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Chaturvedi P, Kroon W, Zanelli G, Worsley PR. An exploratory study of structural and microvascular changes in the skin following electrical shaving using optical coherence topography. Skin Res Technol 2024; 30:e13830. [PMID: 38951871 PMCID: PMC11217022 DOI: 10.1111/srt.13830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Consumer products such as electrical shavers exert a combination of dynamic loading in the form of pressure and shear on the skin. This mechanical stimulus can lead to discomfort and skin tissue responses characterised as "Skin Sensitivity". To minimise discomfort following shaving, there is a need to establish specific stimulus-response relationships using advanced tools such as optical coherence tomography (OCT). OBJECTIVE To explore the spatial and temporal changes in skin morphology and microvascular function following an electrical shaving stimulus. METHODS Ten healthy male volunteers were recruited. The study included a 60-s electrical shaving stimulus on the forearm, cheek and neck. Skin parameters were recorded at baseline, 20 min post stimulus and 24 h post stimulus. Structural and dynamic skin parameters were estimated using OCT, while transepidermal water loss (TEWL) was recorded to provide reference values for skin barrier function. RESULTS At baseline, six of the eight parameters revealed statistically significant differences between the forearm and the facial sites, while only surface roughness (Rq) and reflectivity were statistically different (p < 0.05) between the cheek and neck. At 20 min post shaving, there was a significant increase in the TEWL values accompanied by increased blood perfusion, with varying magnitude of change dependent on the anatomical site. Recovery characteristics were observed 24 h post stimulus with most parameters returning to basal values, highlighting the transient influence of the stimulus. CONCLUSIONS OCT parameters revealed spatial and temporal differences in the skin tissue response to electrical shaving. This approach could inform shaver design and prevent skin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pakhi Chaturvedi
- Skin Sensing Research GroupSchool of Health Sciences, University of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
- Philips Consumer Lifestyle B.V.DrachtenThe Netherlands
| | - Wilco Kroon
- Philips Consumer Lifestyle B.V.DrachtenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Peter R. Worsley
- Skin Sensing Research GroupSchool of Health Sciences, University of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
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2
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Benavides-Lara J, Siegel AP, Tsoukas MM, Avanaki K. High-frequency photoacoustic and ultrasound imaging for skin evaluation: Pilot study for the assessment of a chemical burn. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2024; 17:e202300460. [PMID: 38719468 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202300460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Skin architecture and its underlying vascular structure could be used to assess the health status of skin. A non-invasive, high resolution and deep imaging modality able to visualize skin subcutaneous layers and vasculature structures could be useful for determining and characterizing skin disease and trauma. In this study, a multispectral high-frequency, linear array-based photoacoustic/ultrasound (PAUS) probe is developed and implemented for the imaging of rat skin in vivo. The study seeks to demonstrate the probe capabilities for visualizing the skin and its underlying structures, and for monitoring changes in skin structure and composition during a 5-day course of a chemical burn. We analayze composition of lipids, water, oxy-hemoglobin, and deoxy-hemoglobin (for determination of oxygen saturation) in the skin tissue. The study successfully demonstrated the high-frequency PAUS imaging probe was able to provide 3D images of the rat skin architecture, underlying vasculature structures, and oxygen saturation, water, lipids and total hemoglobin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Benavides-Lara
- The Richard and Loan Hill Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Amanda P Siegel
- The Richard and Loan Hill Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Maria M Tsoukas
- Department of Dermatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kamran Avanaki
- The Richard and Loan Hill Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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3
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Akella SS, Lee J, May JR, Puyana C, Kravets S, Dimitropolous V, Tsoukas M, Manwar R, Avanaki K. Using optical coherence tomography to optimize Mohs micrographic surgery. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8900. [PMID: 38632358 PMCID: PMC11024158 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53457-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) is considered the gold standard for treating high-risk cutaneous basal cell carcinoma (BCC), but is expensive, time-consuming, and can be unpredictable as to how many stages will be required or how large the final lesion and corresponding surgical defect will be. This study is meant to investigate whether optical coherence tomography (OCT), a highly researched modality in dermatology, can be used preoperatively to map out the borders of BCC, resulting in fewer stages of MMS or a smaller final defect. In this prospective study, 22 patients with BCC undergoing surgical excision were enrolled at a single institution. All patients had previously received a diagnostic biopsy providing confirmation of BCC and had been referred to our center for excision with MMS. Immediately prior to performing MMS, OCT was used to map the borders of the lesion. MMS then proceeded according to standard protocol. OCT images were compared to histopathology for agreement. Histopathologic analysis of 7 of 22 MMS specimens (32%) revealed a total absence of BCC, indicating resolution of BCC after previous diagnostic biopsy. This outcome was correctly predicted by OCT imaging in 6 of 7 cases (86%). Nine tumors (9/22, 41%) had true BCC and required a single MMS stage, which was successfully predicted by pre-operative OCT analysis in 7 of 9 cases (78%). The final six tumors (27%) had true BCC and required two MMS stages for complete excision; preoperative OCT successfully predicted the need for a second stage in five cases (5/6, 83.3%). Overall, OCT diagnosed BCC with 95.5% accuracy (Cohen's kappa, κ = 0.89 (p-value = < 0.01) in the center of the lesion. Following a diagnostic biopsy, OCT can be used to verify the existence or absence of residual basal cell carcinoma. When residual tumor is present that requires excision with MMS, OCT can be used to predict tumor borders, optimize surgery and minimize the need for additional surgical stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sruti S Akella
- Department of Dermatology, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jenna Lee
- Department of Dermatology, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Julia Roma May
- School of Medicine, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Carolina Puyana
