropriate parameters. We believe the proposed layered hybrid structure has the potential to fabricate graphene-based high-sensitivity biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamei Liu
- School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China; (Y.L.); (Q.Z.); (H.Y.); (S.W.); (K.Y.)
| | - Qiwen Zheng
- School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China; (Y.L.); (Q.Z.); (H.Y.); (S.W.); (K.Y.)
| | - Hongxia Yuan
- School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China; (Y.L.); (Q.Z.); (H.Y.); (S.W.); (K.Y.)
| | - Shenping Wang
- School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China; (Y.L.); (Q.Z.); (H.Y.); (S.W.); (K.Y.)
| | - Keqiang Yin
- School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China; (Y.L.); (Q.Z.); (H.Y.); (S.W.); (K.Y.)
| | - Xiaoyu Dai
- College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China;
| | - Xiao Zou
- School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China; (Y.L.); (Q.Z.); (H.Y.); (S.W.); (K.Y.)
| | - Leyong Jiang
- School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China; (Y.L.); (Q.Z.); (H.Y.); (S.W.); (K.Y.)
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Roshan Entezar S. Bistable absorption in a 1D photonic crystal with a nanocomposite defect layer. APPLIED OPTICS 2021; 60:8445-8452. [PMID: 34612944 DOI: 10.1364/ao.436170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the nonlinear absorption properties of a defective one-dimensional photonic crystal at the near-infrared range using the nonlinear transfer matrix method. The defect is a nanocomposite layer containing vanadium dioxide nanoparticles sandwiched between two nonlinear dielectric layers. The linear absorption spectrum of the designed structure has three resonant absorption lines at the bandgap region of the photonic crystal. We can reconfigure the structure in the linear regime from nearly transparent to absorbent or vice versa in multiple resonant wavelengths by adjusting the temperature. Moreover, the system shows absorptive bistability by adjusting the intensity and incident angle of the input light. We discuss the tunability of the nonlinear absorption in detail. In the nonlinear regime, we show that, besides the temperature, the structure can be reconfigured from absorbent to transparent and vice versa by adjusting the incident optical power and the incident angle. We validate the results by examining the electric field distribution throughout the structure.
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Ghasemi F, Razi S. Novel Photonic Bio-Chip Sensor Based on Strained Graphene Sheets for Blood Cell Sorting. Molecules 2021; 26:5585. [PMID: 34577055 PMCID: PMC8467184 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A photonic biochip with a tunable response in the visible range is suggested for blood cell sorting applications. Multi-layers of ZnS and Ge slabs (as the main building blocks), hosting a cell in which bio-sample could be injected, are considered as the core of the sensor. In order to increase the sensitivity of the chip, the bio-cell is capsulated inside air slabs, and its walls are coated with graphene sheets. Paying special attention to white and red blood components, the optimum values for structural parameters are extracted first. Tunability of the sensor detectivity is then explored by finding the role of the probe light incident angle, as well as its polarization. The strain of the graphene layer and angle in which it is applied are also suggested to further improve the performance tunability. Results reflect that the biochip can effectively identify selected components through their induced different optical features, besides of the different figure of merit and sensitivity amounts that are recorded for them by the sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Ghasemi
- Laser Center, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sepehr Razi
- Optics and Laser Engineering Group, Department of Industrial Technologies, Urmia University of Technology (UUT), Urmia 57166-17165, Iran;
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Novel Structures and Applications of Graphene-Based Semiconductor Photocatalysts: Faceted Particles, Photonic Crystals, Antimicrobial and Magnetic Properties. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11051982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Graphene, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide and their composites with various compounds/materials have high potential for substantial impact as cheap photocatalysts, which is essential to meet the demands of global activity, offering the advantage of utilizing “green” solar energy. Accordingly, graphene-based materials might help to reduce reliance on fossil fuel supplies and facile remediation routes to achieve clean environment and pure water. This review presents recent developments of graphene-based semiconductor photocatalysts, including novel composites with faceted particles, photonic crystals, and nanotubes/nanowires, where the enhancement of activity mechanism is associated with a synergistic effect resulting from the presence of graphene structure. Moreover, antimicrobial potential (highly needed these days), and facile recovery/reuse of photocatalysts by magnetic field have been addresses as very important issue for future commercialization. It is believed that graphene materials should be available soon in the market, especially because of constantly decreasing prices of graphene, vis response, excellent charge transfer ability, and thus high and broad photocatalytic activity against both organic pollutants and microorganisms.
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High-Sensitivity Terahertz Refractive Index Sensor in a Multilayered Structure with Graphene. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10030500. [PMID: 32164280 PMCID: PMC7153478 DOI: 10.3390/nano10030500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we propose a high-sensitivity optical sensor at terahertz frequencies based on a composite structure containing a one-dimensional photonic crystal (1D PC) coated with a layer of monolayer graphene. Between the 1D PC and the graphene there is a sensing medium. This high-sensitivity phenomenon originates from the excitation of optical resonance between the graphene and the 1D PC. The proposed sensor is highly sensitive to the Fermi energy of graphene, the thickness and refractive index of the sensing medium, and the number of graphene layers. By selecting appropriate parameters, the maximum sensitivity (407.36∘/RIU) is obtained. We believe the proposed configuration is promising for fabricating graphene-based biosensor- or gas-sensor devices and other related applications in the terahertz band.
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Liu Y, Dai Y, Feng Q, Shan Y, Du L, Xia Y, Lu G, Liu F, Du G, Tian C, Wu S, Shi L, Zi J. Enhanced light-matter interactions in graphene-covered dielectric magnetic mirrors. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:30754-30763. [PMID: 29221101 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.030754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Enhanced interactions of light with graphene on the surface of a lossless dielectric magnetic mirror (DMM) are studied theoretically and experimentally in the visible range, where the DMM is composed of truncated dielectric photonic crystals (PCs). The absorption of graphene on the DMM was enhanced by about 4-fold for the spectral range within the forbidden gap of PCs over a wide range of incidence angles for both transverse electric and transverse magnetic polarizations compared with that of free-standing graphene. Moreover, the enhanced local electric field on the DMM surface led to much better detection efficiencies of the photocurrent, Raman spectroscopy and enhanced third-harmonic generation of graphene. These results offer a new way to achieve an enhanced interaction of light with graphene and develop new compact graphene-based devices.
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Zheng G, Cong J, Chen Y, Xu L, Xiao S. Angularly dense comb-like enhanced absorption of graphene monolayer with attenuated-total-reflection configuration. OPTICS LETTERS 2017; 42:2984-2987. [PMID: 28957225 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.002984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A multiline absorber based on the excitation of guided-mode resonance of one-dimensional photonic crystals (1D-PhCs), including a surface graphene monolayer under the attenuated-total-reflection configuration, is proposed and demonstrated. By carefully designing the structure parameters of the 1D-PhCs, the guided mode can be modulated by the periodic distribution of the refractive index. Our results reveal that the critical coupling of the guided resonance in periodical PhCs to graphene produces the perfect absorption. The number of absorption peaks within the photonic band corresponds to the number of unit cells. An ultrahigh Q-factor value of 4.75×106 is obtained at resonance with unity absorption, which could serve as a promising replacement of metallic thin film as a sensor probe for future biosensing applications.
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