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Altaqui A, Kolbas RM, Escuti MJ, O'Connor BT, Kudenov MW. Organic-based photodetectors for multiband spectral imaging. APPLIED OPTICS 2021; 60:2314-2323. [PMID: 33690330 DOI: 10.1364/ao.417069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Using organic photodetectors for multispectral sensing is attractive due to their unique capabilities to tune spectral response, transmittance, and polarization sensitivity. Existing methods lack tandem multicolor detection and exhibit high spectral cross talk. We exploit the polarization sensitivity of organic photodetectors, together with birefringent optical filters to design single-pixel multispectral detectors that achieve high spectral selectivity and good radiometric performance. Two different architectures are explored and optimized, including the Solc-based and multitwist-retarder-based organic photodetectors. Although the former demonstrated a higher spectral resolution, the latter enables a more compact sensor as well as greater flexibility in device fabrication.
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Altaqui A, Sen P, Schrickx H, Rech J, Lee JW, Escuti M, You W, Kim BJ, Kolbas R, O'Connor BT, Kudenov M. Mantis shrimp-inspired organic photodetector for simultaneous hyperspectral and polarimetric imaging. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabe3196. [PMID: 33658196 PMCID: PMC7929508 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe3196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Combining hyperspectral and polarimetric imaging provides a powerful sensing modality with broad applications from astronomy to biology. Existing methods rely on temporal data acquisition or snapshot imaging of spatially separated detectors. These approaches incur fundamental artifacts that degrade imaging performance. To overcome these limitations, we present a stomatopod-inspired sensor capable of snapshot hyperspectral and polarization sensing in a single pixel. The design consists of stacking polarization-sensitive organic photovoltaics (P-OPVs) and polymer retarders. Multiple spectral and polarization channels are obtained by exploiting the P-OPVs' anisotropic response and the retarders' dispersion. We show that the design can sense 15 spectral channels over a 350-nanometer bandwidth. A detector is also experimentally demonstrated, which simultaneously registers four spectral channels and three polarization channels. The sensor showcases the myriad degrees of freedom offered by organic semiconductors that are not available in inorganics and heralds a fundamentally unexplored route for simultaneous spectral and polarimetric imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Altaqui
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, 2410 Campus Shore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Pratik Sen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, 911 Oval Drive, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Harry Schrickx
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, 911 Oval Drive, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Jeromy Rech
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jin-Woo Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Michael Escuti
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, 2410 Campus Shore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Wei You
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Bumjoon J Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Robert Kolbas
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, 2410 Campus Shore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Brendan T O'Connor
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, 911 Oval Drive, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Michael Kudenov
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, 2410 Campus Shore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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Freitas Carvalho F, Augusto de Moraes Cruz C, Costa Marques G, Martins Cruz Damasceno K. Angular Light, Polarization and Stokes Parameters Information in a Hybrid Image Sensor with Division of Focal Plane. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:s20123391. [PMID: 32560075 PMCID: PMC7349818 DOI: 10.3390/s20123391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Targeting 3D image reconstruction and depth sensing, a desirable feature for complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) image sensors is the ability to detect local light incident angle and the light polarization. In the last years, advances in the CMOS technologies have enabled dedicated circuits to determine these parameters in an image sensor. However, due to the great number of pixels required in a cluster to enable such functionality, implementing such features in regular CMOS imagers is still not viable. The current state-of-the-art solutions require eight pixels in a cluster to detect local light intensity, incident angle and polarization. The technique to detect local incident angle is widely exploited in the literature, and the authors have shown in previous works that it is possible to perform the job with a cluster of only four pixels. In this work, the authors explore three novelties: a mean to determine three of four Stokes parameters, the new paradigm in polarization cluster-pixel design, and the extended ability to detect both the local light angle and intensity. The features of the proposed pixel cluster are demonstrated through simulation program with integrated circuit emphasis (SPICE) of the regular Quadrature Pixel Cluster and Polarization Pixel Cluster models, the results of which are compliant with experimental results presented in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francelino Freitas Carvalho
- Department of Electronics and Computation, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus 69077-000, Brazil; (C.A.d.M.C.); (G.C.M.); (K.M.C.D.)
- INFRAERO Empresa Brasileira de Infraestrutura Aeroportuária, Manaus 69041-000, Brazil
| | - Carlos Augusto de Moraes Cruz
- Department of Electronics and Computation, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus 69077-000, Brazil; (C.A.d.M.C.); (G.C.M.); (K.M.C.D.)
| | - Greicy Costa Marques
- Department of Electronics and Computation, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus 69077-000, Brazil; (C.A.d.M.C.); (G.C.M.); (K.M.C.D.)
| | - Kayque Martins Cruz Damasceno
- Department of Electronics and Computation, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus 69077-000, Brazil; (C.A.d.M.C.); (G.C.M.); (K.M.C.D.)
- SIDIA Instituto de Ciências e Tecnologia, Manaus 69055-035, Brazil
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Yang R, Sen P, O'Connor BT, Kudenov MW. Optical crosstalk and off-axis modeling of an intrinsic coincident polarimeter. APPLIED OPTICS 2020; 59:156-164. [PMID: 32225283 DOI: 10.1364/ao.59.000156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polarimeters have broad applications in remote sensing, astronomy, and biomedical imaging to measure the emitted, reflected, or transmitted state of polarization. An intrinsic coincident (IC) full-Stokes polarimeter was previously demonstrated by our group, in a free space configuration, by using stain-aligned polymer-based organic photovoltaics. To minimize the model's complexity, these were tilted to avoid crosstalk from back-reflections. We present a theoretical model of a monolithic IC polarimeter that considers the back-reflection's influence for on-axis light. The model was validated using a monolithic four-detector polarimeter, which achieved an error of less than 3%. Additionally, an off-axis model was produced and validated for a simpler two detector polarimeter, demonstrating an error between the TM and TE polarized components of less than 3% for angles spanning an 18° incidence cone.
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Hagen N, Otani Y. Stokes polarimeter performance: general noise model and analysis. APPLIED OPTICS 2018; 57:4283-4296. [PMID: 29791407 DOI: 10.1364/ao.57.004283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We calculate the photometric Stokes parameter covariance matrices and SNRs estimated by polarimeters exposed to general noise distributions, such as mixed Poisson-Gaussian (PG) noise. The measurement model includes the effects of optical losses and detector quantum efficiency, enabling quantitative comparison of instruments that have different photometric efficiencies. We demonstrate this capability by comparing the performance of many common polarimeter configurations, including diattenuator-based systems, such as Azzam's four-detector polarimeter [Opt. Lett.10, 309 (1985)OPLEDP0146-959210.1364/OL.10.000309] and Kudenov's stacked photovoltaic polarimeter [Opt. Express24, 14737 (2016)OPEXFF1094-408710.1364/OE.24.014737]. Working with the full covariance matrix under mixed PG noise, we also show that instruments optimized under assumptions of Gaussian noise simultaneously exhibit optimal behavior under Poisson noise.
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Klein A, Duadi H, Fridman M. Full-Stokes temporal imaging. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:1651-1653. [PMID: 29652331 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.001651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We developed a full-Stokes temporal imaging system which measures the Stokes vector of ultrafast signals as a function of time. The system is based on a time-lens array where each time-lens in the array projects the signal on a different state of polarization.
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