- Department of Dermatology, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sasha Kravets
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Maria Tsoukas
- Department of Dermatology, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rayyan Manwar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kamran Avanaki
- Department of Dermatology, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Wang Y, Wei S, Kang JU. Depth-dependent attenuation and backscattering characterization of optical coherence tomography by stationary iterative method. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2023; 28:085002. [PMID: 37638109 PMCID: PMC10449262 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.28.8.085002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Significance Extracting optical properties of tissue [e.g., the attenuation coefficient (μ ) and the backscattering fraction] from the optical coherence tomography (OCT) images is a valuable tool for parametric imaging and related diagnostic applications. Previous attenuation estimation models depend on the assumption of the uniformity of the backscattering fraction (R ) within layers or whole samples, which does not accurately represent real-world conditions. Aim Our aim is to develop a robust and accurate model that calculates depth-wise values of attenuation and backscattering fractions simultaneously from OCT signals. Furthermore, we aim to develop an attenuation compensation model for OCT images that utilizes the optical properties we obtained to improve the visual representation of tissues. Approach Using the stationary iteration method under suitable constraint conditions, we derived the approximated solutions of μ and R on a single scattering model. During the iteration, the estimated value of μ can be rectified by introducing the large variations of R , whereas the small ones were automatically ignored. Based on the calculation of the structure information, the OCT intensity with attenuation compensation was deduced and compared with the original OCT profiles. Results The preliminary validation was performed in the OCT A-line simulation and Monte Carlo modeling, and the subsequent experiment was conducted on multi-layer silicone-dye-TiO 2 phantoms and ex vivo cow eyes. Our method achieved robust and precise estimation of μ and R for both simulated and experimental data. Moreover, corresponding OCT images with attenuation compensation provided an improved resolution over the entire imaging range. Conclusions Our proposed method was able to correct the estimation bias induced by the variations of R and provided accurate depth-resolved measurements of both μ and R simultaneously. The method does not require prior knowledge of the morphological information of tissue and represents more real-life tissues. Thus, it has the potential to help OCT imaging based disease diagnosis of complex and multi-layer biological tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaning Wang
- Johns Hopkins University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Shuwen Wei
- Johns Hopkins University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Jin U. Kang
- Johns Hopkins University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
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5
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Kumar P, Dhara S, Gope A, Chatterjee J, Mandal S. Deep Learning based Skin-layer Segmentation for Characterizing Cutaneous Wounds from Optical Coherence Tomography Images. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2023; 2023:1-4. [PMID: 38083666 DOI: 10.1109/embc40787.2023.10340321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a medical imaging modality that allows us to probe deeper sub-structures of skin. The state-of-the-art wound care prediction and monitoring methods are based on visual evaluation and focus on surface information. However, research studies have shown that sub-surface information of the wound is critical for understanding the wound healing progression. This work demonstrated the use of OCT as an effective imaging tool for objective and non-invasive assessments of wound severity, the potential for healing, and healing progress by measuring the optical characteristics of skin components. We have demonstrated the efficacy of OCT in studying wound healing progress in vivo small animal models. Automated analysis of OCT datasets poses multiple challenges, such as limitations in the training dataset size, variation in data distribution induced by uncertainties in sample quality and experiment conditions. We have employed a U-Net-based model for segmentation of skin layers based on OCT images and to study epithelial and regenerated tissue thickness wound closure dynamics and thus quantify the progression of wound healing. In the experimental evaluation of the OCT skin image datasets, we achieved the objective of skin layer segmentation with an average intersection over union (IOU) of 0.9234. The results have been corroborated using gold-standard histology images and co-validated using inputs from pathologists.Clinical Relevance-To monitor wound healing progression without disrupting the healing procedure by superficial, non-invasive means via the identification of pixel characteristics of individual layers.
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Lim JTE. Safety and efficacy of superficial micro-focused ultrasound with visualization for melasma in Asians: An uncontrolled pilot study. J Cosmet Dermatol 2023; 22:1764-1773. [PMID: 36762392 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.15661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathophysiology of melasma is multifactorial, resulting in treatment resistance and a high recurrence rate. Recent research suggests that focused ultrasound might treat melasma effectively. OBJECTIVES To investigate the efficacy and safety of superficial micro-focused ultrasound with visualization (MFU-V) for melasma in Asians. METHODS Patients (n = 20) with mixed melasma on both cheeks received 2 MFU-V treatments spaced 1 month apart. At monthly visits over 5 months, treatment efficacy and safety were evaluated. Standardized photographs were clinically assessed using the modified Melasma Area and Severity Index (mMASI), and 6-point grading scales for melasma lightening and area of involvement. Patients provided pain, global aesthetic improvement scale (GAIS), and satisfaction assessments. RESULTS In 40 cheeks, the mean mMASI score was significantly reduced from 13.2 at baseline to 2.4 at month 4, and 2.8 at month 5. Twenty-nine cheeks (72.5%) showed lightening of melasma at month 4 that persisted until month 5, with improvements up to 75% compared to baseline. Melasma area decreased overall, with sites containing >30% melasma involvement decreasing from 55% to 20% by month 5, and none with 70%-89% involvement. Melasma lightening and area improved visibly in 40% and 20% of cheeks, respectively, as early as 1 month after index MFU-V treatment. Improvements continued after the second treatment and persisted until study closure, correlating with patient GAIS and satisfaction scores. Procedure was well tolerated with only mild-to-moderate pain reported in 92.5% of treatments. CONCLUSION Superficial MFU-V is a safe and effective treatment for melasma.
