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Li K, Suliali NJ, Sahoo PK, Silver CD, Davrandi M, Wright K, Reardon C, Johnson SD, Krauss TF. Noise Tolerant Photonic Bowtie Grating Environmental Sensor. ACS Sens 2024; 9:1857-1865. [PMID: 38597428 PMCID: PMC11059099 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c02419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Resonant photonic refractive index sensors have made major advances based on their high sensitivity and contact-less readout capability, which is advantageous in many areas of science and technology. A major issue for the technological implementation of such sensors is their response to external influences, such as vibrations and temperature variations; the more sensitive a sensor, the more susceptible it also becomes to external influences. Here, we introduce a novel bowtie-shaped sensor that is highly responsive to refractive index variations while compensating for temperature changes and mechanical (linear and angular) vibrations. We exemplify its capability by demonstrating the detection of salinity to a precision of 0.1%, corresponding to 2.3 × 10-4 refractive index units in the presence of temperature fluctuations and mechanical vibrations. As a second exemplar, we detected bacteria growth in a pilot industrial environment. Our results demonstrate that it is possible to translate high sensitivity resonant photonic refractive index sensors into real-world environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kezheng Li
- School
of Physics, Engineering and Technology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10
5DD, U.K.
| | - Nyasha J. Suliali
- School
of Physics, Engineering and Technology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10
5DD, U.K.
| | - Pankaj K. Sahoo
- School
of Physics, Engineering and Technology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10
5DD, U.K.
- Department
of Physics, Dhenkanal Autonomous College, Dhenkanal 759001 Odisha, India
| | - Callum D. Silver
- School
of Physics, Engineering and Technology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10
5DD, U.K.
| | - Mehmet Davrandi
- Reading
Technical Centre, Procter and Gamble Technical
Centres Ltd., Reading RG2 0QE, U.K.
| | - Kevin Wright
- Reading
Technical Centre, Procter and Gamble Technical
Centres Ltd., Reading RG2 0QE, U.K.
| | - Christopher Reardon
- School
of Physics, Engineering and Technology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10
5DD, U.K.
| | - Steven D. Johnson
- School
of Physics, Engineering and Technology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10
5DD, U.K.
| | - Thomas F. Krauss
- School
of Physics, Engineering and Technology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10
5DD, U.K.
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Flowing Refractometer for Feed Water State Control in the Second Loop of Nuclear Reactor. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15020457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The necessity to control the feed water state in the second loop of a nuclear power plant nuclear reactor is justified. The different methods of the state control of flowing water in the pipeline are reviewed. It has been established that controlling the feed water state should not result in irreversible changes in its chemical composition and physical structure. A change in the composition or structure of feed water leads to a change in its heat capacity. The heat transfer deteriorates, the production of electrical energy in the installation decreases, and the additional release of heat into the atmosphere increases. This process also occurs during the heat capacity changes for other reasons. The method for controlling the feed water heat capacity by measuring the value of the refractive index n is developed. The design of a flow-through refractometer based on the total internal reflection for control of the feed water state in the stream is made. The dependence of the heat capacity change of feed water from the refractive index is established. The results of research on different types of water are presented.
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