1
|
Kazanskiy NL, Khonina SN, Butt MA. A Review of Photonic Sensors Based on Ring Resonator Structures: Three Widely Used Platforms and Implications of Sensing Applications. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:mi14051080. [PMID: 37241703 DOI: 10.3390/mi14051080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Optical ring resonators (RRs) are a novel sensing device that has recently been developed for several sensing applications. In this review, RR structures based on three widely explored platforms, namely silicon-on-insulator (SOI), polymers, and plasmonics, are reviewed. The adaptability of these platforms allows for compatibility with different fabrication processes and integration with other photonic components, providing flexibility in designing and implementing various photonic devices and systems. Optical RRs are typically small, making them suitable for integration into compact photonic circuits. Their compactness allows for high device density and integration with other optical components, enabling complex and multifunctional photonic systems. RR devices realized on the plasmonic platform are highly attractive, as they offer extremely high sensitivity and a small footprint. However, the biggest challenge to overcome is the high fabrication demand related to such nanoscale devices, which limits their commercialization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay L Kazanskiy
- Department of Technical Cybernetics, Samara National Research University, 443086 Samara, Russia
- IPSI RAS-Branch of the FSRC "Crystallography and Photonics" RAS, 443001 Samara, Russia
| | - Svetlana N Khonina
- Department of Technical Cybernetics, Samara National Research University, 443086 Samara, Russia
- IPSI RAS-Branch of the FSRC "Crystallography and Photonics" RAS, 443001 Samara, Russia
| | - Muhammad A Butt
- Department of Technical Cybernetics, Samara National Research University, 443086 Samara, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jahangiri M, Moradiani F, Parsanasab GM, Mirmohammadi M. High side-mode suppression ratio with a Vernier effect single-mode laser using triple coupled microrings. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7092. [PMID: 37127786 PMCID: PMC10151337 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34267-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of single-mode lasers with a high side-mode suppression ratio (SMSR) is challenging but highly desirable for integrated photonics devices and long-distance communications due to their high spectral purity and stability. Here, we demonstrate a single-mode laser with a high side-mode suppression ratio based on size-mismatched triple-coupled microrings. With the exact engineering of several key parameters of the structure like air gap and radii of microrings for controlling the free spectral range (FSR), a predominant mode is selected to lase in amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) of the gain material and all side and high order modes are suppressed by Vernier effect. In this work, we show that a single-mode operation is efficiently generated with an improved side-mode suppression ratio of over 20 dB in a three-ring-coupled microcavity laser. The single-frequency output persists for a wide power range. The theoretical calculations and numerical simulations' results confirm the validity of the experimental results. Our structural engineering creates new opportunities in a variety of frontier applications in single-mode lasers and high-quality sensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milad Jahangiri
- Integrated Photonics Laboratory, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Moradiani
- Integrated Photonics Laboratory, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholam-Mohammad Parsanasab
- Integrated Photonics Laboratory, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohsen Mirmohammadi
- Integrated Photonics Laboratory, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Voronkov G, Zakoyan A, Ivanov V, Iraev D, Stepanov I, Yuldashev R, Grakhova E, Lyubopytov V, Morozov O, Kutluyarov R. Design and Modeling of a Fully Integrated Microring-Based Photonic Sensing System for Liquid Refractometry. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:9553. [PMID: 36502253 PMCID: PMC9738929 DOI: 10.3390/s22239553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The design of a refractometric sensing system for liquids analysis with a sensor and the scheme for its intensity interrogation combined on a single photonic integrated circuit (PIC) is proposed. A racetrack microring resonator with a channel for the analyzed liquid formed on the top is used as a sensor, and another microring resonator with a lower Q-factor is utilized to detect the change in the resonant wavelength of the sensor. As a measurement result, the optical power at its drop port is detected in comparison with the sum of the powers at the through and drop ports. Simulations showed the possibility of registering a change in the analyte refractive index with a sensitivity of 110 nm per refractive index unit. The proposed scheme was analyzed with a broadband source, as well as a source based on an optoelectronic oscillator using an optical phase modulator. The second case showed the fundamental possibility of implementing an intensity interrogator on a PIC using an external typical single-mode laser as a source. Meanwhile, additional simulations demonstrated an increased system sensitivity compared to the conventional interrogation scheme with a broadband or tunable light source. The proposed approach provides the opportunity to increase the integration level of a sensing device, significantly reducing its cost, power consumption, and dimensions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grigory Voronkov
- Ufa University of Science and Technology, 32, Z. Validi St., Ufa 450076, Russia
| | - Aida Zakoyan
- Ufa University of Science and Technology, 32, Z. Validi St., Ufa 450076, Russia
| | - Vladislav Ivanov
- Ufa University of Science and Technology, 32, Z. Validi St., Ufa 450076, Russia
| | - Dmitry Iraev
- Ufa University of Science and Technology, 32, Z. Validi St., Ufa 450076, Russia
| | - Ivan Stepanov
- Ufa University of Science and Technology, 32, Z. Validi St., Ufa 450076, Russia
| | - Roman Yuldashev
- Ufa University of Science and Technology, 32, Z. Validi St., Ufa 450076, Russia
| | - Elizaveta Grakhova
- Ufa University of Science and Technology, 32, Z. Validi St., Ufa 450076, Russia
| | - Vladimir Lyubopytov
- Ufa University of Science and Technology, 32, Z. Validi St., Ufa 450076, Russia
| | - Oleg Morozov
- Kazan National Research Technical University named after A. N. Tupolev-KAI (KNRTU-KAI), 10, Karl Marx Street, Kazan 420111, Russia
- Kazan Federal University, 18, Kremlyovskaya Str., Kazan 420008, Russia
| | - Ruslan Kutluyarov
- Ufa University of Science and Technology, 32, Z. Validi St., Ufa 450076, Russia
| |
Collapse
|