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Aging and Wound Healing of the Skin: A Review of Clinical and Pathophysiological Hallmarks. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12122142. [PMID: 36556508 PMCID: PMC9784880 DOI: 10.3390/life12122142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a universal process that can cause diminished function of organs and various diseases. The most striking consequences of aging can be seen visibly on the skin, which acts as a barrier against various external insults. Aging of the skin consists of intrinsic and extrinsic processes that work in concert and influence each other. Intrinsic aging involves biochemical degenerative processes that gradually takes place with age. Extrinsic aging are biochemical processes driven by external influences that lead to aging. There are significant morphological changes at all levels in aged skin that have a profound effect on the characteristics of the skin. Even though skin is subjected to damage by external insults, it is equipped with a healing capability in order to restore its normal structure and function. However, aging has a significant impact on the skin's healing function by prolonging the inflammatory phase and increasing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This shifts the healing process towards having more protein degradation, which can lead to chronic wound healing with an abundance of complications.
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Ji Y, Yang S, Zhou K, Rocliffe HR, Pellicoro A, Cash JL, Wang R, Li C, Huang Z. Deep-learning approach for automated thickness measurement of epithelial tissue and scab using optical coherence tomography. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2022; 27:015002. [PMID: 35043611 PMCID: PMC8765552 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.27.1.015002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE In order to elucidate therapeutic treatment to accelerate wound healing, it is crucial to understand the process underlying skin wound healing, especially re-epithelialization. Epidermis and scab detection is of importance in the wound healing process as their thickness is a vital indicator to judge whether the re-epithelialization process is normal or not. Since optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a real-time and non-invasive imaging technique that can perform a cross-sectional evaluation of tissue microstructure, it is an ideal imaging modality to monitor the thickness change of epidermal and scab tissues during wound healing processes in micron-level resolution. Traditional segmentation on epidermal and scab regions was performed manually, which is time-consuming and impractical in real time. AIM We aim to develop a deep-learning-based skin layer segmentation method for automated quantitative assessment of the thickness of in vivo epidermis and scab tissues during a time course of healing within a rodent model. APPROACH Five convolution neural networks were trained using manually labeled epidermis and scab regions segmentation from 1000 OCT B-scan images (assisted by its corresponding angiographic information). The segmentation performance of five segmentation architectures was compared qualitatively and quantitatively for validation set. RESULTS Our results show higher accuracy and higher speed of the calculated thickness compared with human experts. The U-Net architecture represents a better performance than other deep neural network architectures with 0.894 at F1-score, 0.875 at mean intersection over union, 0.933 at Dice similarity coefficient, and 18.28 μm at an average symmetric surface distance. Furthermore, our algorithm is able to provide abundant quantitative parameters of the wound based on its corresponding thickness maps in different healing phases. Among them, normalized epidermal thickness is recommended as an essential hallmark to describe the re-epithelialization process of the rodent model. CONCLUSIONS The automatic segmentation and thickness measurements within different phases of wound healing data demonstrates that our pipeline provides a robust, quantitative, and accurate method for serving as a standard model for further research into effect of external pharmacological and physical factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubo Ji
- University of Dundee, School of Science and Engineering, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Shufan Yang
- Edinburgh Napier University, School of Computing, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- University of Glasgow, Center of Medical and Industrial Ultrasonics, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Kanheng Zhou
- University of Dundee, School of Science and Engineering, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Holly R. Rocliffe
- The University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Antonella Pellicoro
- The University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jenna L. Cash
- The University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ruikang Wang
- University of Washington, Department of Bioengineering, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Chunhui Li
- University of Dundee, School of Science and Engineering, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Zhihong Huang
- University of Dundee, School of Science and Engineering, Dundee, United Kingdom
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Chaturvedi P, Worsley PR, Zanelli G, Kroon W, Bader DL. Quantifying skin sensitivity caused by mechanical insults: A review. Skin Res Technol 2022; 28:187-199. [PMID: 34708455 PMCID: PMC9298205 DOI: 10.1111/srt.13104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin sensitivity (SS) is a commonly occurring response to a range of stimuli, including environmental conditions (e.g., sun exposure), chemical irritants (e.g., soaps and cosmetics), and mechanical forces (e.g., while shaving). From both industry and academia, many efforts have been taken to quantify the characteristics of SS in a standardised manner, but the study is hindered by the lack of an objective definition. METHODS A review of the scientific literature regarding different parameters attributed to the loss of skin integrity and linked with exhibition of SS was conducted. Articles included were screened for mechanical stimulation of the skin, with objective quantification of tissue responses using biophysical or imaging techniques. Additionally, studies where cohorts of SS and non-SS individuals were reported have been critiqued. RESULTS The findings identified that the structure and function of the stratum corneum and its effective barrier properties are closely associated with SS. Thus, an array of skin tissue responses has been selected for characterization of SS due to mechanical stimuli, including: transepidermal water loss, hydration, redness, temperature, and sebum index. Additionally, certain imaging tools allow quantification of the superficial skin layers, providing structural characteristics underlying SS. CONCLUSION This review proposes a multimodal approach for identification of SS, providing a means to characterise skin tissue responses objectively. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has been suggested as a suitable tool for dermatological research with clinical applications. Such an approach would enhance the knowledge underlying the multifactorial nature of SS and aid the development of personalised solutions in medical and consumer devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pakhi Chaturvedi
