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Xiao X, Shi M, Qiu J, Ou X, Liu P, Zhou X. Symmetric optical multipass matrix systems and the general rapid design methodology. Heliyon 2024; 10:e34682. [PMID: 39144934 PMCID: PMC11320441 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
We proposed an original type of multipass cell named symmetric optical multipass matrix system (SMMS), in which the same matrix patterns of various sizes can be formed on both sides. According to its special symmetric configurations, the SMMS design problem is modeled as a variant of the classical traveling salesman problem, which can be rapidly solved by evolutionary optimization algorithms. Two sets of 3-mirror SMMSs are designed, analyzed and built, which show superior characteristics of high stability, desirable beam quality and adjustable optical path lengths. Additionally, they can support simultaneous detection of multiple species with multi-laser channels. The proposed method is further extended to design a 4-mirror SMMS, which verifies the universality and robustness of the design methodology. The experimental observations are in consistent with the theoretical calculations. The newly proposed SMMSs have a broad application prospect in trace gas measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jingjing Qiu
- Center for Advanced Quantum Studies, Applied Optics Beijing Area Major Laboratory, Department of Physics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xue Ou
- Center for Advanced Quantum Studies, Applied Optics Beijing Area Major Laboratory, Department of Physics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Center for Advanced Quantum Studies, Applied Optics Beijing Area Major Laboratory, Department of Physics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Center for Advanced Quantum Studies, Applied Optics Beijing Area Major Laboratory, Department of Physics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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Wu T, Hu R, Xie P, Zhang L, Hu C, Liu X, Wang J, Zhong L, Tong J, Liu W. A Mid-Infrared Quantum Cascade Laser Ultra-Sensitive Trace Formaldehyde Detection System Based on Improved Dual-Incidence Multipass Gas Cell. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:5643. [PMID: 37420809 DOI: 10.3390/s23125643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (HCHO) is a tracer of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and its concentration has gradually decreased with the reduction in VOC emissions in recent years, which puts forward higher requirements for the detection of trace HCHO. Therefore, a quantum cascade laser (QCL) with a central excitation wavelength of 5.68 μm was applied to detect the trace HCHO under an effective absorption optical pathlength of 67 m. An improved, dual-incidence multi-pass cell, with a simple structure and easy adjustment, was designed to further improve the absorption optical pathlength of the gas. The instrument detection sensitivity of 28 pptv (1σ) was achieved within a 40 s response time. The experimental results show that the developed HCHO detection system is almost unaffected by the cross interference of common atmospheric gases and the change of ambient humidity. Additionally, the instrument was successfully deployed in a field campaign, and it delivered results that correlated well with those of a commercial instrument based on continuous wave cavity ring-down spectroscopy (R2 = 0.967), which indicates that the instrument has a good ability to monitor ambient trace HCHO in unattended continuous operation for long periods of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environment Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- Graduate School of Science Island Branch, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Renzhi Hu
- Key Laboratory of Environment Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Pinhua Xie
- Key Laboratory of Environment Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- Graduate School of Science Island Branch, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lijie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- Graduate School of Science Island Branch, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Changjin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Environment Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Jiawei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- Graduate School of Science Island Branch, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Liujun Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Environment Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Jinzhao Tong
- Key Laboratory of Environment Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- Graduate School of Science Island Branch, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wenqing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environment Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
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Ryczko K, Andrzejewski J, Sęk G. Towards Interband Cascade lasers on InP Substrate. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 15:60. [PMID: 35009205 PMCID: PMC8746262 DOI: 10.3390/ma15010060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we propose designs of an interband cascade laser (ICL) active region able to emit in the application-relevant mid infrared (MIR) spectral range and to be grown on an InP substrate. This is a long-sought solution as it promises a combination of ICL advantages with mature and cost-effective epitaxial technology of fabricating materials and devices with high structural and optical quality, when compared to standard approaches of growing ICLs on GaSb or InAs substrates. Therefore, we theoretically investigate a family of type II, "W"-shaped quantum wells made of InGaAs/InAs/GaAsSb with different barriers, for a range of compositions assuring the strain levels acceptable from the growth point of view. The calculated band structure within the 8-band k·p approximation showed that the inclusion of a thin InAs layer into such a type II system brings a useful additional tuning knob to tailor the electronic confined states, optical transitions' energy and their intensity. Eventually, it allows achieving the emission wavelengths from below 3 to at least 4.6 μm, while still keeping reasonably high gain when compared to the state-of-the-art ICLs. We demonstrate a good tunability of both the emission wavelength and the optical transitions' oscillator strength, which are competitive with other approaches in the MIR. This is an original solution which has not been demonstrated so far experimentally. Such InP-based interband cascade lasers are of crucial application importance, particularly for the optical gas sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Ryczko
- Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland; (J.A.); (G.S.)
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Interband Cascade Active Region with Ultra-Broad Gain in the Mid-Infrared Range. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14051112. [PMID: 33673544 PMCID: PMC7956843 DOI: 10.3390/ma14051112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The optical gain spectrum has been investigated theoretically for various designs of active region based on InAs/GaInSb quantum wells—i.e., a type II material system employable in interband cascade lasers (ICLs) or optical amplifiers operating in the mid-infrared spectral range. The electronic properties and optical responses have been calculated using the eight-band k·p theory, including strain and external electric fields, to simulate the realistic conditions occurring in operational devices. The results show that intentionally introducing a slight nonuniformity between two subsequent stages of a cascaded device via the properly engineered modification of the type II quantum wells of the active area offers the possibility to significantly broaden the gain function. A −3 dB gain width of 1 µm can be reached in the 3–5 µm range, which is almost an order of magnitude larger than that of any previously reported ICLs. This is a property strongly demanded in many gas-sensing or free-space communication applications, and it opens a way for a new generation of devices in the mid-infrared range, such as broadly tunable single-mode lasers, mode-locked lasers for laser-based spectrometers, and optical amplifiers or superluminescent diodes which do not exist beyond 3 µm yet.
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