- Philips Consumer Lifestyle B.V.DrachtenThe Netherlands
- School of Health SciencesUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
| | | | | | - Wilco Kroon
- Philips Consumer Lifestyle B.V.DrachtenThe Netherlands
| | - Dan L. Bader
- School of Health SciencesUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
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Mostafavi Yazdi SJ, Baqersad J. Mechanical modeling and characterization of human skin: A review. J Biomech 2021; 130:110864. [PMID: 34844034 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews the advances made in recent years on modeling approaches and experimental techniques to characterize the mechanical properties of human skin. The skin is the largest organ of the human body that has a complex multi-layered structure with different mechanical behaviors. The mechanical properties of human skin play an important role in distinguishing between healthy and unhealthy skin. Furthermore, knowing these mechanical properties enables computer simulation, skin research, clinical studies, as well as diagnosis and treatment monitoring of skin diseases. This paper reviews the recent efforts on modeling skin using linear, nonlinear, viscoelastic, and anisotropic materials. The work also focuses on aging effects, microstructure analysis, and non-invasive methods for skin testing. A detailed explanation of the skin structure and numerical models, such as finite element models, are discussed in this work. This work also compares different experimental methods that measure the mechanical properties of human skin. The work reviews the experimental results in the literature and shows how the mechanical properties of human skin vary with the skin sites, the layers, and the structure of human skin. The paper also discusses how state-of-the-art technology can advance skin research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Jamaleddin Mostafavi Yazdi
- NVH and Experimental Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kettering University, 1700 University Ave, Flint, MI 48504, USA.
| | - Javad Baqersad
- NVH and Experimental Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kettering University, 1700 University Ave, Flint, MI 48504, USA
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Liu X, Chuchvara N, Liu Y, Rao B. Real-time deep learning assisted skin layer delineation in dermal optical coherence tomography. OSA CONTINUUM 2021; 4:2008-2023. [PMID: 35822177 PMCID: PMC9273005 DOI: 10.1364/osac.426962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We present deep learning assisted optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging for quantitative tissue characterization and differentiation in dermatology. We utilize a manually scanned single fiber OCT (sfOCT) instrument to acquire OCT images from the skin. The focus of this study is to train a U-Net for automatic skin layer delineation. We demonstrate that U-Net allows quantitative assessment of epidermal thickness automatically. U-Net segmentation achieves high accuracy for epidermal thickness estimation for normal skin and leads to a clear differentiation between normal skin and skin lesions. Our results suggest that a single fiber OCT instrument with AI assisted skin delineation capability has the potential to become a cost-effective tool in clinical dermatology, for diagnosis and tumor margin detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Nadiya Chuchvara
- Center for Dermatology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 1 Worlds Fair Drive, Somerset, NJ 08873, USA
| | - Yuwei Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Babar Rao
- Center for Dermatology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 1 Worlds Fair Drive, Somerset, NJ 08873, USA
- Rao Dermatology, 95 First Avenue, Atlantic Highlands, NJ 07716, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1305 York Ave 9th Floor, New York, NY 10021, USA
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12
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Lu J, Deegan AJ, Cheng Y, Liu T, Zheng Y, Mandell SP, Wang RK. Application of OCT-Derived Attenuation Coefficient in Acute Burn-Damaged Skin. Lasers Surg Med 2021; 53:1192-1200. [PMID: 33998012 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.23415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES There remains a need to objectively monitor burn wound healing within a clinical setting, and optical coherence tomography (OCT) is proving itself one of the ideal modalities for just such a use. The aim of this study is to utilize the noninvasive and multipurpose capabilities of OCT, along with its cellular-level resolution, to demonstrate the application of optical attenuation coefficient (OAC), as derived from OCT data, to facilitate the automatic digital segmentation of the epidermis from scan images and to work as an objective indicator for burn wound healing assessment. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS A simple, yet efficient, method was used to estimate OAC from OCT images taken over multiple time points following acute burn injury. This method enhanced dermal-epidermal junction (DEJ) contrast, which facilitated the automatic segmentation of the epidermis for subsequent thickness measurements. In addition, we also measured and compared the average OAC of the dermis within said burns for correlative purposes. RESULTS Compared with unaltered OCT maps, enhanced DEJ contrast was shown in OAC maps, both from single A-lines and completed B-frames. En face epidermal thickness and dermal OAC maps both demonstrated significant changes between imaging sessions following burn injury, such as a loss of epidermal texture and decreased OAC. Quantitative analysis also showed that OAC of acute burned skin decreased below that of healthy skin following injury. CONCLUSIONS Our study has demonstrated that the OAC estimated from OCT data can be used to enhance imaging contrast to facilitate the automatic segmentation of the epidermal layer, as well as help elucidate our understanding of the pathological changes that occur in human skin when exposed to acute burn injury, which could serve as an objective indicator of skin injury and healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Lu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195
| | - Anthony J Deegan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195
| | - Yuxuan Cheng
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195
| | - Teng Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195
| | - Yujiao Zheng
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195
| | - Samuel P Mandell
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma, Critical Care, and Burn, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98104
| | - Ruikang K Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195.,Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98104
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13
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Zheng Y. Fuzzy algorithm-based fault analysis for automated production lines. JOURNAL OF INTELLIGENT & FUZZY SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3233/jifs-189453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, an in-depth analysis of automated production line faults based on fuzzy algorithms is carried out and based on an in-depth investigation of the mechanism of equipment faults, research work on equipment state prediction and production line fault diagnosis is carried out, and the corresponding algorithm model workflow is given, which has some practical application value for improving the accuracy of production line fault prediction. The algorithm with data mining association rules is proposed to extract the confidence parameters of the conditional state fuzzy net model, and an inverse conditional state fuzzy net is established based on the conditional state fuzzy net for fault diagnosis and reasoning, and a dynamic confidence level reasoning mechanism is also established for reverse reasoning based on the iterative algorithm of maximum algebra. To monitor the operating status of the production line more intuitively, a production line fault prediction and analysis system is developed based on the platform, which mainly includes a data management module, state monitoring module, state prediction module, fault diagnosis module, and maintenance advice module, which can more easily realize the monitoring of the production line equipment state and fault early warning prompting, making the system more practical value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zheng
- Chongqing Industry Polytechnic College, School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Yubei District Chongqing, China
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14
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Dermal epidermal junction detection for full-field optical coherence tomography data of human skin by deep learning. Comput Med Imaging Graph 2020; 87:101833. [PMID: 33338907 DOI: 10.1016/j.compmedimag.2020.101833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Full-field optical coherence tomography (FF-OCT) has been developed to obtain three-dimensional (3D) OCT data of human skin for early diagnosis of skin cancer. Detection of dermal epidermal junction (DEJ), where melanomas and basal cell carcinomas originate, is an essential step for skin cancer diagnosis. However, most existing DEJ detection methods consider each cross-sectional frame of the 3D OCT data independently, leaving the relationship between neighboring frames unexplored. In this paper, we exploit the continuity of 3D OCT data to enhance DEJ detection. In particular, we propose a method for noise reduction of the training data and a multi-directional convolutional neural network to predict the probability of epidermal pixels in the 3D OCT data, which is more stable than one-directional convolutional neural network for DEJ detection. Our crosscheck refinement method also exploits the domain knowledge to generate a smooth DEJ surface. The average mean error of the entire DEJ detection system is approximately 6 μm.
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15
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Hessler M, Jalilian E, Xu Q, Reddy S, Horton L, Elkin K, Manwar R, Tsoukas M, Mehregan D, Avanaki K. Melanoma Biomarkers and Their Potential Application for In Vivo Diagnostic Imaging Modalities. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9583. [PMID: 33339193 PMCID: PMC7765677 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer and remains a diagnostic challenge in the dermatology clinic. Several non-invasive imaging techniques have been developed to identify melanoma. The signal source in each of these modalities is based on the alteration of physical characteristics of the tissue from healthy/benign to melanoma. However, as these characteristics are not always sufficiently specific, the current imaging techniques are not adequate for use in the clinical setting. A more robust way of melanoma diagnosis is to "stain" or selectively target the suspect tissue with a melanoma biomarker attached to a contrast enhancer of one imaging modality. Here, we categorize and review known melanoma diagnostic biomarkers with the goal of guiding skin imaging experts to design an appropriate diagnostic tool for differentiating between melanoma and benign lesions with a high specificity and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Hessler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (M.H.); (Q.X.); (S.R.); (L.H.); (K.E.); (R.M.)
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA;
| | - Elmira Jalilian
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA;
| | - Qiuyun Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (M.H.); (Q.X.); (S.R.); (L.H.); (K.E.); (R.M.)
| | - Shriya Reddy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (M.H.); (Q.X.); (S.R.); (L.H.); (K.E.); (R.M.)
| | - Luke Horton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (M.H.); (Q.X.); (S.R.); (L.H.); (K.E.); (R.M.)
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA;
| | - Kenneth Elkin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (M.H.); (Q.X.); (S.R.); (L.H.); (K.E.); (R.M.)
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA;
| | - Rayyan Manwar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (M.H.); (Q.X.); (S.R.); (L.H.); (K.E.); (R.M.)
- Richard and Loan Hill Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Maria Tsoukas
- Department of Dermatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA;
| | - Darius Mehregan
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA;
| | - Kamran Avanaki
- Richard and Loan Hill Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA;
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16
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Del Amor R, Morales S, Colomer A, Mogensen M, Jensen M, Israelsen NM, Bang O, Naranjo V. Automatic Segmentation of Epidermis and Hair Follicles in Optical Coherence Tomography Images of Normal Skin by Convolutional Neural Networks. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:220. [PMID: 32582729 PMCID: PMC7287173 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a well-established bedside imaging modality that allows analysis of skin structures in a non-invasive way. Automated OCT analysis of skin layers is of great relevance to study dermatological diseases. In this paper, an approach to detect the epidermal layer along with the follicular structures in healthy human OCT images is presented. To the best of the authors' knowledge, the approach presented in this paper is the only epidermis detection algorithm that segments the pilosebaceous unit, which is of importance in the progression of several skin disorders such as folliculitis, acne, lupus erythematosus, and basal cell carcinoma. The proposed approach is composed of two main stages. The first stage is a Convolutional Neural Network based on U-Net architecture. The second stage is a robust post-processing composed by a Savitzky-Golay filter and Fourier Domain Filtering to fully define the borders belonging to the hair follicles. After validation, an average Dice of 0.83 ± 0.06 and a thickness error of 10.25 μm is obtained on 270 human skin OCT images. Based on these results, the proposed method outperforms other state-of-the-art methods for epidermis segmentation. It demonstrates that the proposed image segmentation method successfully detects the epidermal region in a fully automatic way in addition to defining the follicular skin structures as main novelty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Del Amor
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Bioingeniería, I3B, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sandra Morales
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Bioingeniería, I3B, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Adrián Colomer
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Bioingeniería, I3B, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mette Mogensen
- Department of Dermatology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Jensen
- DTU Fotonik, Department of Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Niels M Israelsen
- DTU Fotonik, Department of Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ole Bang
- DTU Fotonik, Department of Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Valery Naranjo
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Bioingeniería, I3B, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
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17
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Use of Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) in Aesthetic Skin Assessment—A Short Review. Lasers Surg Med 2020; 52:699-704. [DOI: 10.1002/lsm.23219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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18
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Yow AP, Srivastava R, Cheng J, Li A, Liu J, Schmetterer L, Tey HL, Wong DWK. Techniques and Applications in Skin OCT Analysis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1213:149-163. [PMID: 32030669 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-33128-3_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The skin is the largest organ of our body. Skin disease abnormalities which occur within the skin layers are difficult to examine visually and often require biopsies to make a confirmation on a suspected condition. Such invasive methods are not well-accepted by children and women due to the possibility of scarring. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive technique enabling in vivo examination of sub-surface skin tissue without the need for excision of tissue. However, one of the challenges in OCT imaging is the interpretation and analysis of OCT images. In this review, we discuss the various methodologies in skin layer segmentation and how it could potentially improve the management of skin diseases. We also present a review of works which use advanced machine learning techniques to achieve layers segmentation and detection of skin diseases. Lastly, current challenges in analysis and applications are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Ping Yow
- Institute for Health Technologies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,SERI-NTU Advanced Ocular Engineering (STANCE), Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Jun Cheng
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Annan Li
- Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiang Liu
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Leopold Schmetterer
- SERI-NTU Advanced Ocular Engineering (STANCE), Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.,Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hong Liang Tey
- National Skin Centre, Singapore, Singapore.,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Damon W K Wong
- Institute for Health Technologies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore. .,SERI-NTU Advanced Ocular Engineering (STANCE), Singapore, Singapore. .,Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.
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19
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Elkin K, Daveluy S, Avanaki K(M. Hidradenitis suppurativa: Current understanding, diagnostic and surgical challenges, and developments in ultrasound application. Skin Res Technol 2019; 26:11-19. [DOI: 10.1111/srt.12759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Elkin
- Wayne State University School of Medicine Detroit MI USA
| | - Steven Daveluy
- Department of Dermatology Wayne State University School of Medicine Detroit MI USA
| | - Kamran (Mohammad) Avanaki
- Wayne State University School of Medicine Detroit MI USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Wayne State University Detroit MI USA
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20
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Kratkiewicz K, Manwar R, Rajabi-Estarabadi A, Fakhoury J, Meiliute J, Daveluy S, Mehregan D, Avanaki KM. Photoacoustic/Ultrasound/Optical Coherence Tomography Evaluation of Melanoma Lesion and Healthy Skin in a Swine Model. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 19:E2815. [PMID: 31238540 PMCID: PMC6630987 DOI: 10.3390/s19122815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The marked increase in the incidence of melanoma coupled with the rapid drop in the survival rate after metastasis has promoted the investigation into improved diagnostic methods for melanoma. High-frequency ultrasound (US), optical coherence tomography (OCT), and photoacoustic imaging (PAI) are three potential modalities that can assist a dermatologist by providing extra information beyond dermoscopic features. In this study, we imaged a swine model with spontaneous melanoma using these modalities and compared the images with images of nearby healthy skin. Histology images were used for validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Kratkiewicz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Rayyan Manwar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Ali Rajabi-Estarabadi
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | - Joseph Fakhoury
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | | | - Steven Daveluy
- Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Darius Mehregan
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Kamran Mohammad Avanaki
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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21
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Singla N, Dubey K, Srivastava V. Automated assessment of breast cancer margin in optical coherence tomography images via pretrained convolutional neural network. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2019; 12:e201800255. [PMID: 30318761 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201800255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The benchmark method for the evaluation of breast cancers involves microscopic testing of a hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained tissue biopsy. Resurgery is required in 20% to 30% of cases because of incomplete excision of malignant tissues. Therefore, a more accurate method is required to detect the cancer margin to avoid the risk of recurrence. In the recent years, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) has achieved excellent performance in the field of medical images diagnosis. It automatically extracts the features from the images and classifies them. In the proposed study, we apply a pretrained Inception-v3 CNN with reverse active learning for the classification of healthy and malignancy breast tissue using optical coherence tomography (OCT) images. This proposed method attained the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy is 90.2%, 91.7% and 90%, respectively, with testing datasets collected from 48 patients (22 normal fibro-adipose tissue and 26 Invasive ductal carcinomas cancerous tissues). The trained network utilizes for the breast cancer margin assessment to predict the tumor with negative margins. Additionally, the network output is correlated with the corresponding histology image. Our results lay the foundation for the future that the proposed method can be used to perform automatic intraoperative identification of breast cancer margins in real-time and to guide core needle biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeru Singla
- Department of Electrical and Instrumentation Engineering, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Kavita Dubey
- Department of Electrical and Instrumentation Engineering, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Vishal Srivastava
- Department of Electrical and Instrumentation Engineering, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab, India
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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22
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Panchal R, Horton L, Poozesh P, Baqersad J, Nasiriavanaki M. Vibration analysis of healthy skin: toward a noninvasive skin diagnosis methodology. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2019; 24:1-11. [PMID: 30666853 PMCID: PMC6985698 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.24.1.015001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Several noninvasive imaging techniques have been developed to monitor the health of skin and enhance the diagnosis of skin diseases. Among them, skin elastography is a popular technique used to measure the elasticity of the skin. A change in the elasticity of the skin can influence its natural frequencies and mode shapes. We propose a technique to use the resonant frequencies and mode shapes of the skin to monitor its health. Our study demonstrates how the resonant frequencies and mode shapes of skin can be obtained using numerical and experimental analysis. In our study, natural frequencies and mode shapes are obtained via two methods: (1) finite element analysis: an eigensolution is performed on a finite element model of normal skin, including stratum corneum, epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layers and (2) digital image correlation (DIC): several in-vivo measurements have been performed using DIC. The experimental results show a correlation between the DIC and FE results suggesting a noninvasive method to obtain vibration properties of the skin. This method can be further examined to be eventually used as a method to differentiate healthy skin from diseased skin. Prevention, early diagnosis, and treatment are critical in helping to reduce the incidence, morbidity, and mortality associated with skin cancer; thus, making the current study significant and important in the field of skin biomechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakshita Panchal
- Kettering University, NVH and Experimental Mechanics Laboratory, Flint, Michigan, United States
| | - Luke Horton
- Wayne State University, OPIRA Laboratory, Biomedical Engineering Department, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Peyman Poozesh
- Kettering University, NVH and Experimental Mechanics Laboratory, Flint, Michigan, United States
| | - Javad Baqersad
- Kettering University, NVH and Experimental Mechanics Laboratory, Flint, Michigan, United States
- Address all correspondence to Javad Baqersad, E-mail:
| | - Mohammadreza Nasiriavanaki
- Wayne State University, OPIRA Laboratory, Biomedical Engineering Department, Detroit, Michigan, United States
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23
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24
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Israelsen NM, Maria M, Mogensen M, Bojesen S, Jensen M, Haedersdal M, Podoleanu A, Bang O. The value of ultrahigh resolution OCT in dermatology - delineating the dermo-epidermal junction, capillaries in the dermal papillae and vellus hairs. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:2240-2265. [PMID: 29760984 PMCID: PMC5946785 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.002240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging of the skin is gaining recognition and is increasingly applied to dermatological research. A key dermatological parameter inferred from an OCT image is the epidermal (Ep) thickness as a thickened Ep can be an indicator of a skin disease. Agreement in the literature on the signal characters of Ep and the subjacent skin layer, the dermis (D), is evident. Ambiguities of the OCT signal interpretation in the literature is however seen for the transition region between the Ep and D, which from histology is known as the dermo-epidermal junction (DEJ); a distinct junction comprised of the lower surface of a single cell layer in epidermis (the stratum basale) connected to an even thinner membrane (the basement membrane). The basement membrane is attached to the underlying dermis. In this work we investigate the impact of an improved axial and lateral resolution on the applicability of OCT for imaging of the skin. To this goal, OCT images are compared produced by a commercial OCT system (Vivosight from Michaelson Diagnostics) and by an in-house built ultrahigh resolution (UHR-) OCT system for dermatology. In 11 healthy volunteers, we investigate the DEJ signal characteristics. We perform a detailed analysis of the dark (low) signal band clearly seen for UHR-OCT in the DEJ region where we, by using a transition function, find the signal transition of axial sub-resolution character, which can be directly attributed to the exact location of DEJ, both in normal (thin/hairy) and glabrous (thick) skin. To our knowledge no detailed delineating of the DEJ in the UHR-OCT image has previously been reported, despite many publications within this field. For selected healthy volunteers, we investigate the dermal papillae and the vellus hairs and identify distinct features that only UHR-OCT can resolve. Differences are seen in tracing hairs of diameter below 20 μm, and in imaging the dermal papillae where, when utilising the UHR-OCT, capillary structures are identified in the hand palm, not previously reported in OCT studies and specifically for glabrous skin not reported in any other in vivo optical imaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Maria
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Fotonik, Kongens Lyngby, 2800,
Denmark
- University of Kent, School of Physical Sciences, Canterbury, Kent,
England, CT2 7NZ
| | - Mette Mogensen
- Department of Dermatology, Bisbebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, DK-2400 Copenhagen NV,
Denmark
| | - Sophie Bojesen
- Department of Dermatology, Bisbebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, DK-2400 Copenhagen NV,
Denmark
| | - Mikkel Jensen
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Fotonik, Kongens Lyngby, 2800,
Denmark
| | - Merete Haedersdal
- Department of Dermatology, Bisbebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, DK-2400 Copenhagen NV,
Denmark
| | - Adrian Podoleanu
- University of Kent, School of Physical Sciences, Canterbury, Kent,
England, CT2 7NZ
| | - Ole Bang
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Fotonik, Kongens Lyngby, 2800,
Denmark
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25
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Olsen J, Holmes J, Jemec GB. Advances in optical coherence tomography in dermatology-a review. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2018; 23:1-10. [PMID: 29701018 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.23.4.040901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) was introduced as an imaging system, but like ultrasonography, other measures, such as blood perfusion and polarization of light, have enabled the technology to approach clinical utility. This review aims at providing an overview of the advances in clinical research based on the improving technical aspects. OCT provides cross-sectional and en face images down to skin depths of 0.4 to 2.00 mm with optical resolution of 3 to 15 μm. Dynamic optical coherence tomography (D-OCT) enables the visualization of cutaneous microvasculature via detection of rapid changes in the interferometric signal of blood flow. Nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is the most comprehensively investigated topic, resulting in improved descriptions of morphological features and diagnostic criteria. A refined scoring system for diagnosing NMSC, taking findings from conventional and D-OCT into account, is warranted. OCT diagnosis of melanoma is hampered by the resolution and the optical properties of melanin. D-OCT may be of value in diseases characterized with dynamic changes in the vasculature of the skin and the addition of functional measures is strongly encouraged. In conclusion, OCT in dermatology is still an emerging technology that has great potential for improving further in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jon Holmes
- Michelson Diagnostics Ltd., United Kingdom
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26
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Adabi S, Hosseinzadeh M, Noei S, Conforto S, Daveluy S, Clayton A, Mehregan D, Nasiriavanaki M. Universal in vivo Textural Model for Human Skin based on Optical Coherence Tomograms. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17912. [PMID: 29263332 PMCID: PMC5738372 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17398-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, diagnosis of skin diseases is based primarily on the visual pattern recognition skills and expertise of the physician observing the lesion. Even though dermatologists are trained to recognize patterns of morphology, it is still a subjective visual assessment. Tools for automated pattern recognition can provide objective information to support clinical decision-making. Noninvasive skin imaging techniques provide complementary information to the clinician. In recent years, optical coherence tomography (OCT) has become a powerful skin imaging technique. According to specific functional needs, skin architecture varies across different parts of the body, as do the textural characteristics in OCT images. There is, therefore, a critical need to systematically analyze OCT images from different body sites, to identify their significant qualitative and quantitative differences. Sixty-three optical and textural features extracted from OCT images of healthy and diseased skin are analyzed and, in conjunction with decision-theoretic approaches, used to create computational models of the diseases. We demonstrate that these models provide objective information to the clinician to assist in the diagnosis of abnormalities of cutaneous microstructure, and hence, aid in the determination of treatment. Specifically, we demonstrate the performance of this methodology on differentiating basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) from healthy tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Adabi
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- Applied Electronics Department, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy
| | - Matin Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahryar Noei
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Silvia Conforto
- Applied Electronics Department, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy
| | - Steven Daveluy
- Department of Dermatology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Anne Clayton
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Darius Mehregan
- Department of Dermatology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Mohammadreza Nasiriavanaki
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
- Department of Dermatology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA.
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27
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Adabi S, Fotouhi A, Xu Q, Daveluy S, Mehregan D, Podoleanu A, Nasiriavanaki M. An overview of methods to mitigate artifacts in optical coherence tomography imaging of the skin. Skin Res Technol 2017; 24:265-273. [PMID: 29143429 DOI: 10.1111/srt.12423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Optical coherence tomography (OCT) of skin delivers three-dimensional images of tissue microstructures. Although OCT imaging offers a promising high-resolution modality, OCT images suffer from some artifacts that lead to misinterpretation of tissue structures. Therefore, an overview of methods to mitigate artifacts in OCT imaging of the skin is of paramount importance. Speckle, intensity decay, and blurring are three major artifacts in OCT images. Speckle is due to the low coherent light source used in the configuration of OCT. Intensity decay is a deterioration of light with respect to depth, and blurring is the consequence of deficiencies of optical components. METHOD Two speckle reduction methods (one based on artificial neural network and one based on spatial compounding), an attenuation compensation algorithm (based on Beer-Lambert law) and a deblurring procedure (using deconvolution), are described. Moreover, optical properties extraction algorithm based on extended Huygens-Fresnel (EHF) principle to obtain some additional information from OCT images are discussed. RESULTS In this short overview, we summarize some of the image enhancement algorithms for OCT images which address the abovementioned artifacts. The results showed a significant improvement in the visibility of the clinically relevant features in the images. The quality improvement was evaluated using several numerical assessment measures. CONCLUSION Clinical dermatologists benefit from using these image enhancement algorithms to improve OCT diagnosis and essentially function as a noninvasive optical biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Adabi
- Engineering Faculty, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.,Engineering Faculty, Department of Applied Electronics, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy
| | - Audrey Fotouhi
- School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Qiuyun Xu
- Engineering Faculty, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Steve Daveluy
- School of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.,Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Darius Mehregan
- School of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Adrian Podoleanu
- School of Physical Sciences, Applied Optics Group, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK
| | - Mohammadreza Nasiriavanaki
- Engineering Faculty, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.,School of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.,Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA
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